The relevance of the topic lies in specifying particular ideological and organizational forms of left radical protest in the face of the multi-layered society and authoritarian regime. The mechanisms of intra-elite delimitation in a one-party system are still to be clarified. The contradictions of the NEP were expressed in a concentrated form in the South of Russia, a large agrarian region. The article defines the regional features of the left radical ("Trotskyist") opposition in 1926-1929 on the materials of the South of Russia. The specific conditions of the Trotskyist opposition activity in the region during the initial period of the NEP are as follows: a greater role of agrarian policy issues and "Cossacks -nonresidents" class division, the consequences of a protracted Civil war that was especially severe in the region, a weighty layer of left-wing radicalism supporters in the party-state authorities. The Trotskist opposition in the region (1926-1927) consisted mainly of party and state employees, unemployed and veterans of war, as well as unskilled workers. It was almost completely a city phenomenon. Public opinion regarding the opposition shifted in 1926-1927 to the negative side for the government, which was explained by the growth of unemployment and inequality. The poor awareness of the workers about the opposition caused the effect of "inadequate hopes", the empowerment of Trotsky with idealized features. There was also an opposite impetus for the growth of support for the authorities due to the threat of war, the "left turn" of the VKP(b) to the winding-down of the NEP, which won in late 1927. The opposition sentiments of unskilled workers, a part of Red Army soldiers and Civil War veterans were caused by contradictions between the urban and rural communities, the rejection of bureaucracy and corruption. However, the protest against the decline in living standards, rising unemployment and social inequality was situational and did not challenge the Soviet system, heading into the channel of its "correction". Therefore, the slogans of creating an underground party, put forward by the Trotskyist opposition, did not find broad support.

The article studies the problem of evolution of Soviet -Persian relations. With the reference to a complex of published and archival sources, the authors reveal the main stage of development of these relations when Persia was changing its status from the sphere of influence into a partner. South Caucasus played an important role in the process. The starting point of the research is the October 1917 coup, the upper chronological frame is defined as 1921, when the Soviet-Iranian treaty was concluded. In the first part of the article, a review of relation between Russian SFSR and Persian government is given. The authors found out that until 1920 the policies of the Persian government, including in relation to the Bolsheviks, were determined by the British. During this period, South Caucasus and Persia came under the complete control of Britain. Sovietization of Azerbaijan determined the beginning of a new stage in the development of the eastern policy of Bolshevik's government. At that time the idea of exporting revolution to the East predominated among Soviet leaders. Soviet Azerbaijan became a springboard to influence the Kuchuk Khan insurgent movement in Gilan. The signing of the treaty in 1921 had become a factor in enhancing the significance of the South Caucasus. First, the region played an important role in establishing trade exchange between Persia and Russia. Using complex archival documents the authors reconstructs process of setting up economic relations. With specific historical examples they shows how in the process of building Soviet-Persian interaction, South Caucasus became more and more involved in the sphere of Russian influence. It was determined that during the period under investigation the region played an integrative role. This circumstance is especially noteworthy when referring to an earlier historical past, when in the XIX century Caucasus was the area of Russian-Iranian confrontation.

The article analyzes the dynamics of trade relations between Yugoslavia and the USSR starting the emergence of the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict of 1948 and up to normalization of relations between the countries that resulted in signing trade agreements in 1955. The peculiarities of trade contacts between the two countries are revealed through the consideration of trade turnover, its quantitative and qualitative composition. There was a decrease in trade turnover between the FPRY and the USSR in 1948 due to the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict, later followed by its complete cessation. In this regard, the Yugoslav leadership had to establish trade relations with the capitalist countries. The article notes that the process of gradual normalization of ties between the FPRY and the USSR began after the death of I.V. Stalin, and in 1953 the diplomatic contacts were resumed. However, the resumption of economic relations occurred only in 1955, when both sides signed the trade agreements on mutual deliveries of goods for 1955 at a total cost of 40 million rubles in Moscow. The author emphasizes that the list of Yugoslavian products and raw materials intended for delivery to the USSR was limited to minor products, while the Soviet list included strategic goods. The reason for the disbalance was the commitment of FPRY to the USA to supply strategic raw materials, which made its delivery to the USSR impossible. The author underlines that despite the rejection of mutual economic claims and the resumption of trade relations with the USSR and the countries of the Soviet bloc, there was no renunciation of trade with the capitalist countries. The author concludes that the Yugoslav side developed its own course of relations with the countries of communist and socialist orientation against the backdrop of the emerging system of economic ties. The relevance of the article is due to insufficient knowledge of issues related to economic, as well as trade relations between Yugoslavia and the USSR.

The article studies regional peculiarities of the Don Cossack Host elections to the First and the Second State Duma of the Russian Empire. The author analyzes the conditions and features of election campaigns in the Don region, the political positions of the parties during the First and the Second State Duma elections, and shows how citizens got involved in the political life through elections. The peculiarities of forming political interests of the Don electorate and political fight for electorate as a factor of influence on the preferences of citizens are also addressed to in the article. It is argued that opposition sentiments of the society, typical of the greater part of the Don electorate, gave advantages to the "opposition parties" and their propaganda. The author concludes that agitation process showed superiority of Constitutional Democrats. On the one hand, the success of the party due to efficient organization of electoral company and reflection of the local needs of people in their political program. On the other hand, the discord of their political rivals, and the disability to organize and conduct the campaign at a high level proved to be important reasons for the fail. The success of Constitutional Democrats depended on their understanding of group interests of the Don electorate, Cossacks in particular. The article studies the composition of the regional electoral assembly. The author also gives the information about the deputies from the region with their class and political affiliations, and shows the connection between the development of the Don society politicization and the election process in the Duma of the first two convocation.

