The article analyzes the evolution of Ayatollah Khomeini’s political views on the reforms proposed by the Shah’s authorities, which became known as the «White Revolution». The reforms announced by the Shah split Ulam and the country into supporters and opponents of the Shah’s initiatives. Based on the study of sources, first of all, such as the collections of the works of Ayatollah Khomeini himself – «Kawthar» and «Sahifeh-ye Imam», the dynamics of Khomeini’s approach to the Shah’s initiatives, their criticism, and radicalization under the influence of the confrontational position of the Iranian authorities associated with the referendum in January 1963 are traced. The article attempts to correct the well-established approach in Russian historiography about the conservatism of Shiite Ulama and Khomeini’s views on such a controversial issue as women’s rights in Iran, which is emphasized by Khomeini’s opponents. However, after analyzing the Ayatollah’s speeches and statements, during his discussion with the country’s authorities, Khomeini focuses on the illegality and unconstitutionality of the shah’s reforms. Having failed to reach a compromise with the authorities, who resorted to forceful measures and the persecution of opponents, Khomeini, appealing to the religious memory of the Shiite tradition of the holy month of Muharram and the cult of Imam Hossein ibn Ali, called for an uprising and the overthrow of the shah’s power in Iran. The failure of the peaceful protest led to the radicalization of the opposition, which resulted in the bloody events of June 4-5, 1963. The subsequent arrest, and then the expulsion of Ayatollah Khomeini in November 1964 from the country, made him a staunch opponent of the monarchy, the leader of radical Shiite ulama and a supporter of building in Iran of the Islamic Republic.

   One of the significant events in French and even European history as a whole in the 18th-19th centuries, which should be considered in the context of the West-East problem, was the Battle of Poiier in 732, which impeded the further advancement of the Arab Caliphate in Europe. Modern historians are not inclined to overestimate the significance of this battle. Nevertheless, the study of the reaction to it in European culture, especially painting, of the modern era, is important for assessing the attitude of the political and intellectual elite of that time to the peoples of the Middle East, who appeared in the 19th century. The object of colonial expansion by the world empires of the West. In 1837, the German artist with Russian roots Ch. De Steiben presented a canvas dedicated to this battle to the gallery of the great battles of the Palace of Versailles. This article is an analysis of Steiben’s work. The author seeks to show that the picture of this painter presents the collision of two worlds - Christianity and Islam, given, in fact, from the standpoint of such a well-known trend of intellectual (artistic and political) thought as Orientalism. Frankish characters are presented as gallant and unyielding fighters, led by the majordomo Karl - the hope of Christendom, whose victory is beyond doubt. Arab, Muslim warriors are depicted confused and fleeing, seized with fear, only some of them strive to resist. The reason for this is that the representatives of Islam are overly sensual and pampered, prone to voluptuousness and luxury, as opposed to the ascetic and courageous Franks. The cultural and civilizational difference between the two camps is given with the help of weapons, clothing and some other attributes, in the representation of which there are many historical inaccuracies, exaggerations, often associated with the artist’s dependence on the level of historical ideas of his time. The ultimate goal of the painter is to highlight the difference between the carriers of Western and Eastern cultures, to show the superiority of “civilized” Europe over the Eastern “barbarians”, willingly or unwillingly, justifying the colonial expansion to the East taking place in his time. At one time, Steiben’s canvas played, especially for not too sophisticated viewers, the role of one of the brightest symbols of the victorious Western world, and above all, the French monarchy. This work is one of the experiences of mastering the reality of the Other’s world in line with the relationship between the West and the East with the help of techniques characteristic of the Orientalist view of a foreign culture, in order to create a sense of superiority over the incivilizational environment among the bearers of their community.

