The events of the Arab Spring 2011 in the Middle East caused a change in the balance of power in the regional security system. Saudi Arabia, claiming to be a regional power, naturally tried to take advantage of the current situation during the aggravated confrontation in Syria between the government of Bashar al-Assad and the opposition. Refraining from open interference in the internal affairs of Syria, Saudi Arabia is actively resorting to "information confrontation" in the media. One such instrument of influence on world public opinion is the «Al-Sharq Al-Awsat» newspaper, which reflects the official policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The article, based on the materials of the «Al-Sharq Al-Awsat» newspaper, which is projecting the official Saudi Arabian politics to the world community, analyzes the perception and reaction to the «peace plan» proposed by the League of Arab States at the end of 2011 to resolve the conflict in Syria. It analyzes the selection and presentation of material in the description of the events of the newspaper related to the discussion and adoption of this plan, the activities of the mission of the LAS observers in Syria, and the reaction to this activity of the representatives of the Syrian opposition, whose information mouthpiece was «Al-Sharq Al-Awsat». Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the editorial policy of the newspaper was aimed at creating a negative image of President Bashar al-Assad among the Arab and world public opinion as a «bloody» dictator with whom it is unacceptable to negotiate, the position of a «tough» approach and decisive actions aimed at overthrowing the Syrian regime. In fact, Saudi Arabia, through this media tool, actively influenced public opinion, preparing it for the active phase of its participation in resolving the Syrian crisis after 2011.

The article studies the nomadic peoples of the North Caucasus at the beginning of the twentieth century. The relevance is determined by the increased scientiic interest in a little-studied topic and problems of regional history, among which one can mention the interaction of public authorities and the population in solving the problems facing them in the XIX - early XX centuries, relations between peoples. The article emphasizes that by the beginning of the twentieth century, the nomadic peoples of the south of Russia were more and more organically entering the all-Russian market, the Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens were introduced to sedentary activities, to all-Russian affairs. This was especially evident during the Russian-Japanese and First World Wars at the beginning of the 20th century. The main attention in the article is paid to three nomadic peoples - Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens, the bulk of which was concentrated in the Bolshederbetovskiy ulus, Achikulaksky, Turkmen bailiffs of the Stavropol province and Nogai in the Karanogai bureaucracy of the Tersk region. The article shows the forms of participation of foreigners in the Russian-Japanese and World War I. Being exempted from military service, the aliens made their contribution to assisting the army in inancial means, food, supplies of horse stock, and in opening medical institutions for sick and wounded soldiers. This is conirmed by speciic examples, numbers. Much attention is paid to the national policy of the Russian state, in particular to the uprising in 1916 in the Karanogai district department of the Terek region. The article shows the situation of nomadic peoples in the Russian state and emphasizes that they gained their equality only after the overthrow of the autocracy during the 1917 revolutions. The scientiic novelty of the article lies in a comprehensive study of the participation of nomadic peoples of the North Caucasus in the wars of the early XX century. The problem in this formulation is considered for the irst time. The author shows that during the study period, government policy had a significant impact on the transition of Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens to sedentary, which influenced the economic development of nomads: the formation of large livestock farms, an increase in plowing of land, etc. At the same time, according to the author, the socio-political role of nomadic peoples has increased.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the views of the Lutheran theologian Friedrich Gogarten on the republican system of Weimar Germany. At the beginning of the article, the reasons for the formation of dialectical theology in Germany of the 1920s are revealed. After the establishment of the republican form of government, the situation of the Protestant churches in Germany changes significantly. Their role and influence are weakening, and the number of parishioners is decreasing. The process of change affects not only churches as structural entities, but also theological thought. The article highlights the main reasons for the transition from liberal theology of the XIX to a new dialectical theology. One of the most important reasons for the changes in Protestant theology was the consequences of the First World War, which caused a pan-European cultural crisis. Also, the ideas of C. Bart influenced the formation of a new theology. Of decisive importance was the inability of liberal theology to ind a way out of the current cultural crisis. The features of the theological ideas of the Lutheran theologian F. Gogarten, which are formed under the influence of theology of the crisis, are examined. F. Gogarten's contribution to the development of dialectical theology during the 1920s and the first half of the 1930s is noted. The roots of his political ideas lie in a new interpretation of the views on the structure of the state and society, which were formed by Martin Luther and other church reformers. Based on a review of the political concepts of F. Gogarten, his attitude to Weimar Germany is revealed. The theologian sees anarchism in the republican system, which contradicts the fundamental foundations of Christianity. Germany in the 1920s appears in his writings as a country compelled to search for new ways of government. F. Gogarten sees one of the options as the establishment of a dictatorship to suppress the anarchist tendencies of German society. In conclusion, the reasons for F. Gogarten's support of the national socialist dictatorship during the 1930s are analyzed and his collaboration with the protestant movement of "German Christians".