The article studies the reasons and circumstances of founding the institute of vicegerency. Facing the resistance of a part of local communities to spread imperial rules in the conditions of the unfarouble foreign policy, the authorities decided to invest their regional administration with full powers. For the first time the model was tested by Catherine II and gave a positive result. Exercising the autonomy the vicegerent could address the issues promptly and manage the territory in charge. The abandonment of vicegerency complicated the adaptation of timely administrative efforts to control the region. To a certain extent, it was caused by subjective reasons, which made it difficult to delegate such autonomy to some s. The idea of vicegerency was addressed again in the conditions of a serious military and political crisis caused by failures in the struggle against the theocratic state - imamat. The blunders clearly demonstrated that managing the Caucasus from St. Petersburg only led to new human and material losses. M.S. Vorontsov suited the post of vicegerent more than other candidates did. He enjoyed the unconditional confidence of the emperor and possessed the necessary military, economic and administrative competencies. The restored vicegerency proved its effectiveness and allowed to successfully solve the tasks that the empire faced in the Caucasus. It was preserved even after the heat of the armed confrontation in the region when the government started peaceful development of the region.

The formation of a multi-ethnic state demanded from the Russian authorities a policy that would ensure the integration of the peoples into its constituent states, the dominance of centripetal tendencies, and the strength of its state unity. The Christianization of foreigners, including Kalmyks, was considered one of the important means of achieving the success of such a policy. The activities of the Russian Orthodox Church, aimed at spreading Christianity among the peoples of the Volga region and the Urals, have not yet been thoroughly investigated, and appear to be an urgent task of historical science. Both Russian scientists, church leaders and representatives of the local administration took interest in questions related to the history of Christianizing the Kalmyks in the XVIII-XIX centuries. With common ideological positions in the approach to these issues, the vision and evaluation of scholars, church leaders and local administration could sometimes be different, which was largely determined by peculiarities of their activities and specific goals pursued by representatives of each of these groups. In its policy, the Russian government encouraged the adoption of Christianity by the Kalmyks through various preferences: transfer to the Cossack class with salary, the allocation of special places to be developed into cities, the organization of school education for children. The results of the missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church on Christianizing the Kalmyks were mixed. While in general cultural terms the mission had a positive meaning, in the narrow confessional sense it did not achieve the intended result.

The article examines the activities of museums in preserving the cultural and historical heritage in the museums of Stavropol and the Caucasus Mineral Waters. That time museums continued their work and actively documented the processes that took place in the region at the turning point. The collection of the Central People's Museum named after M. V. Prave during that period expanded due to the accession of collections taken from the museums closed by new authorities for ideological reasons (Museum of the 83rd Samursky Regiment, Diocesan Church and Archaeological Museum). The fate of the Military History Museum "The Temple of Glory" is also of interest. The dynamics of the development of the museum network of the region, the opening of museums of a new type - the museums of the revolution in Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk - are shown. A significant event was the merger of the Museum of the North Caucasus and the Museum named after M. V. Prave on the basis of the latter. The changes that took place in the country caused a change in the content of museum expositions; the leading place was occupied by the propaganda of the new political system and the demonstration of the improvement of the quality of life of the country's population after the revolution. The main activity was mass educational work. The vector of museum collecting work changed as due to the fact that the role of the museum shifted to the one of a mass educational institution it became occasional.

The article analyzes the administrative activity of A. F. Rebrov under the head of the administration in the Astrakhan, Caucasus provinces and in the Republic of Georgia, A. P. Yermolov, in one of the difficult periods in the history of the Caucasus. Thanks to the knowledge of the peculiarities of the region land the life of peoples in the North Caucasus, it was possible to successfully fulfill the orders of the authorities. Among them was the compilation of "The review of the lands of the Caucasian province in relation to their properties, status and rank of the inhabitants inhabiting it". The document defined the boundaries of the Caucasian province, described the peoples living in the territory of the province; prepared the rules "for economic management in the production of buildings at the Caucasus Mineral Waters". All those who could build buildings on the allotted land for living or renting out for visitors during the holiday season on the CMW were involved. A. F. Rebrov studied not only the necessary information about the "economic condition of each regiment..." but also "drew up rules to allot land to Cossack troops" "observed the places with military authorities to settle the Cossacks at the new frontline". The author shows the national policy, which also required the necessary historical knowledge and diplomatic approach. He gained such experience while being in the Caucasus during the expeditions of his superiors as a secretary, so he was able to successfully fulfill the orders concerning the settlement of national interests with the Kabardian and Nogai peoples. After the resignation of A. P. Ermolov, Rebrov faithfully served the orders of appointed in 1827 commander of the troops in the Caucasus, and chief superintendent of the civil part and border affairs of the provinces of Astrakhan, the Caucasus, and in Georgia, the field-Marshal-General count I. F. Paskevich-Erivan For three years.

The article analyzes the historiography of the question of the three centers of Ruses - Slavia, Kuyaba and Arsania, the report of which is one of the oldest stories of Eastern geographers and is of undoubted value for the study of the early period of the history of Ancient Russia (IX-X centuries), and concludes on its current state. This story is found in the Arab-Persian literature throughout the middle ages. The information provided by the authors of the X-XI centuries have been studied fairly well but their interpretation leaves some ambiguity, mainly related to the uncertainty of communications allowing different interpretations. The data sources of the XII-XIV centuries are less known, but they are no less valuable for historians. The issue of localizing the three centers of Ruses has been considered controversial for 200 years. The researchers offered a variety of versions. The main question was in the localization of Arsania -the third center. The challenges in localizing Arsania were the paucity of information, the data of the Arab-Persian authors, and extremely contradictory messages about the center of the Ruses. Among the hypotheses were the southern localization: on the Taman Peninsula, in the Crimea, on the territory of modern Ukraine, in the Danube; Northern: in the Baltic, on the upper Volga; in Central Russia: in Ryazan, the middle Volga region. A number of researchers tried to prove that Arsania was not a real geographical object, but a phantom - a myth, a contamination of information about other areas or a metaphor. Recently, researchers have returned to the classical concepts; it allowed considering all three centers as real geographical objects. Among the recent versions of the localization of Arsania in Galicia-Volyn Russia, near Smolensk, in the Volga-Oka Mesopotamia, in the Azov region, on the Lower Volga (in the lands of Burtas). One of the last and most convincing localization places of Arsania is the Lower Kama region, and the capital of Arsania - is connected with the settlement of Idnakar. It is confirmed not only by written sources but also by the archaeological data.