   The article analyzes the peacekeeping activities of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Based on normative acts, definitions of peacekeeping activities are given as a set of measures aimed at resolving disputes; peacekeeping operations as a set of actions aimed at resolving a conflict; peacekeeping contingents and peacekeeping forces as specially trained personnel. The authors emphasize that the mandate of the Collective Security Council of the CSTO and the UN Security Council are the legal basis for the deployment of the Collective peacekeeping forces (CPF) in the conflict zone and the initial document for the development of a peacekeeping operation plan. Peacekeeping operations of the CSTO Naval Forces could be carried out by the decision of the Security Council on the territory of the member countries of the Organization, or on the territory of non-CSTO members under the Mandate of the UN Security Council. In both cases, the CSTO was obliged to inform the UN Security Council about the beginning of a peacekeeping operation. The authors consider the process of formation of Collective peacekeeping forces. The CSTO peacekeeping activities have been repeatedly criticized in expert circles. In 2010, the CSTO did not introduce peacekeeping forces in the context of the Osh events of 2010 in Kyrgyzstan, in 2016 during the escalation of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict. In each case, there were reasons not to introduce peacekeepers. But, on the other hand, in the public field it was perceived as the inability of the CSTO to fulfill its allied obligations and ensure collective security. Special attention is paid to the first CSTO peacekeeping operation in Kazakhstan in January 2022 and the role of Russia in its conduct. In the context of expanding the peacekeeping functions of the CSTO and the desire to develop relations with the UN in this area, the problem of introducing the status of a “coordinating state” in the implementation of peacekeeping under the auspices of the UN Security Council is investigated. The conclusion is made about the constructive significance of such a change in the CSTO peacekeeping.

   The history of the Cossacks is one of the promising areas of domestic Caucasian studies. The greatest attention of researchers is attracted by the history of the Terek, Kuban, Don and Linear Cossack troops, which is closely connected with the history of the colonization of the North Caucasus and the South of Russia. The article discusses the historiography of studying the history of the Cossacks through the prism of the works of Stavropol historians, in relation to the pre-revolutionary period, the works of those military historians and researchers who lived for a certain time on the territory of Stavropol and wrote about the history of the Cossacks. The change in the stages of historiography was associated with a change in political orientations in society and affected its content. The pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern stages of the national historiography of the problem of the South Russian Cossacks are considered sequentially, the works of historians, problems, trends and features of research are analyzed. It is shown that a significant role in the formation of the historiographic tradition of studying the history of the Cossacks was played by military historians of the 19th - early 20th centuries, whose writings were of a military-strategic nature and were made in the form of military-topographical, military-statistical, statistical-geographical and historical-geographical descriptions. The Soviet stage is characterized by significant research in the field of the military-political history of the North Caucasus in the 19th century, the appearance of the first generalizing works, including those on the history of the North Caucasus, those territories where the Cossacks densely lived. A distinctive feature of the current stage of domestic historical science is the emergence of new approaches and methods to the study of the history of the Cossacks, the definition of the following areas of research: the phenomenon of the Russian Cossacks; Cossacks and Russian statehood; historical traditions of Cossack self-government; the interaction of the Cossacks, authorities and the church at various stages of the history of Russia; Cossacks in the state-national and cultural policy of the Russian Empire; Cossack colonization in the North Caucasus and the history of the Caucasian War; Cossacks and the Soviet power, decossackization, Cossacks during the Great Patriotic War, problems of the revival of the Cossacks; modern development of the Cossacks in Russia; Cossacks in the history and culture of foreign states; Cossacks in the space of historical memory of Soviet and post-Soviet societies; preservation of the historical heritage, material and spiritual culture of the Russian Cossacks.

   The Caucasus for the Russian Empire in the 19th century remained a special place, a place of its laborious military and civilizational efforts aimed at establishing universal orders of regular statehood there. Change was brought about slowly. For various reasons, Russia was opposed by formidable strongholds: local nature and ethnic communities, which were reluctant to enter into a dialogue with agents of other cultures, remaining a secret, unfriendly and very dangerous place. The Caucasian landscapes seemed to have been specially created to make it difficult for new settlers who were unfamiliar with them, to frighten them with the inaccessibility of the mountains, hiding their peaks in shaggy clouds; change weather conditions several times a day, alternating heavy rains with unbearable heat. Mountain rivers frightened with their transience, with noise and roar, falling into gorges, washing away the banks and uprooting perennial trees. The mountains of Dagestan were for a Russian person a disorderly heap of the infernal world frozen in a stone statue. The Caucasus, as a place that required a great effort of physical strength and moral work from a Russian person, in terms of its natural and social parameters, for a long time remained a space of borderlines and transitional states. The resistance and opposition that the imperial authorities and the colonists met, from a large part of the local inhabitants and local nature, gave rise in the heads, desperate or dissolute, to the hope of finding shelter there, a hidden space inaccessible to prying eyes and authorities. According to contemporaries, the Caucasus accumulated all kinds of people who had criminal inclinations, swindlers and malefactors, along with those who did not know a way out of difficult life circumstances and were looking for opportunities in a mountainous country to obtain asylum or hope for moral and civil revival. Peasants fled to the Caucasus from the oppression of their landlords, husbands from shameful wives, unfortunate lovers, squandered officials, romantic youths who sought fame and exploits and sworn enemies of the Russian state - Poles, participants in the Polish insurrection, as well as everyone who sought freedom, liberation from any rules and regulations. The imperial authorities knew this and suspected the Caucasus of unreliability.