The article is devoted to the study of the formation and development of craft education in the Stavropol province in the second half of the XIX century. This problem remains relevant due to the fact that it is very poorly studied in scientific works both at the national and regional levels, as well as due to the recent growth of interest of the country's leadership in professional technical education and the increase in such educational institutions in Russia. The article emphasizes that in the post-reform period industrial production begins to actively develop in the Russian Empire. An increasing number of people enter new economic relations, and the number of industrial enterprises that require employees with appropriate professional training is increasing. Stavropol province is more agrarian in its specialization, it gets involved in the changing economic relations and relations. The number of enterprises engaged in processing agricultural products is increasing in the region, which requires trained personnel. In this connection, there is need to open vocational schools and colleges. The functioning of these educational institutions and their role in training craft personnel is very poorly relected in scientiic research at the regional level. When writing a scientific article, the author directly refers to the activities of the Stavropol Mikhailovsky vocational school. Archival materials of 241 funds of the state archive of the Stavropol territory are put into scientiic circulation. The article analyzes the Foundation cases concerning the main issues discussed at the meetings of the pedagogical councils of the vocational school. The author uses information from archival materials about school curricula, examinations and tests, statistical and economic reports of the school. The problems faced by the educational institution could be judged from the correspondence about inancing of the school with the Stavropol city administration and the Provincial land administration. A number of documents relect the material and technical support of the school, the state of teaching and salaries of teachers.

The presented article, dedicated to the sanctuary of the nymphs (Nymphaeum) in Apollonia in Epirus, has never been the subject of research by domestic scientists The diverse and rich nature of Epirus, an area in northwestern Greece, teeming with impassable mountains, spurting springs from underground, mysterious caves, seemed mysterious to the Greeks . It is no accident that already in antiquity about a dozen different sanctuaries and oracles arose here dedicated to various characters of the ancient Greek pantheon - Zeus, Dion, Apollon, Asclepius, etc., the most famous of which was the sanctuary of Zeus in Dodona. The city of Apollonia, founded by the Corinthians, was not an exception in this sense, where there was a sanctuary of nymphs known as Nymphaeum. The cult of nymphs was widespread both in Ancient Greece itself and in the colonies founded by its inhabitants, a striking example of which is the city of Nymphaeum, located near Panticapaeum. The cult of nymphs personified not only the diverse forces of nature, but represented a certain feminine principle. According to the latest archaeological research, it was proved that the sanctuary was inside the city walls. One of the reliable facts testifying to the functioning of the sanctuary was the Nymphaeum games, in which athletes from all over Greece participated and the victory in which was considered significant and honorable. Without the importance of a political center, the nymph sanctuary retained its religious signiicance even during the reign of the Roman Empire.

The Arab conquests in the Caucasus opened a new stage in the history of the early feudal Derbent, which during the period of Arab rule in the region turned into the main stronghold of the ight against nomads on the northern borders of the Caliphate. In VII - the first quarter of the VIII centuries. Arabs fought with the Khazars a fierce struggle for Derbent, and in 115 A.D. / 733-34 the famous Arab conqueror Maslam b. Abd al-Melik (the son of the caliph Abd al-Melik and the brother of the caliph Hisham) was able to inally establish the authority of the Arabs in Derbent. He resettled 24 thousand Arabs into the city and settled them on an ethno-tribal basis in four quarters, which laid the foundation for the formation of a quarterly Muslim community, which played a very large role in the social structure and socio-economic life of the Muslim city of the VIII - early X centuries. During this period, specific relations developed between the power of the feudal Derbent, represented by the highest Arab bureaucracy, appointed as the ruler of the city personally by the caliph, and the urban society, which was based on a quarterly Muslim community from the Arab tribes resettled here, who enjoyed great authority in the caliphate. However, the social structure of Derbent began to change when, in 237 AH / 851, the city and its dependent Islamic centers were granted by the Caliph to the governor of Azerbaijan and Armenia, Muhammad b. Khalidu as flax, i.e. became feudal possession. After his death (c. 861) in Derbent, the local Hashimid dynasty came to power, the founder of which is Hashim b. Surak, although he came from the famous Arab tribe of Suleim, but came to power for other purposes from Baghdad, and was elected Derbent nobility, i.e. "Was the first among equals", which reflected on his position in Derbent society.