The article studies the influence of reforming the social sphere in the Empire of the period of Alexander II in the aspect of the resort area. The role of personality in improving the resort business is considered. The study highlights different approaches of the governors of N. N. Murav'eva and A. I. Baryatinsky to the modernization of the resort on the Caucasus Mineral Waters. Attention is focused on the influence of the military command staff in the Caucasus in improving the management of resorts. The causes of the reform of the CMW management in the form of counteragent are investigated. The reason for the transfer of system control from the Treasury to private hands is identified. The analysis of the evaluation in the historiography of researchers of the problem from contemporaries to the present day, as well as opinions about the effectiveness of modernization and saving public funds is carried out. The opinion about the special form of the contract and the obligations in division of powers in management and financing between the private person and the state is given. The term of the counterparty is defined. The position of the General, Prince Baryatinsky, as regards the understanding of the value of the medical area of the CMW for the health of the nation, the creation of conditions for the development, but also for the security of the region, is studied. The principles of the Governor in the definition of competencies in the selection of candidates for private counter agency of the Waters are noted. The study proves the correctness of the choice for the election of business, initiative and successful in matters of Commerce in the South of Russia, in fact a statesman, in relation to the case of state councilor N. A. Novoselsky. It is emphasized that for the implementation of the scientific approach in the use of the Caucasus Waters a professional approach was also applied in the selection of the post of Director of the Moscow University of medicine of the young well-known doctor of medicine S. Smirnov, which influenced the scientific approach in the management of therapeutic areas. The reasons for the introduction of a new local authority in the resort region and the establishment of administrative control over the private operation of the CMW are analyzed.

The article deals with the types and forms of work of public organizations in the Don and the North Caucasus in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. Based on the characteristics of the region under consideration, due to the special multicultural environment that distinguishes the Don and the North Caucasus from other territories that have no analogues in Russia, regional public organizations are represented by branches of all-Russian societies, directly regional self-organizing societies and associations that reflect the intraregional specificity. Public organizations in the Don and the North Caucasus were created in line with the all-Russian process of development of civil associations. The article shows that there were both wide-profile public organizations, combining different forms of work and types of assistance, and narrowly targeted public organizations in the Don and the North Caucasus. The activity of agricultural public organizations, educational, scientific and intellectual, health, national, charitable, cultural, aesthetic, moral and educational societies for the improvement of villages and cities is considered. The work of agricultural societies was important in the process of deepening the specialization of agricultural production in the region: gardening and vine-growing associations, societies for the development of beekeeping and horse breeding. The activities of educational societies were aimed at overcoming the problems of illiteracy and providing various forms of assistance in expanding access to education, to the establishment of schools, libraries, Sunday schools, evening courses, conducting lecture campaigns and public readings. Charitable public organizations conducted work on the establishment of charitable undertakings, payment of benefits, assistance in education and health, employment management. The qualitative indicators of the work of public organizations affecting a wide range of problems allows the author to speak about the active civic stance of members of voluntary public associations.

The article studies charitable practices in the Terek region of the Russian Empire during World War I. With the reference to particular historical material the author reveals the main forms and directions of cooperation between the authority and society in helping war-stricken and participants of warfare. The author studies philanthropic activities of charitable organizations, previously acted and newly established, including branches of a number of organizations that emerged at the beginning of World War I. For another thing, the charitable activities of individual citizens were explored. Collecting donations, opening shelters, hospitals, workshops for vocational rehabilitation of disabled soldiers, supplying front-line soldiers with the most necessary, helping refugees, preparing nurses for work in hospitals, society, in its most diverse layers, and local authorities, inspired by many members of the imperial family, showed unanimity in an effort to help the country and the army survive the time of military adversity and deprivation.

The article deals with the legal status of the Russian nationals who found themselves in Germany as a result of cross-border movements in the last quarter of the 19th and early 20th centuries and became stateless persons after the Russian Revolution of 1917, which destroyed the Russian empire. The purpose of this article is the analysis of the German state policy as regards foreigners-nationals of the enemy state. The author attempts to determine its content and goals of the German state, to answer questions about why the authorities went into significant restrictions for numerous Russian citizens who legally entered Germany long before the outbreak of World War I due to various circumstances and with different goals. According to the results of the study, archival and published documents were identified and made it possible to achieve the goal. The analysis of German and Russian historiography is carried out. The author selected methods and created a methodological concept of the study. Along with the implementation of general scientiic methods (synthesis, analysis), the author used the comparison method, as well as the system, structural-functional and hermeneutic methods, conirming the effectiveness of the interdisciplinary approach in the framework of the study. After analyzing the identiied documents, the author concludes that after the start of the war, the German state considered the primary task of changing the legal status of the subjects of the enemy country. The main goal was to secure their economy and prevent the property of foreigners to some extent provide an advantage to the enemy. Therefore, the German state introduced economic restrictive measures, primarily sequestration, and then eliminated all property rights of Russian nationals in Germany.

With the reference to numerous historical sources the author considers influence of a new political course of N. S. Khrushchev on Soviet culture and peculiarities of local cultural policy on the materials of Krasnodar regional philharmonic. The author expands knowledges about the role of musician associations in inding and prepearing amateur talents, shows the scale of philharmonic service provided to the population of the agrarian region. A unique feature of the requirements to professional masters of the arts on state and party authorities during the "Khrushchev's Thaw" was their participation in the organization of amateur performances with the workforce. Musical groups, directors and actors for the methodical and creative help were in charge of amateur collectives of the Kuban. The author shows educational activity as an important aspect in the work of the Philharmonic Society. In the early 1960s a wide network of popular cultural universities was organized in the Kuban. It was a powerful movement of mass cultural education. A lot of people joined the treasures of national and world culture through the universities. Particular attention is paid to one of the priorities in the activities of the Krasnodar Philharmonic Society - the artistic education of young viewers. Carrying out the party's policy decisions, the Krasnodar Philharmonic Society significantly strengthened that aspect of its work, having organized the children's sector in its structure. The paper analyzes the problem of creating music on a local theme. To accomplish the task, close contacts were required from all branches of the Kuban artistic culture. Until 1966, there was no professional creative association in the Kuban, and local composers worked as a part of the philharmonic society. Moreover, there was no close contact with the regional department of writers. The article presents a material in which the author shows how the process of liberalization, which affected state-building and national policy in those years, affected the activities of national teams working in the territory of the Kuban. The beginning of the 1960s was marked by the rise of theatrical and musical affairs in Adygea.