   The author considers the attitude of Belarusian and Russian peoples to the era of Catherine the Great as expressed through collective traditional historical knowledge. The period of its reign is evaluated as a transition from mythological time to historical. In folk texts, Catherine II often acts as the destroyer of the old and creator of the new world. The foreign policy of Catherine II has found numerous responses in Russian historical songs and traditions. The Belarusians presented the struggle of the empress with the Commonwealth, the sections of the Polish-Lithuanian state and the entry of Belarusian lands into Russia in the form of toponymic traditions and a fabulous form. Belarusian tales reflected the cooperation of the Russian government with Magnat Karol Radziwill (Pan Kakhanka) and King Stanislav Ponyatovsky. The personal life of Catherine the Great attracted the attention of all Russian people, was surrounded by many rumors, who often reflected in folk art. Communication of the empress with immigrants from a common people often occurs in narratives due to equalizing their estate status: the queen and folk heroes enter into dialogue not according to the social vertical, but on equal terms. The domestic policy of Catherine II is ambiguously evaluated in folk historical ideas. Russian texts condemn the planting of serfdom, personify anti-consonant ideas in the form of a legend about Peter III- Deliverer, and at the same time keep the memory of the liberation of the monastery peasants, weakening the duties of the Ural Cossacks, soldier-wings about the death of the empress. The existence of legends among the Old Believers about the Empress’s desire to «correct» faith indicates that the relationship of the Old Believers with the authorities did not come down to protest and social struggle. The condemnation of serfdom is more associated with specific landowners than with the empress herself. The author considers it pointless to perceive recruitment songs as a condemnation of the Russian state, since here we are not dealing with a mechanical display of the situation, but with the result of understanding socio-historical realities that fit into a wider symbolic aspect. The positive consequences of the spread of recruitment to the Belarusian lands were also noted. In the Commonwealth, Belarusian peasants never had the status of defenders of the Fatherland, since the protection of the Motherland was the privilege of the gentry. Belarusian peasants who served in the imperial army returned to themselves in the village and, telling about the service, contributed to the formation of confidence in young people in the fact that fellow villagers are involved in the defense of the Fatherland, which in this case began to be noted as a local district, and great and «their own» state. The presence of a considerable body of toponymic legends, in which Catherine the Great plays the role of a «cultural hero», is evidenced. Parallels such as texts are found in Russian legends about the «traveling» of the Empress. Usually in these texts explains the origin of the name of a particular settlement, where Catherine was driving. Locking trees along the curb by order of the empress is considered by Russian and Belarusian peasants as involvement in an important state case. The author revealed some common patterns in the development of the people’s historical ideas of Russian and Belarusians, showed how the image of the empress served as the embodiment of those hopes, illusions and stereotypes that were characteristic of the traditional political culture of the Eastern Slavs.