In the late XVII - early XVIII centuries, the English parliament passed a number of restrictive laws for Irish Catholics and dissenters. The penal laws were designed to maintain Protestant authority in Ireland and prevent rebellion against the English rule. The existence of these laws constantly formed relations between religious groups in England and Ireland, contributing to the emigration of many Irish Catholics in the XVIII-XIX centuries. Based on religious differences, penal laws contributed the position of descendants of English settlers, allowing Protestants to exercise control over property and trade. Nevertheless, the economic consequences of these laws had a beneficial effect on the position of most Catholics, who are middlemen and tenants of large estates. Many discriminatory laws were formally repealed in the late 1700s and early decades of the 1800s, but the effects of long-standing social divisions are still felt in Ireland. The absence of autonomy and power left to the Irish parliament, led by the English Lord-Lieutenant, stimulated rebellion throughout the eighteenth century. After the final emancipation of Catholics in 1829, a feature of the historiographical tradition of the 19th century was the exaggeration of the consequences of penal law and the extent of oppression of Catholics against the background of legal and political discrimination. The article discusses the speciics and features of the implementation of penal legislation in Ireland, as well as its impact on Irish society in the XVIII century. The author concludes that penal laws, the implementation of which was associated with a number of regional features, did not have exclusively negative consequences, bringing a tradition of loyalty and adaptation to Irish society, contributing to the formation of national consciousness based on Catholicism and traditional Gaelic culture.

The paper analyzes the circumstances that influenced the formation of Russian politics in the Caucasus after the accession of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom to the empire. The dificulties that the tsarist administration had to face, interested in the speedy paciication of local peoples and their entry into the legal space of the state.We consider the reaction to this from neighboring powers, which were competitors to the Russian Empire in the region. In the Caucasus, Turkish and Persian agents actively acted, who did their best to provoke a rebellion of local peoples against Russians. A variety of means were used for this, from propaganda and bribing representatives of the local nobility to an open armed invasion. In this situation, the Russian administration was forced to use forceful methods of dealing with its rivals. Given the very limited means that the empire could afford to keep on newly acquired lands, it was necessary to go for the physical elimination of the most problematic opponents. The exponent of this course was P.D. Tsitsianov, who managed in a short time to ensure the strengthening of the position of the Russian authorities in the region. The death of the prince forced him to succeed Count I.V. Gudovich to act more carefully and try to neutralize the hostile steps of part of the highlanders with the help of bribery, which in the oficial correspondence was called the policy of "taming". Such measures were caused by the need to focus on the ight against an external threat, leaving the solution of internal problems to a more favorable time. Neither Persia nor the Ottoman Empire reconciled with their failures in the struggle for the Caucasus. Because of the wars that began, Russia managed to inflict a number of defeats on them and force them to conclude peace that not only conirmed its former rights to these territories, but also expanded them even more. As a result of the victories won, Petersburg got the opportunity to focus its efforts on the "paciication" of mountain tribes, who from now on would have to sacriice part of their usual ways of interacting with their neighbors, namely, abandon raiding practice.

In the long history of Irish Nationalism, symbolism occupies an important place. This story has many heroic and tragic pages. The Pantheon of Nationalism includes all the heroes and martyrs of the struggle for independence. But not all of them received "symbol status". As a rule, symbols represents individual characters of the National Movement or events that have had a serious impact on the course of the History of Ireland. Symbols are designed to preserve historical memory and contribute to the process of national selfidentiication. One such symbol is the "Epitaph of Emmett," which stimulates the desire to create a united Ireland. A great influence on the emergence of symbols is provided by the Celtic mentality, which is characterized by mythologization and close connection with the images of the past. Obviously, a particular symbol is not an artiicially created object. It arises spontaneously and then is often used by leaders of the National Movement. In Soviet/Russian historiography, the symbolism of Irish Nationalism was not the subject of a special study. The study of the appearance, content and inluence of symbols on the development of the Irish National Movement is of no small importance. Their study allows us to determine the sociopsychological aspects of the phenomenon, to identify the problem of the "leader-mass" relationship, to more fully understand the logic of the formulation of the aims of the movement and the mechanisms for their implementation.