The article shows some parts of the process of establishing post-war system of international relations, which was based on the agreements of the Allies (the Soviet Union, the US and the UK) achieved at the Yalta and Potsdam international conferences. The ability of allies to negotiate, to seek compromises in a joint struggle against the common enemy is noted. The picture of the post-war Germany and the fate of the German population and the major war criminals is shown. It was certainly taken into account in the negotiations between the allies. Against this background, the authors address the issue of transformation of post-war security in the modern period and express the view that the problem was caused by dismantling of the bipolar confrontation, the end of which was placed by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the socialist community. The process took place under conditions of self-identification of new actors in international relations and the attempts of the leading western powers to establish the rules of international conduct that could be profitable for them. The authors conclude that there is necessity to preserve the historical memory, which will help raise the level of political responsibility before the world community. The need to address contemporary problems of humanity, such as the prevention of the threat of nuclear war, the fight against international terrorism, the prevention of regional military conflicts demonstrate the need for cooperation of the largest nuclear powers in the world. From this point of view, it is updated study of the historical experience of the interaction of the anti-Hitler coalition in the war and post-war periods.

The paper focuses on solving a very important challenge -setting an access to new primary sources on vague regional issues for Russian-speakers. Although the modern Caucasus studies in Russia have a long list of accounts related to Russian authors there seems to be a lack of foreign-based sources. It particularly concerns the early XIX c. - the sources that covered the experience of people before the Russian-British rivalry on the Caucasus. The author scrutinises the diary entries of the British Lieutenant Colonel John Johnson who took off India for Britain in 1817 and made his way trough the Middle East and Caucasus. He put the experience in the diary that had been never translated into Russian. The article focuses on his descriptions of the South frontier routine together with Johnson's conclusions concerning the Caucasus military and civil authorities. The entries include some additional information about the Yermolov's Embassy to Persia, Russian towns and dwelling places in the region, the beauty of the Mountain Caucasus nature and merits of its inhabitancies. He also described the way of travelling through the Caucasus and the quarantine service. The analytic part of the entries shows the positive experience of Russian militaries in setting up the pattern of the territories acquisition within the Empire together with the absorption of the local elites. The experience is shown as an argument for questioning the way the Ost-India Company used to exploit the Subcontinent. Finally, the author generalises the way we can use the European explores accounts on the Orient as a primary source for our studies.

In modern multipolar world model, most countries seek to find and occupy a better niche, which demands certain efforts. Military-technical superiority ceases to play a key role in achievement of this purpose and trade, economic and financial mechanisms come to the forefront. The number of studies on soft power policy and its main tools, including public diplomacy, is increasing. Just as different companies are working on their image, trying to create a unique brand, countries are trying to develop national brands that will be recognizable all over the world and provide additional revenues to the state budget. In the scientiic community, the practice of studying brands in various countries is beginning to gain popularity, identifying the reasons for the success of some marketing campaigns and the failures of others, although there is a noticeable lack of development of the de-initive framework, the domestic research discourse is practically not formed. India, despite the existing problems in the country, is making considerable efforts to improve its own image in the eyes of foreign public, as well as the development of a national brand, and therefore this article attempts to comprehensively review the basic steps of the Indian government in the course of developing national branding strategies. It discusses the activities of government bodies in the development and implementation of campaigns conducted in various areas, including tourism, medicine, business and culture, with the aim of creating a unique image of the nation. The chronological framework covers the period from the beginning of the 2000s to the present. A landmark event in this context was the development of the marketing campaign "Incredible India", which initiated the process of creating a national brand of the country. The paper presents various data of ratings of international services for the evaluation of brands of modern countries, allowing to determine the place of India in creating its own brand, as well as compare the success of its activities with other countries.

The article studies the features of the place and role of a prominent Indian politician and public official Vallabhbhai Patel in the hierarchy of the Indian National Congress after the achievement of independence by India and the creation of the Indian Civil Service. Until now Patelis as if "behind the scenes" in the national historiography. There is no generalizing monograph, which would be devoted to his activities during the struggle of the Indian people for their liberation from British colonial dependence, as well as his efforts to build Indian statehood yet. This is largely due to the complexity of the subject - Patel was an authoritative politician, not once saved the country in difficult times, but the choice of Mahatma Gandhi in determining his successor and the future head of the party and free India did not fall on him. In addition, Patel was closely associated with the Indian, Hindu inancial and industrial elite. He was the initiator of the suppression of left-wing radical, Communist uprisings, the activities of the Communist Party of India, if they took an armed character. As a Minister of Internal Affairs, Patel was obliged to deal effectively with the problems facing the country, both political and administrative. His conservative beginning, in a good sense of the word, was combined with an active creativity. The difficulties of the transition period caused by the withdrawal of the British from India and the "withdrawal from circulation" of the trained personnel of officials, who had all the power for a hundred years, were exacerbated by the consequences of the partition in August 1947, the huge human upheavals and suffering, increased criminality of society, which Patel could not prevent. Following the model of the British Indian Civil service of the colonial times, independent India established its own administrative structures: the Indian Civil service, Indian Police service, which played a huge role in the functioning of the young state. The article is based on Indian, British and domestic archives and published materials, diplomatic correspondence, memoirs and autobiographies, English and Indian press. The author relies on the latest research of domestic Indologists.

The article studies actual problems of domestic and medical support of Soviet convicts that served sentences in correctional institutions in 1956-1991, when the system of correctional labor colonies was developed and functioning instead of the previously existing one - the main management of the camps. On the basis of the analysis of archival documents and materials of the special periodic literature, including containing results of departmental (bodies of Prosecutor's office) and other (Supervisory commissions) inspections of places of imprisonment the author reveals the features and problems taking place in connection with the penitentiary (corrective-labor) policy pursued by the Soviet state in the sphere of household and medical support of the Soviet convicts during the studied period and its influence on microsocial conditions of serving sentences. The most significant are the following problems: the protracted nature of the development of an extensive way of providing medical care to convicts of correctional labor colonies, which gives mainly quantitative rather than qualitative effect in medical care in General; the entry of medical institutions into the correctional labor colonies, which led to changes in the administrative management of the institution (instead of the doctor head of the colony) and, as a consequence, the reduction of the level of medical and household support of convicts; the need to improve the skills of doctors and nurses, as well as other personnel in the correctional institution; intentional self-harm of convicts in order to obtain more comfortable conditions of serving sentences and exemption from compulsory work. In this regard, the author summarizes the conclusion that features, as well as problems, medical and consumer services of convicts are caused by a set of factors arising both from the relationship of the administration (employees) of correctional institutions and special contingent (including those violating the regime of serving the sentence), and in connection with the policy pursued by the state, aimed at the use of virtually free labor of convicts. Socio-political and socio-economic factors also played a role in the issue under study.