   The author believes that urban construction in Russian regions, including in the Stavropol province, was closely related to the need for a fundamental modernization of an economic system based on feudal order and an accelerated transition to the path of capitalist development. The cities have a leading role in the development of production potential on the territories and in the managerial provision of the production process on a market basis. In the Stavropol region large villages, the county centers, performed the functions of cities. The percentage of rural residents in the province was higher than the average for Russia. At the same time, the increase in the urban population outstripped the increase in the number of rural residents. An increase in the level of socio-economic development of the Stavropol region was facilitated by the implementation of the resettlement policy. The development of cities in the Stavropol province was significantly influenced by the interest of representatives of the central government in the socio-economic and cultural development of the region, as well as in creating an attractive image of the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, and the active participation of private capital in this process. An important role in the improvement and creation of an aesthetic architectural form of the resort infrastructure on the CMS was played by the resource factor, thanks to which the balneological potential of the region was widely recognized in the country. As a result, since the end of the 19th century, city authorities have been able to coordinate urban development plans, the choice of the architectural appearance of infrastructure facilities with the level of socio-economic development and the position of urban and rural communities. The author expresses the opinion that due to the timely adopted measures from the central and local authorities they successfully coped with the task and largely contributed to the creation of a socio-economic basis for the formation in the region of agrarian-industrial capitalism. The study highlights the features of the formation of material culture and the architectural appearance of the provincial capital, resort towns, provincial towns and villages of county centers during the spread of modernist trends in architecture, due to which by the end of the study period they acquired a convenient layout of urban space and aesthetic appearance.

   The article discusses certain aspects of the history of Russian charity in the Terek region. The author analyzes the sources on this topic and offers an extensive historiographic review and monographic literature. The researcher refers to the history of charity in the southern Russian province. The period from the moment of the abolition of serfdom to the Russian revolution of 1917 is one of the most dynamic in Russian history, which could not but affect the development of charity. This period became a historical challenge for the multi-ethnic Terek region, which turned out to be one of the most economically backward territories. The integration of the Caucasian territories into the socio-cultural space of Russia was inevitably accompanied by the need to pull up the outskirts to the socio-economic and cultural level of the central territories. Charity has become one of the social practices that began to develop during this period in the territory of the Terek region. The author used archival documents to study the charitable activities of both the Slavic and the mountain population of the Terek region. For the first time, unpublished documents are introduced into scientific circulation, which help to reconstruct the history of the activities of individual societies. The article explored the private financial component of charitable activities, studied the institutional component. In particular, it is shown how informational support was provided by the newspaper «Terskiye Vedomosti». Given the multinational composition of the study area, the author made the efforts of local ethnic elites to increase the literacy level of their peoples a separate aspect of the study.

   The word “decossackization” in recent decades has entered into a free and familiar conversation about individual Cossacks and about the Cossacks as a whole, which, it would seem, does not make sense to explain its semantic content, because it is already clear from its very spelling. It is understood that we are talking about the destruction of a very large number of Cossacks. When the question naturally arises, who committed such a terrible act, the answer immediately follows without hesitation: «The Cossacks were killed by the Soviet authorities!». There is nothing to think about here, because the Bolsheviks destroyed almost all the Cossacks. Terrifying figures flicker in the press: from 2 to 10 million people. Further judgments follow in the spirit that it is not worth analyzing anything, since there will never be any justification for the committed crime. And in general, there was one big era of Soviet decossackization. However, this will be only part of the historical truth!
The article attempts to understand in detail and separate the wheat from the chaff. First, to determine the historical semantic limits of the concept of «decossackization». Secondly, to bring real historical facts about tragic events for the Cossacks. Thirdly, to find out the temporal historical boundaries of the implementation of the decossackization policy. Fourthly, to delimit the true history of the Cossacks from the political situation of the «guardians for the Cossacks». Fifth, to give the author’s answer to the classic Russian questions: who is to blame, and what to do?!