The author addresses the problem of diplomatic settlement of the Ulster crisis during the Premiership of Edward Heath in the UK. For the first time, the stages of the negotiation process during this period are indicated. "Green Paper" and "White Paper" were released by the conservative government and were recognized as important steps. The aim was to settle the Ulster problem and there was a need for public justification of the results of the direct rule introduction and for the referral of settlement's prospects of the conflict. The source base of the research was made up of various documents, such as the text of the "Green" and "White book", British and Irish parliamentary debates, Irish and British periodicals. The article comprehensively explores the background and objectives of the "Green Paper" and "White Paper's" publication. The documents are presented as a stage in the development of the negotiation process in the framework of the Ulster crisis. The author argues that the "Green Paper" was theoretical in nature, presenting an analysis of the political and historical development of Northern Ireland until 1972, as well as various ways of resolving the conflict, which were proposed by the then influential Northern Ireland parties and organizations. The "White Paper" suggested concrete steps to resolve the situation, which represented a solution to the Ulster problem, based on the interests of the conservative party. Both documents confirm the constitutional status of Northern Ireland as part of the UK, until the population of the region wants to secede from the UK, which in reality was not feasible, due to the conditions indicated by the conservatives in the documents. The author concludes that both documents were declarative in nature. The article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the texts of documents, their public perception from the British and Irish sides, analyzes the results of their publication, and also indicates the contribution to the solution of the Ulster problem.

The paper features the state of Khurasan and South Persia economy on the eve of World War I as seen by Russian diplomats who served in Consulate General in Meshed and Vice-Consulate in Bandar Bushehr. The diplomats supplemented their reports with additional information about geographic features and other subjects, which could be useful for travelers and businessmen from Russia during their stays in Persia. On the whole, the diplomats pointed out that the economy of East and South Persia was in the state of crisis on the eve of World War I, which was caused by the prepotency of archaic forms of organization of production and sluggish pace of modernization. Other factors that aggravated the situation were political instability in the country and the lack of legal rights among the majority of the population. The author found out that the diplomats focused their attention on the assessment of the potential of Persia, particularly Khurasan and South Persia, which were located within the zone of their diplomatic missions, in terms of foreign trade. The diplomats admitted Russia's considerable achievements in the development of economic relations with not only Khurasan, which was located in the Russia's zone of influence, but also South Persia. At the same time the diplomats pointed put some factors which hampered further advance of Russian export to East and South Persia. The first obstacle was the lack of developed transportation infrastructure between Russia and the above-mentioned regions of Persia. Another inhibitory factor was inadequate support for exporters on the part of Russian government. One more factor was ill-conceived policies of Russian exporters-to-be, who did not take into account the specific features of Persian market. Provided those obstacles were removed Russia could increase considerably its export.

The article deals with the supply activities of agricultural cooperation in the North Caucasus in the context of the culmination of a new economic policy. The main focus is on providing the rural population with means of production, ranging from simple equipment to sophisticated machines. The importance of realizing this task is proved from the point of view of increasing agricultural production and increasing the commodity part of grain products necessary for food supply of the urban population and its export as one of the main sources of income for industrialization. It analyzes the measures taken by the Soviet state to develop the supply activities of agricultural cooperation, to increase the volume of industrial goods in its volume. Information is provided on the results achieved by the cooperation in supplying the means of production to the rural population of the North Caucasus. The role of agricultural cooperation in mechanization of agriculture in the region, the creation and activities of various types of production associations of the peasantry and the Cossacks is highlighted. The main problems and difficulties in supplying the rural population with means of production are revealed. Attention is drawn to the strengthening of the class orientation of the policy pursued by the Bolshevik Party in the field of supplying the village with industrial goods and its negative impact on the activities of agricultural cooperation. The inconsistency of the results of the supply work of agricultural cooperation in the North Caucasus in 1925-1927 is emphasized, which is explained by the influence of both the objective difficulties of the recovery period and the policies pursued by the leadership of the Bolshevik party.