The new economic policy adopted at the X Congress of the RCP (b) in 1921 remains one of the problematic issues in the history of Russia. It is of interest as it provided the possibility of using market methods in combination with planned tools in the process of economic modernization. The problems of the transition period remain relevant at the present stage of development of the Russian society, as it is important to know and be able to use the experience of the past. Economic reforms that could combine market methods with government regulation policies are becoming relevant. The level of market relations in the agricultural sector of the economy in the NEP system was determined by the degree of activity of the state in the implementation of food policy, land relations and confrontation of the Soviet power of the wealthy part of the peasantry. The new economic policy in the South of Russia, where special forms of land use prevailed and class contradictions existed, were implemented under the strict control of the state, which did not come from economic expediency and ideological attitudes. The formation of new land relations, administrative reforms carried out during the 1920s in the Cossack regions of the South pursued the goal of maximum weakening of the influence of the Cossacks on the policy of the Bolsheviks. It should be noted that the level of development of Cossack farms exceeded the national average indicators. In modern historical science, a special place is given to the regional component, the formation of new historical knowledge, the study of regional characteristics. Modern historians are interested in documents to which access has been restricted for certain political and ideological reasons. Archival materials of the Don and the Kuban of the 1920s have now become the object of active study. It should be noted that after 1991, the methodological approaches have changed in many ways; it is safe to say that researchers have lost interest in the Marxist model of the new economic policy and, in many respects, research is based on multidirectional theoretical findings in the assessment of the NEP. Market mechanisms in the NEP system worked under the control of the state, but were not guaranteed by the current legislation and were ignored as the confrontation between individual private peasant-cossack farms and the political interests of the Bolsheviks grew.

The article notes that the accused has the right to carry out active criminal procedural activity in criminal proceedings. He does this by expressing his will. By specific examples are variety of forms for the realization of the will of the accused in criminal proceedings is shown. It is pointed out that the forms of realizing the will of the accused are: firstly, a single manifestation and, secondly, coordination in various variations. In the latter the will of the accused is of a combination character and, depending on the number of subjects, the combinations can be two-object (pair) and multi-subject (three, four-object). Multi-subject combinations is the most complex form of realizing the will of the accused, in each case both parties and the law enforcement are involved. A paired agreement, the achievement of which entails acceptance by the law enforcement agent of the desired result for the accused, is reached by the accused with any other participant in the criminal process, first of all by the defender, the victim or the person in whose proceedings the criminal case is located. Depending on the influence on the decision made by the law enforcer, the will of the accused can have a law-binding character when the corresponding duty of the investigator, investigator or court corresponds to the subjective right of the accused. However, not every subjective right of the accused is subject to compulsory execution. Therefore, the realization of the right of the accused to participate in the investigative action conducted at his request is legislatively limited to the permission of the investigator or investigator (the permissive nature), determined by two criteria: objective - the prescription of the law, and subjective - the discretion of the official. The article substantiates the need to remove such a legislative restriction, sets forth proposals for improving the current criminal procedure law on this issue, and gives new formulations of the relevant norms.

The paper covers the ways of resolving legal conflicts in the customary law of peoples living in the South Pacific region. The problems of using the achievements of customary law in the sphere of legal disputes resolution in various legal systems of modern states are analyzed. Through the instrumentality of a number of research methods, such as a historical method and a comparative legal method, the circumstances that determine the formation of manners for conflicts resolution in the customary law of the region are highlighted in the article. The paper reveals the role of both heads of communities and ordinary members of communities in legal conflicts resolution. A conclusion is made about the positive effect of customary law on positive law, in particular, on the issue of conciliatory procedures that are unusual to the positive law manners of resolving legal conflicts. It is logically argued that further research on ways of conflicts resolution in accordance with the customary law of the peoples of the South Pacific region is needed, since they contribute not only to resolving conflicts among peoples who apply customary law to resolve such conflicts, but also enrich other legal systems. The scientific originality of the research lies in studying the ways of improving modern methods of legal conflicts resolution, based on the ordinary legal norms.

The article considers the root causes of corruption in the legislative framework for the formation and functioning of executive bodies, and with the reference to current legislation analyzes the influence of managerial processes in government bodies on the determination of corruption. In the executive bodies themselves, including law enforcement agencies, as in any organization, there is a subject and object of government, and unfortunately, there is corruption. Considering the authorities as an organization, we recognize that corruption is possible in this system, and for example, in some joint-stock company or enterprise, which are also organizations with a subject and object of management, we believe that there is no corruption or it is minimal. Proceeding from this, we believe that if the system of formation and functioning is perfect, then ideally there should not be corruption, but if the system itself is not perfect, then corruption elements arise. In this case, the human factor is added to the causal complex in the form of imperfection of managerial processes, that is, the criminal agent's motivation for corruption. The people (that is, the voter, the citizen) participate in the formation of power only at the initial stage. At the initial stage, control is also carried out. In the future, the authorities begin to act independently, and accordingly control over their activities by the voter (people, citizens) is completely absent. That is, the system becomes self-regulating and self-controlling. But at the same time, representatives of the authorities themselves become self-regulating and self-controlling, but it is here that the foundation of corruption and corruption relations begins to form. That is, the initial formation of a system of authorities allows corruption to be at all levels. And the norms introduced and applied for "anti-corruption expertise", "public hearings", "reports of authorities before the population", "anti-corruption commissions", etc. and these are just "small patches for a big gap". In fact, these are the superstructures formed by the authorities themselves.