   The article analyzes the position of the provincial governors of the senatorial and imperial provinces during the period of the Principate, acting here as military leaders of the highest rank. Based on the analysis of mainly narrative and epigraphic sources, a conclusion is made about the decisive importance of the aristocratic traditions of military leadership in the performance of military functions by governors of both categories. These traditions developed back in the era when the concept of provincia had a comprehensive meaning as a definition of both the legal sphere and the geographical area within which the governor used his imperium. However, as sources show, the powers of the governors were gradually limited, and the possibility of realizing military ambitions fell under the increasing control of the emperor. In this situation, only the stereotypes of the collective consciousness of the Roman nobility could ensure the preservation by the governors of both categories of military activity, which continued to characterize the civilizational originality of Roman society and the state even during the Principate. An integral part of this originality was the obvious decentralization of military command. The position of the military leader in all periods was extremely significant in the system of Roman values. In combination with the corporative spirit of the Roman aristocracy, which was formed during the period of the Republic, the powers of the provincial governor could not be reduced overnight to the level of an executor of orders of a higher commander. Sources show that even the imperial legates retained considerable autonomy in decision-making during the period of the Principate. Their desire for such independence is found throughout the entire period of the early Empire. It is not possible to explain this only by the fact of the remoteness of the provinces and the peculiarity of local conditions. In the period of the early Empire, republican practices continued to live under the authority of the emperors, assuming such a system of command, in which the empire was a real source of supreme power, distributed relatively evenly among all the owners of the empire. The conclusion we come to is that the provincial governors in the military command system of the early Roman Empire act as virtually autonomous military leaders, sometimes realizing their leadership ambitions in spite of the official status of imperial commissioners.

   Based on extensive archival material the article studies the process of Korenization and Ukrainization of the management system in the 1920s-1930s on the materials of the North Caucasus. In this paper, based on the decisions of party congresses, the analysis of the formation of the legislative framework for the implementation of one of the facets of Soviet national policy – the policy of Korenization and Ukrainization as an integral part of this area of activity is carried out. On the basis of archival documents, mechanisms and tools for the implementation of personnel policy by the party-state nomenclature in the North Caucasus Region are presented. The North Caucasus region was an integral part of a large Soviet state and all the processes that took place in the country were reflected in the South of the country. Their use made it possible to study in detail the main content of the policy of korenization, to understand the algorithm of its implementation, to identify the reasons for the rejection of the policy of korenization and to assess its role in the formation of the Soviet political system in the territory North Caucasus. The specifics of the functioning of the local party-state administrative apparatus are revealed. The system of training the administrative apparatus within the framework of the Soviet political system is studied, since those were the representatives of the party-state apparatus who were supposed to implement the decisions of the central government on the ground, therefore the personnel issue had one of the highest priority values. It was the personnel policy of the CPSU (b) on the formation of a new party-state asset and the activities of the party-state nomenclature that became the key to the successful development of the North Caucasus Region.

   At the present stage of the development of historical science in Russia, the interest in the role of the Church in the life of society remains unchanged. Much attention is paid to the history of individual monasteries and the activities of the clergy in the field of public service; their contribution to socio-political and spiritual life of the country is studied. The interest in the history of monasteries is primarily due to the fact that throughout the history of Russia, after the adoption of Christianity, they acted as one of the most important social and political institutions of the state and society. In Russian historiography, there are few studies devoted to the nuns of monasteries, but the existing ones are addressed to the nuns of noble origin or the abbesses of the oldest female monasteries. The current situation is explained by the state of the source base and the specifics of the problem being raised. The activities of women in the system of church organization of the Russian Orthodox Church were poorly reflected in any written sources. Since the personalities of the abbesses are considered the key figure of the monastery, when analyzing the history of the Black Sea Mary Magdalene Convent, the article focuses on the role of the abbesses in the development of the monastic economy, charitable and educational activities. Based on this, the authors of the article, based on the collected extensive archival material and the material of the Caucasian Diocesan Gazette, analyzed the contribution of individual abbesses to the development of the Black Sea Convent. The authors substantiate the conclusion that unlike the well-known closeness of traditional Russian Orthodox monasteries in Central Russia, Caucasian monasteries remained open to the world even at the beginning of the XX century, which was a great merit of their abbesses and the diocesan leadership of the Caucasian (Stavropol) diocese.