The article is devoted to one of the most important social and economic problems of Russian history - the resettlement movement, which has not lost its significance these days, since the development of various regions of our country depends on the resettlement policy and practice. A look back analysis of the resettlement of the peasants of the Agricultural Center of the 1920s, primarily to Asian Russia, is especially relevant at the present time because today the reverse processes of population outflow from Asian Russia prevail. And the task of increasing the labor resources of the eastern regions of Russia remains a difficult task. Various aspects of the resettlement of peasants from the Agricultural Center of the 1920s remain little studied. Problems of the resettlement of peasants in the largest agricultural region of Russia are shown in this article based on speciic historical material using archival documents. The traditional agrarian overpopulation and the repeated famines of 1921 and 1924 contributed to restore the resettlement movement after World War I, the 1917 revolutions, and the Civil war. State policy, the material and organizational possibilities of resettlement, the causes and extent of resettlement, difi-culties and problems of peasants who decided to improve the financial situation of their economy are shown by the example of the Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk and Oryol provinces of the 1920s. The Migration Movement of the 1920s from an area where peasants traditionally suffered from low land, it had both features common with pre-revolutionary time and speciic features characteristic of the policy of the Soviet leadership during the period of the new economic policy. In fact, state aid to immigrants covered a small period from 1925 to 1928 and could not radically change the situation in the resettlement issue. Also, the article shows the activities of local regional authorities, who considered resettlement to be the most important means of solving the problem of the backwardness of the Central Black Earth Region.

He article considers the problem of representing the history of the peoples of the North Caucasus in the democratic press of Russia in the 19th century. Managers and employees of the central pre-revolutionary periodical "Sovremennik" - V. G. Belinsky, N. A. Nekrasov, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. A. Dobrolyubov, N. G. Chernyshevsky sought to form a democratic consciousness among wide sections of the Russian public. According to the author, the strength and historical value of the democratic press is determined by their constant attention to the history of the mountain peoples of the Caucasus, support for the national liberation struggle of the mountain society. In the democratic press, the history of the peoples of the North Caucasus was covered not multilinearly, but multifacetedly. The efforts to collect and publish topical information for the capital and provincial readers on the military, economic, political, sci-entiic, literary development of the Caucasus allowed the journal to take a leading place on a national scale. The journalistic activities of the «Sovremennik» editorial board contributed not only to the collection, analysis and broadcast of relevant information about the daily life of the highlanders of the Caucasus, their traditions and customs, mental characteristics, government policies in the region, the forms and methods of integrating the Caucasus into Russia, but also helped preserve historical sources. The author poses a conceptual question about the species afiliation of periodicals. On the basis of publications about the Caucasus in "Sovremennik", the author substantiates the theory of the study of periodicals as a historiographic source. Firstly, the materials of the periodical press on the history of the peoples of the North Caucasus make it possible to see the historiographic process in full. Secondly, the periodical press brings to the attention of the researcher earlier than other sources the existing concepts, views, opinions, achievements of historical science and indicates gaps in its development. It is for the historiographer an indicator of the state of historical knowledge. The author emphasizes that journal articles should be more actively included in the research practices of historiographers of the North Caucasus.

In the process of conquering various regions of the East, Alexander of Macedon founded many cities, some of which were named in his honor. They performed various functions, including being the mainstay of the power of the Greco-Macedonians. Central Asia was no exception. The ancient geographer Claudius Ptolemy in his work mentioned the city of Alexandria Oxiana. In the historiography of the issue, two stages are clearly distinguished. In the irst of them, which can be attributed to the irst half of the 20th century, the attention of researchers was concentrated on the analysis of data from ancient and medieval written, geographical sources. To solve this issue, the materials of archaeological research obtained in the second half of the 20th century are of paramount importance. There are several theories on the whereabouts of Alexandria, which are based on the analysis of archaeological data. P. Bernard believed that this city was on the site of Ai-Khanoum. In 1965, a Greek city was opened with magniicent examples of Hellenistic culture and art. Somewhat later, the French researcher abandoned his theory. The analysis of materials from Ai-Khanoum shows that it was erected during the reign of the Seleucid dynasty. Sh. R. Pidaev identifies Alexandria with the settlement of Old Termez. However, the analysis of the obtained archaeological materials does not allow agreeing with this opinion. Some Tajik scholars see Alexandria on the site of Kulyab, and as evidence they mainly cite a small collection of ceramics collected in stratigraphic pits. According to the author of this article, E. V. Rtveladze hypothesis should be recognized as the most convincing that Kampyrtepa is the city founded by Alexander the Great. Studies carried out here revealed the cultural layer of the 4th century BC and gave a general idea of the Hellenistic settlement of the era of Alexander's campaigns in Central Asia. At the same time, it should be recognized that the issue of the localization of Alexandria at this time cannot be inally resolved. It cannot be ruled out that the city could be located in Sogdian, neighboring Bactria, and was erected with the aim of possibly suppressing uprisings in the region.