Changes taking place in the world, expressed in the development of information technologies, increasing the mobility of people and other processes associated with globalization, objectively affect the model of education existing in a particular society. It is no secret that globalization, together with economic transformations, directly affects the world-view, especially the one of young people. It is indisputable that in the conditions of globalization and integration into the international space, in the Abkhazian society, as well as in any society in the States of the former Soviet Union, negative trends of growth of asocial phenomena, dangerous habits, etc. against the background of falling of the level of morality. As one of the reasons, the planting of an alien culture and way of life for the indigenous population is rightly pointed out. Counteraction to the above-described tendencies consists, including, in modernization of system of education, more precisely, in adaptation of traditionally developed system of education to the existing modern conditions. The idea of "Abkhaz folk pedagogy", which is a process of personal education based mainly on the cultural identity of the Abkhaz people, has gained great popularity in the Abkhazian education system. The article makes a reasoned conclusion that the provisions of the Abkhazian system of pedagogy, as a means of countering negative trends, can be the basis of a new concept of legal regulation of the system of education in the Republic of Abkhazia under the condition of their profound modernization. The proposed model of legal regulation of the system of education, according to the author, most fully reflects the needs of modern Abkhazian society. Currently, the Institute of law of the North-Caucasus Federal University is actively working on the development of the draft law "Оп education in the Republic of Abkhazia", which includes provisions on the system of education in the educational process. According to the author, the provisions of the project correspond to the traditions of Abkhazian folk pedagogy to the extent that they can be introduced into the educational process. At the same time, the draft law provides for the directions of education in the education system, which are not reflected, or are not sufficiently reflected in the canons of Abkhazian ethnopedagogics. The symbiosis of the Abkhazian folk pedagogy with the modern achievements of pedagogical science, which is reflected in the draft law, in our opinion, will lay the foundation for the formation of a modern competitive personality, brought up in the best traditions of the Abkhazian people.

Modern society is characterized by a high degree of development of information and communication technologies, but this process has both positive and negative sides. Thus, information technology and the world wide web facilitate the exchange of information by citizens and their associations anytime, anywhere, provide opportunities for intellectual development, facilitate access to information. However, in modern conditions, information technology is widely used by extremist and terrorist organizations in their activities. As a means of disseminating extremist materials, the Internet has certain characteristics. Thus, it consists of a set of networks with different geographical location. And the information that is posted on the world wide web, becomes available to an unlimited number of people in different parts of the world. Moreover, both the person who posted the information and the person who uses it can remain anonymous. In addition, due to the lack of geographical boundaries, limited access to information or blocking the site, do not eliminate the problem of placing such information elsewhere. Thus, the problems of identifying people who posted extremist information on the Internet, as well as the owner of the site on which these materials were posted, come to the fore. According to the authors, it is quite difficult to solve the problem of countering terrorist and extremist organizations. However, the effectiveness of work in this direction largely depends on the effective and modern legal framework. A special role in the block of normative legal acts in the sphere of countering extremism belongs to the norms of criminal and administrative law, which in turn has a number of shortcomings. The authors note the need to develop a comprehensive national program covering not only law enforcement, but also political, social, economic, legal, ideological, propaganda, information, operational-investigative and other aspects.

The article notes the actualization of the problem of justice in the field of legal regulation of taxation at the present stage. The article studies the approaches that serve as criteria for the construction of a fair tax system from the perspective of solvency, the amount of benefits received from the state, as well as the equality of legal opportunities to protect their rights by the state and the taxpayer, and examines some problems of their practical application. The article shows the inapplicability of the principle benefits of a fair tax system because of the exceptional diversity of taxpayers by the level of income, family composition, age, educational and other criteria that determine the need for increased social protection of certain categories of citizens, and in this situation it is a priori impossible to follow the postulate of compliance paid by each taxpayer of the amount received public benefits. In the analysis of solvency, the key factor was whether the amount of tax to be paid should increase in line with the growth of the person's income, which logically led to the analysis of the preference for proportional or progressive taxation. It was concluded that the existing flat scale of taxation does not allow the principle of justice to be embodied in the objective reality, and the need to introduce progressive taxation in conjunction with the establishment of an annually indexed minimum free from taxation is noted. The author also studies such problems as the regressive nature of many taxes, the orientation of the tax burden on low-income categories of payers, weak social orientation and significant scale of tax evasion. The article studies the norm on the indisputable procedure of collecting taxes from individual entrepreneurs, penalties and fines for violation of the legislation on taxes and fees were critically evaluated, and as a more consistent with the principles of justice, it was proposed to use a compulsory procedure for collecting additional taxes, as well as the amounts of penalties and fines only after the expiration of the statutory period of appeal as regards the act of inspection of the tax authority. The conclusion is drawn concerning the isolation of the existing system of taxation from the objective reality and the measures to make appropriate changes to the Russian legislation on taxes and fees.

In connection with the special nature of intellectual rights to the results of creative activity and objects equated to them, there are certain features of their transition in the order of inheritance, as well as registration of the rights of heirs, not reflected in the norms of part three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Section V of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is devoted to detailed regulation of general provisions on inheritance, grounds for inheritance, inheritance, and inheritance of certain types of property. Special rules on the inheritance of exclusive rights to various results of intellectual activity are included in the relevant chapters of Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as regulated by other normative legal acts adopted in accordance with it. The article examines the peculiarities of inheritance of exclusive rights arising in relation to various results of intellectual activity - objects of copyright and related rights, patent law and the means of individualization of goods, works, services and enterprises that are granted legal protection equated to them. Personal non-property rights are inextricably linked with the personality of the rightholder, which is why they are inalienable and ineffable in other ways. The transfer of these rights to other persons, including, by way of inheritance, is not allowed. The question of how to confirm the testator's exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity and objects equated to them was also investigated. The legal regime specified in Art. 1225 of the Civil Code of the RF objects is significantly different, therefore, the composition of documents confirming the existence of rights to them has sig-niicant differences as well. The procedure for the transfer of certain intellectual rights by inheritance and its design is closely related to the problem of confirming the existence of these rights in a particular person. Therefore, when entering into the composition of the inheritance of intellectual rights, obtaining a certificate of the right to inheritance, as a rule, is necessary. It was concluded that the existence of rules on the inheritance of intellectual property rights in Chapter 65 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the inheritance of certain types of property would make the procedure for registering the rights of heirs of exclusive rights much simpler.