   The relevance of the article is due to the need to address the issues of stimulating innovation in the face of new political and economic challenges. At the end of 2021, Russia took 45th place in the global innovation rating compiled annually by the World Intellectual Property Organization, which does not correspond to its innovative potential. The study itself shows that in terms of the number of specialists with higher education, Russia ranks 18th, and in terms of the quality of human capital and science, it holds positions in 29th place. A significant negative role in the above rating is played by the index of state regulation of innovation activity and, as a result, the level of market development. An assessment is made of the development of priority areas of financial and legal policy in the field of supporting promising innovative enterprises. It was noted that their list includes innovative scientific and technological centers, industrial and technology parks, innovation centers, territories with a special economic regime that allow them to enjoy preferential terms and preferences. The article analyzes the modern financial and legal policy of the state in the field of innovation, summarizes the results of the implementation of state strategies and programs, analyzes proposals for improving the financial and legal regulation of innovation. It is determined that in the structure of the financial and legal policy in the field of development of innovation activity, one can single out budget and tax policy. It is substantiated that the efficiency of innovation development directly depends on tax support measures and improvement of tax legislation. It is noted that the cooperation of higher educational institutions and companies plays a significant role in the development of innovations, therefore, a clear legal regulation of this area is necessary. It is concluded that it is necessary to pay special attention to the development of financial and legal policy in relation to the subjects of innovation, which combine education, science, production, business and the state.

   The article examines the history and current state of interaction between EU law and Hungarian constitutional law. Approaches to such interaction that have developed at the national and supranational levels are consistently studied. The issues of the general model of interaction between international law and domestic law in Hungary, which is based on dualistic traditions, are touched upon within the framework of the studied issues. The process of the State’s accession to the European Union and the corresponding constitutional amendments are considered: the provision on the granting of competence; the national identity clause; the rules of cooperation between the Parliament and the Government; clarification of the status and competence of the National Bank; new electoral rules; as well as constitutional amendments adopted later as part of the implementation of the EU Council Framework Decision on the European Arrest Warrant. The excessive politicization of the process of the state’s accession to the European Union, which must comply with strict legal criteria for the existence of stable institutions that guarantee democracy, the rule of law and human rights, was noted. Special attention is paid to the Basic Law of 2010, the adoption of which marks a phase of axiological confrontation between the constitutional order of Hungary and the fundamental values of the Union. In this regard, the European Commission appeals to the EU Court with numerous lawsuits aimed at solving the point problems of a more general situation of departure from European values. Hungary, along with Poland, also becomes the first State in respect of which a procedure was initiated for a clear threat of serious violation of values. This conflict has become one of the reasons for the creation of new legal mechanisms related to the protection of such values: the framework procedure for combating systemic threats to the rule of law; the mechanism of the rule of law and the mechanism of conditionality by the rule of law. It is concluded that the nature and degree of political pressure exerted by the European Commission against Hungary casts doubt on the very expediency of the latter’s participation in the European integration project.

   The efficiency of training scientific and teaching employees is the one of the most important conditions of the development of contemporary government, which is between state policy in the field of higher education and research activity. With that, the science, as the process of the creating a new intellectual product, is the object of public administration of specific complexity, as the creative activity. At that turn, in administrating activity here is necessary to keep the balance between the freedom of scientist’s activity and taking into account the interests of community and the government. All of these specific features are reflected in special legislation, used by the bodies of executive power, universities and scientific organizations. At the same time, the objectively argued and permanent process of the reformation of higher school exists within the framework of new geopolitical challenges. The reformation of the mechanisms of cooperation with foreign educational and scientific organizations is implemented with the reference to successful administrating approaches of the past along with forming a new, efficient model, focused on the development of domestic education and science. The number of issues of the preparation of scientific and teaching have to be resolved: the reformation of postgraduate school, the definition of status of doctoral school and the mechanism of the preparing candidate’s dissertations without educational component of postgraduate school. Moreover, the legislative authorities of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation have to be determined because currently the Ministry could move out of the framework of the legislation on science and higher education in part of the reglamentation of the mechanism of the granting academic ranks.