The authors aim to consider the factors that led to the geopolitical transformation of the Middle East region into a turning-point post-war decade marked by the shift of «centers of power» and the emergence of new actors of world politics. Advocating for the formation of new parameters of relations, the ruling circles of Great Britain with the strengthening of positions in the Middle East, intended to compensate for the loss of India, but such aspirations were torpedoed by the rise of anti-British nationalism, the anti-imperialist course of the USSR, and the anti-colonial doctrine of the United States. In addition to the ideological confrontation of the superpowers in the post-war period, the struggle for geostrategic superiority and access to the region's oil resources was wondrous. Along with the growing influence in the financial and economic sphere of the Middle East region, hegemonic aspirations were traced in US policy. Given the nature of American interests in the Middle East and the speciicity of the domestic political component of the United States, which plays a fundamental role in shaping foreign policy, United States policy was neither consistent nor correct. A large-scale approach to solving political problems, sometimes leading to crises, put the ruling circles of the United States in front of the need to re-evaluate and modify foreign policy. So the US efforts in the post-war decades were aimed at neutralizing and further limiting Soviet influence in the Middle East region, and Washington also adhered to tactics of containing conflicts and confrontation at the regional level. The fundamental aspect for the Soviet side, of the activation in the Middle East direction has been the desire to achieve security guarantees for its southern borders. In addition, the position aimed at diversifying ties favored the advancement of the foreign policy interests of the USSR in the status of a superpower. An analysis of archival materials and research literature allows us to conclude that the foreign policy priorities and principles of the leading world powers had a wide resonance in the region. Therefore, the formation of political coalitions and the rivalry of the States of the Middle East was partly supported from outside.

On the day of June 4th 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed by the representatives of the Hungarian Kingdom and the Allied Powers. According to this treaty approximately 900 000 Hungarians (800 000 from the area of today's Slovakia and about 100 000 from Transcarpathia) were allocated to Czechoslovakia. Mainly of these people lived near the border of Hungary-Czechoslovakia. Majority of these Hungarians rejected this new state, because of their socialization, strong national identity, and because of the dictatoric provisions of the Czechoslovak state; they only accepted this new situation gradually. This current study primarily discusses how these Hungarians fit into this - by any means - unfamiliar state, and what political attitudes were characteristic in the life of Hungarians as minority in the first years of the Czechoslovakia.

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that economic transformations are currently taking place on the territory of the Russian Federation, which in turn are accompanied by a deep transformation of the entire financial and credit system. With the continued implementation of international standards for banking risk management established by the Basel Committee on banking supervision (BCBS), the main trends in banking supervision in 2019 are incentives and proportional supervision. The changes and measures taken over the past year were generally approved by the banking community. The Bank of Russia seeks to ensure transparency in its regulatory activities by organizing working group meetings and thematic discussions with banks. With the continued implementation of international standards for banking risk management established by the Basel Committee on banking supervision (BCBS), the main trends in banking supervision in 2019 are incentives and proportional supervision. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that for the first time we have studied large-scale changes affecting almost all regulatory requirements: from the procedure for assessing credit and market risks to disclosure of information and deposit insurance. The banking system as a whole is an element of the entire inancial system, and it also has a signiicant impact on the development of other inancial and legal institutions. Currently, the inancial and legal policy in relation to Russian banks in general, and the improvement of financial and legal regulation of banks with a basic license, in particular, is of great importance. The author has studied the theoretical and practical aspects of banking features, and the results of applying the knowledge obtained will contribute to improving the organizational process.