The article specifies topical issues of legislative regulation of the conflict of interest in education. The analysis of the law allowed identifying the features and main problems of regulation in the given field. One of the most "malignant problems", which is a destabilizing factor in the strengthening and development of the entire educational system as a whole - corruption - has formed in the educational environment over the last years. The experience of the Russian Federation in the fight against corruption in the field of education has demonstrated the need for an integrated approach and effective measures that are possible only in the presence of optimal and systemic anti-corruption legislation. The author highlights the main causes of corruption in the activities of the teaching staff, as well as the necessity to clarify the positions specified in the Federal law "On anti-corruption activities", because from a legal point of view, the rules of the Federal law regulate the legal status of state and municipal employees, but are applicable to the teaching staff, despite the fact that they do not have the appropriate status. On the basis of the analyzed facts, the author substantiates the need to consolidate at the legislative level a list of situations in which a conflict of interest becomes apparent, which will resolve the problem of the correct qualification of the conflict of interest situation. It is revealed that the legal regulation of the situation "conflict of interests of a member of the teaching staff" requires amendments at the legislative level. The necessity of mandatory regulation of this situation by local acts of educational organizations is established.

The article is devoted to the analysis of basic directions of the development of e-government, as well as the possibilities for the practical implementation of the new principle of "digital defaults" in the provision of public services. However, the absence of the expected dynamics of the effectiveness of e-government in the Russian Federation actualizes the topic raised. The article studies a reasonable development, e-government and the transition to a new "digital" quality, as well as the proposal of the author's definition of "e-government". The methodological basis of the article is formal-logical processes and methods of systemic and comparative law. The conclusions on the results suggested the following: a promising transition from the "e-government" model to the concepts of government based on the systemic transformation of the entire government structure. The digital strategy is focused on working with citizens through data operations. It is proposed to understand e-government as a form of implementation of public administration, based on the synergetic interaction of ICT and information resources (data) for the provision of public services. Also, negative factors hindering the development of e-government in our country are highlighted, and possible ways to overcome them are outlined.

The article studies some issues identified through the discourse analysis of political and economic articles. According to V. V. Vinogradov's theory we differentiate in the language structure everyday domestic style (function of communication), business, official-documentary and scientific (function of message); journalistic and artistic belletristic (pragmatic function). Since our work analyzes a number of analytical newspaper articles, we will characterize the journalistic style, namely the texts of the media. The research actuality is caused by the fact that the communicative setting and focus on a diverse audience implies the structure, which is associated with the use of prepared standards, cliches, different phraseological units. The scientific topicality of the study is actualized in the approach when set expressions are viewed as a relevant syntactic material in the structure of political discourse. The purpose of the article is pragmatic and structural-semantic discourse analysis of political and economic analytical articles. You can find detailed description of the functional verb combinations (also called "Streckformen des Verbs" in German linguistic studies), which is a border area of phraseological and syntactical analyses. In this work, analytical articles of the newspaper FAZ (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) are exposed to linguistic analysis. FAZ is represented throughout Germany in printed form and available on the Internet for the foreign audience. The method of continuous sampling of phraseology from the newspaper "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" has allowed to establish numerical superiority of official-business style expressions, which are combinations of verb with a nominative or prepositional combination, performing a predicative function in the sentence. Structural-semantic analysis of these set combinations reveals two basic syntactic structures. The article argues for the legitimacy of analyzed expressions referring to phraseological units. Constituting the base syntactic material in the architectonics of political discourse, analyzed expressions determine the following pragmatic and empathic postsemiosis constants: 1) credibility, the credibility of the source; 2) belonging to a conversational style, proximity to audience, representation and the separation of its interests; 3) neutrality; 4) pejorative evaluation.

The article discusses the origins of interpretations of the concept "genius" by Russian cultural consciousness. The first cases of use of the lexeme "genius" are analyzed, its interpretations are systematized оп the extensive material of dictionaries of the Russian language of XVIII-XX centuries. It is observed that the ancient Greek "demon" /'6alpwv' and 'devil' /'byuroLod', adopted by Russian Orthodoxy in the meaning of "unclean spirit", "fallen angel", "evil spirit", "evil spirit", received the Old Russian and the Old Slavonic analogues and were perceived exclusively through the prism of the New Testament struggle and the victory of Jesus Christ, and then of Christians over the devil, while in the Roman pagan analogue - genius - there was no urgent need. It is indicated that at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries in the Russian language picture of the world, these concepts were perceived as synonymous, which appeared in the Russian language in the XVIII century (and not directly through Latin) the concept of genius already had the value of the immanent property of human nature and began its separate existence, often taking on the function of a nominal word and acquiring its own verbalizers and associative semantic fields. The examples of fiction texts of the XIX century examine the variants of the use of the lexeme "genius", the formation of the concept of genius is proved, the emergence of new semantic fields as evidence of its acceptance by Russian cultural consciousness. By analyzing the phrases "genius" and "spirit" in the XVIII-XIX centuries proves that the values of "creative gift in man" and "man possessing creative gift" have superseded the original inner semantics of the lexeme "genius". It is noted that the emergence of new semantic fields of this concept is the evidence of significant transformations of the national, scientific and artistic picture of the world in the domestic cultural space.

The confix ways of verbal action, which expresses negative semantics of action consequences, are under discussion in the article. It seems relevant for the study to find out whether the general idea of the negative consequences of action is related to the conixed word-building model, to analyze the interaction of grammatical and lexical semantics of those type of verbs, to determine the features of aspectual situations, to reveal stylistic features of their functioning, to reveal the complexes of meanings expressed by conixed word-building types bearing the negative consequences semantics. It is established that the negative semantics of action consequences can be presented explicitly or implicitly to a greater or lesser extent; the representation of the negative consequences of action can be expressed by the verb form or it can. require a certain context. The semantic markers, that signal excessive intensity or duration of action, are identified. All verbal actions, which denote the negative result, are presented as a functional and semantic field; the central and peripheral components of the field are determined depending on the degree of explicitness of the negative consequences of action, as well as its intensity, excessiveness and duration.. Regularity and efficiency of a verb type is also taken into account. It is defined due to what factors the semantics of negative consequences of an action is created; it is specified in each specific action. The conix ways of verbal action with the semantics of the negative consequences of the action are investigated from the point of view of functionality and stylistics, regularity and productivity of derivational type, species correlation. The reasons for the predominant uniformity of these ways of action are identified. It is established that the verbs under analysis can cover multiple situations and convey the complex of meanings, since the semantics of the negative consequences of action is a consequence of excessive manifestation of an action, its intensity, duration and sometimes multiplicity. The derived verbs are a compact means of expressing complex semantics, which correlates with the descriptive construction. It is concluded that the presence in the Russian language of such a variety of ways of action with the meaning of the negative consequences of action, which were the result of excessively intense or prolonged action of the original verb, indicates the importance of a certain concept (or several concepts) for Russian speakers and for the Russian language picture of the world.