   The study analyzes specific linguo-cognitive mechanisms of formation of a special linguo-conceptual area that structures the general linguo-cultural axiological space on the basis of archetypal and stereotyped phenomena. The textual space for the formation of the value-oriented foundations of each linguistic culture is represented, first of all, by epic works created during the formation of the nation and culture of a particular people. It is possible to assume that the intensification of this or that mythonym and its introduction into the conceptual space of the people takes place according to some universal models due to the commonality of the dominant culture-forming factors. However, there is also ethnic specificity in the creation of mythologemes, which is based on various religious, existential and socio-historical factors. Despite the recent appearance of works on the problems of the degree of influence of the mythological picture of the world on ethnic linguistic self-consciousness, its conceptual definition is still missing in science. This is largely due to the fact that in Russian cognitive linguistics the question of the epistemological structure of the ethnomarked picture of the world, which would allow one to objectively judge the nature of the relationship of its elements, has not yet received proper scientific development. It is the nature of the connection that determines the meaning of the phenomenon under study, gives a holistic view of the object under study. Thus, for researchers, the key problem in studying the mechanisms of mythologization of subjects, phenomena and situations of objective and reflexive reality in various ethnic groups and their verbalization in languages with different structures, the main problem is the search for approaches to its structuring and analysis of the connection of its components. The development of the concept of the mythological foundations of ethnic self-consciousness as a whole largely depends on the resolution of this problem today. The article discusses the features of the image of lifestyle in epic texts. The emphasis is on the Karachay-Balkar epos «Narts», which consists of several cycles. A distinctive feature of epic texts is the idealization of the life of heroes from their birth. In the Nartiada, Debet and Satanai are presented as the «first creators» and «ancestors» of the Nart people. They own the creation and invention of various tools. They often come to the aid of the Narts in the fight against their enemies.

   The article studies linguo-semiotic features of Soviet cultural recycling in Internet memes. Cultural recycling chosen as the conceptual framework of the study fosters the analysis of functional meanings acquired by symbolic and precedent elements of the Soviet past in terms of cultural processing in the modern discourse space. The interdisciplinary nature of the subject preconditions the use of elements of a systemic functional multimodal analysis of semiotically complicated texts, structural-semantic and discourse methods of analysis. Internet memes, which serve as integrative polycode semiotic unities, are characterized by immanent openness both at the informative-semantic and pragmatic levels. Any of the codes used could potentially incorporate reminiscences of the Soviet era. The main criterion for the selection of practical research material was the presence of the semantic component “related to the USSR, Soviet” in the precedent element actualized verbally or non-verbally in an Internet meme. The analysis of cultural recycling of the cultural and historical heritage of the Soviet era and its use in Internet memes revealed several spheres / form elements / objects that have the highest frequency of actualization: 1) fonts, inscriptions, posters; 2) artifacts of music legacy; 3) gluttony precedents (“the taste of childhood”); 4) movies and cartoons; 5) everyday life artifacts. Each of the categories is specified in terms of the range of verbal / non-verbal precedent elements used, structural and semantic features of polymodal units, typical semantic construction models, new functional meanings and the pragmatic potential of use (both in certain contexts and generally as regards the memetic complexes) . It is concluded that along with nostalgic motifs, the recycling of the Soviet past in Internet memes is characterized by prospective trends in the development of functional meanings and actualization in the construction of modern discourse practices.

   This study is based on a categorical-conceptual analysis of the terminology of the subject area «Additional Education». At the present stage of the study of linguistic doctrines, it is relevant to consider terminology as a set of terminological units used in a particular subject area as an object of study. In connection with the effectiveness of modern linguistics and the need for society to obtain information and knowledge, the nature of the scientific interpretation of terminology is changing. The term is part of a certain complex of units of the language - the terminological system, which, in turn, is correlated with the concept of «terminosphere». A termosphere, unlike a terminological system, can consist of several terminological systems. Such an understanding of the terminology most accurately reflects the specifics of the subject area «Additional Education». This terminology sphere consists of terminologies and terminological systems of various fields of knowledge, which are directly interconnected with the studied subject area. The very term «additional education» first appears in the Law on Education since 1992. The adoption of additional education as an independent area of educational activity at the legislative level occurred in 2012. At this time, this educational area is divided into “Additional education for children and adults” and “Additional professional education”. Given the relevance of modern cognitive terminology, it should be understood that the categorial-conceptual structuring of the terminology of any subject area is the leading one. The conceptual and thematic modules of the subject area “Additional education” (“Methods and techniques of educational activity”, “Didactic means of educational activity”, “Forms of organization of educational activity”, “Area of quality of educational activity”) that we have considered, form a model of the terminology sphere, which, in its turn, has a high semantic potential. The use of the conceptual-categorical approach made it possible to systematize the terms of this professional field and to identify the structural relationships of terminological units. In the course of systematization of terms, we found that «Additional education» as a professional area of human activity is distinguished by a well-formed terminological apparatus.