Recently, the Russian legal doctrine has begun to pay more attention to the study of the legal nature of the refusal of inheritance, but most studies are devoted to the analysis of the current state of the institute, including the consideration of the principles, methods, and procedure for the refusal of inheritance. The authors of the article believe that the study of historical and foreign experience in the formation of the institution of inheritance rejection is of great importance due to the fact that modern Russian legislation and practice in this area are not without shortcomings and gaps, they still need to be improved. Retrospective analysis contributes to a deeper and more comprehensive study, equips the researcher with new ideas and arguments. The article analyzes the features of the ancient Roman refusal of inheritance, and examines the fate of the national institute, starting from the period of Ancient Russia. The authors came to the conclusion that in Roman law, the relationship of refusal of inheritance was regulated in detail, and already at that time the prototype of the institution of directed refusal of inheritance began to form. The authors focused on the legal consolidation of the Institute of renunciation of inheritance in the draft Civil code of 1905, where the institute was called "renunciation of inheritance" by analogy with the Code of laws of the Russian Empire, and paid special attention to its development in the Soviet period. All codiied acts of civil legislation, starting with the civil code of the RSFSR in 1922, regulated relations on the rejection of inheritance. In the civil code of the RSFSR of 1964, for the irst time, the right to refuse inheritance was established for both the heir by law and the heir by will, but this right was limited to a period of six months from the date of opening the inheritance. The article presents the alternative experience of France and Germany, and demonstrates the commitment of modern Russian legislation to the main approaches of the civil code of the RSFSR of 1964, and the "adoption system" in many countries, including France.

This article considers the speciics of the legal situation of international companies as participants in currency and legal relations. The urgency of this problem is due, on the one hand, to the need for sustainable development of the domestic economy, and, on the other hand, to ensure its security, in conditions of increasing sanctions pressure from a number of Western countries. At present, the priority of the economic policy of Russia is the deoffshorization of the economy. One of the important steps in the implementation of this policy was the creation of special administrative districts which are intended to become a kind of domestic offshore with a preferential legal regime. The legislator, in order to stimulate the return of domestic capital from offshore jurisdictions, established a preferential regime of currency regulation and control for international companies, created on the territory of special administrative districts. The article considers the theoretical basis for deining the concept of currency and legal status, analyses changes in currency legislation that identify international companies as currency non-residents, justiies the idea of preferential nature of currency regulation and control of activities of international companies, considers risks of classiication of international companies as non-residents. It is also justified that the establishment of a regime of no currency restrictions in the territories of special administrative regions will increase the investment attractiveness of these territories and will correspond to the global trend of liberalization of currency regulation. The author points to the fact that the changes considered in the currency legislation are intended to create the most favourable regime of currency regulation, which encourages the re-registration of foreign organizations as international companies.

The article is devoted to the study of digital transformation of law from the perspective of prioritizing information legal policy. The necessity of this approach is due to the fact that the randomness and opacity of actions in the chosen field is detrimental both for the Digital Economy federal program of the Russian Federation and for the process of digital changes in general. Therefore, this article concludes that now, more than ever, it is important to take planned and transparent decisions, that is, the involvement of legal policy instruments. It is this view of digital transformation through the prism of legal information policy that ensures the scientific novelty of the article. Also, in this study, it is proposed to consider the creation and legislative consolidation of the terminological apparatus of the digitalization process, changing the status and expanding the scope of electronic documents (including a possible change in the oficial unit of information from document on data), increasing the transparency of digital modernization processes of both law and state. The practical aspect is reflected in the options for solving the problems posed and assessing the prospects of each of the proposed solutions: in the irst direction, the concept of digitalization, computerization and informatization, digital and electronic should be clearly distinguished, the term "digital environment" should be deined; in the second, choose one of the three proposed options (lay down the wider use of electronic documents in legal norms, separate the concepts of electronic and digital documents and set the legal status of the latter, refuse the document as a legally significant unit of information storage in favor of a purely digital unit - data); in the third, to ensure the semantic accessibility of strategic information and the channels for its wide dissemination, as well as improving the information culture of the population and its ability to perceive digital modernization).

The problem of regulating the turnover of alcohol and the existence of the alcohol market at all times attracted genuine attention, both from the side of state power structures, and from the side of society and individuals. The concentration of economic, demographic, legal, moral interests inevitably determines the relevance and topicality of the study of issues of regulation of production, consumption and sale of alcoholic beverages. The dilemma between the need to replenish the state budget and prevent degradation of the population, the preservation of somatic and mental health of people actualizes the theme stated in the article. The sci-entiic novelty is due to the very statement of the problem, as well as the fact that the author subjects the state alcohol policy of imperial Russia of the beginning of the 20th century to a comparative analysis with similar activities, but in the modern period. It is noted that over the past centuries, most of the problems have remained the same, only the means of resolving them have partially changed. The author, pointing to the undoubted achievements of the modern Russian state in streamlining the sphere under consideration, at the same time suggests using some of the positive achievements of the imperial government. The object of the study is social relations that arise and change under the influence of regulation of the alcohol market. The issues of treasury wine monopoly, which had an undoubted positive impact on the state of turnover of school drinks in the analyzed period, are investigated in detail. The conflict between the requirements of producers of alcoholic beverages, supported by the provisions of economic feasibility and the desire of the state to optimize the demographic situation, is examined. The subject of the study is speciic economic and demographic indicators that are directly related to the process of production and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The aim of the study is to analyze the regulation of the alcohol market associated with the development of speciic practical proposals aimed at its optimization. The main methods used by the authors are dialectical materialism, the system-structural method, the historical method, and the logical method.