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that with all the diversity of studies on linguistic frames, the question of the pragmatics of language expressions representing a particular frame in the text (in our case, in the Russian narrative) is actual, in particular, what are those linguo-pragmatic means by which the frame is initiated in the narrative. The purpose of this article is to identify, describe and classify linguistic expressions, opening the actualization of the frame in the artistic narrative. The so-called ontological frames, representing stereotypical life situations and events in the text, were subjected to syntax structures corresponding to these frames. When analyzing the linguistic material, the following linguistic and pragmatic means initiating the actualization of the frame in the artistic narrative were identified: the name of the frame, the macroposition of the frame, the nuclear propositions of the frame, one of the slots of the updated frame, the interframe transition, the discursive presupposition. It is noted that frame initiation may be accompanied by textual implication operations, when the frame content is completed as a result of logical inference operations. Pragmatic presuppositions as front elements of actualized frames also act as means of their actualization, that is, in this case, pragmatic presuppositions can be considered as nuclear propositions of different frame levels. With rare exceptions, the frame in literary narrative is initiated by a set of linguistic and pragmatic means. At the same time, toponym-ic frames are actualized by means of the name of the frame and its nuclear propositions, but not by means of macropositions such as N is a city. The article notes that the set of means for initiating a frame is very diverse, while the analysis of the material showed that such means as the name of the frame or its slot, macropositions, nuclear propositions are more commonly used, and the most difficult question is whether the author chooses the text to initiate the frame.

The article is devoted to the study of textual cohesion in short stories by P. Merimee, which is a set of significant relations and is common to all the texts; textual cohesion serves as a means of detecting the interdependence of the content of individual parts. Cohesion does not demonstrate what the text says; it reveals how the text is organized into a semantic whole. The unity of the text space is provided by the interaction of grammatical and lexical means, which also serve for its division into hyperphase unity. This qualitatively new unit is a combination of several sentences, interrelated thematically, semantically and syntactically, which serve for a more complete, in comparison with a single sentence, development of thought. The continuum category is directly related to the notion of space. The very term "continuum" means a continuous formation of something, undivided flow of movement in time and space. This is a certain sequence of facts or events, unfolding in time and space; the unfolding of events is not the same in different types of texts. The continuum of a literary text, as a rule, is based on a violation of the actual sequence of events. The relevance of this article is based on the fact that the present literary material has not been studied completely, it has been analyzed mainly in different works devoted to the study of literature. The main linguistic traits of this kind of narrative text are not systematized. Cohesion means in small prose texts can be classified according to different criteria: traditional-grammatical, logical, associative, figurative, composition-structural, stylistic and rhythmic-forming. Particular attention is paid to the traditional-grammatical features (conjunction and conjunction collocations, for example: en raison de cela, c 'est pourquoi, cependant, puisque, ainsi que), all deictic means, participial clauses, since they also serve as a means of communication between larger segments - hyperphase unity and paragraphs, and in this regard they achieve status of cohesion. In this article, logical means are also analyzed because they can be considered as an intersection of grammatical and textual forms of communication: composition-structural forms are analyzed, the attention is paid, first of all, to the violation of the sequence and logical organization of a message (all kinds by digressions, insertions, temporal or spatial descriptions of phenomena, events and actions that are not directly related to the plot of the story); stylistic forms are analyzed because they reveal the organization of the text, in which the stylistic features are consistently repeated in the hyperphase unity and paragraphs. The study of the texts by P. Merimee, based on the classification of text cohesion means, showed that in these short stories, imaginative cohesion is the most frequent, and the characters represent the abstract image of typical representatives of the French bourgeoisie. In addition, P. Merimee widely uses the means of associative cohesion, he often uses proper nouns and mythological heroes' sayings, legends, famous books, all these means make his works more creative.

The main goal of cultural types studies in conducted within linguoculturology, linguopersonology and discursive research, is to describe the stereotypes of communicative behavior typical of the corresponding linguistic culture. Using the method of continuous sampling, semantic analysis, and discourse and contextual analysis techniques we analyze features of non-verbal communicative behavior of the masculine culture type "private detective", represented by Sherlock Holmes, the fiction character of the English detective discourse of Conan Doyle. Peculiarities of realization of professional tactics and strategies are revealed on the basis of the frame-slot structure of the detective investigation. The "crime investigation" frame includes scenario slots with specific lexical content that have a strict sequence. As a result the revealed methods of detective investigation of the masculine culture type "private detective" are classified according to the types of perception on which they are based: visual, tactile, sensory, mental.

Punctuation systems of any language, as well as the language itself, are in constant development. In the twentieth-twenty first centuries new punctuation trends appear, some of them become dominant when placing punctuation marks with different syntactic structures, while the others gradually disappear from use. The process of the emergence of new punctuation trends is also found in the three languages and their styles under consideration. Studies show that new meanings have appeared in the semantic function of punctuation marks. Our interest is the usage of punctuation marks with those new meanings in scientific, publicistic styles and artistic texts in English, Russian and Kalmyk languages. The article is devoted to the use of punctuation marks in direct speech and quotations. The author makes an attempt to trace the arrangement of punctuation markers in English, Russian and Kalmyk languages in scientific, publicistic styles and in artistic texts of the twentieth-twenty first centuries. In the process of work, general and special characteristics are established in the use of punctuation markers in direct speech and quotations in three languages and their styles, since English, Russian and Kalmyk are considered as different-system languages.