The article reveals a complex, ambiguous, but objectively existing relationship between such legal phenomena as "the goal in law" and "the limit in law". The author notes that legal regulation cannot be carried out without a statutory limit. The concept of a limit in law is substantiated, its characteristic is given. A limit in law cannot be equated with a restriction in law. A constraint is a complex, multi-component category, which, among other components, includes a limit. Moreover, the limit, in addition to being an autonomous component, is also present in the composition of each kind of restriction. Such dualism of the nature of limits underlines the relevance of their study. Limits in law have a pronounced speciicity, including their target orientation determined. According to the researcher, the limit as an autonomous legal category has its own, speciic objectives speciic to it. The goal acts as the most important characteristic of any legal category, including the limit. It is the goal set before the limit that explains its need for legal regulation, explains the relevance of the limit in the instrumental component of law. It is emphasized that the establishment of the limit of legal regulation cannot be perceived as an end in itself. Variants of correlation of goals and limits in law are highlighted. The objectives of the limits are classiied according to various stratiication grounds. Immediate goals are stated that are set by the subject of law-making when introducing limits into the texts of normative acts. The organic unity of the target orientation of the limits to ensure justice, rationality and humanism is proved. The object of research is social relations, which are subject to regulatory influence limits. The subject of the study is the target setting of limits in law. The fundamental research methods are dialectical materialism, the system-structural method, and the logical method. Theoretical conclusions and generalizations are illustrated by examples from the current legislation and law enforcement practice.

The aim of this work is theoretical consideration of the characteristics of psychological female prose in the modern literature. The analysis of the historical conditions of the female prose appearance as a separate literature style is carried out. The authors of classical and modern psychological prose are presented. There is the question raised about gender identification of the female literature, which sufficiently makes it possible to highlight the history of female creativity. The distinctive features of the female artworks are revealed. The concept of «female prose» is studied. Classes of writers have been determined. They are divided according to the choice of creative preferences into those who stick to male perception; emphasize female identity; try to avoid self-identiication with any gender. The author of the research identifies three types of female prose that prevail in modern female literature, namely: androgynous, annihilation and feminine types. It is also mentioned about the costs of gender literary criticism oriented towards the style of the western feminist practice. Genre varieties of female prose are revealed, such as ironic detective story and love story. The researcher gives a working deinition of linguistic imagery. The conditionality of the implementation of the imagery category in the texts of the female psychological prose is analyzed: use of various igures of speech (metaphors, epithets), parenthetic structures, afixes; use of colloquial vocabulary; introduction of intertext. The article reveals the content of the next concepts: an artwork image, character description and psychologism. The types of psychologism (direct, indirect and psychological analysis), its techniques and methods are listed. The tactics of reticence and aposiopesis are investigated. They contribute to the creation of emotional tension and explicate high intensity of experienced emotions. Besides, it is mentioned about the means of interjection such as hesitation, pauses, non-speaking and voiced pauses. Considerable attention is paid to the pragmatic component of both the author and the character's statements meaning. In conclusion, an attempt to determinate a working deinition of «psychological female prose» is made.

The article deals with the specifics of the word formation of pronominal vocabulary of the Russian dialect of old believers Cossacks-Nekrasov in Stavropol Krai, which, after several centuries of exile, returned in 1962 to Russia and settled in the villages of Levokumsky district, the Stavropol territory. The object of the study is pronominal words, in which the author, along with classical pronouns, includes pronominal adverbs that are similar in meaning and function to traditional pronouns. The subject of the study is the word-formation characteristics of pronominal words of the Cossacks-Nekrasov dialect. The material of the study is recordings of the speech of speakers of the old believers' dialect of the Cossacks-Nekrasov, living in the Levokumsky district of the Stavropol territory, made by the author during ield expeditions. The analysis of the material reveals the implementation of such tendencies in the speech of the Cossacks-Nekrasov in the development of the word-formation system of the national Russian language, which are not supported by the conscious attitudes to normalization characteristic of the literary language. The article uses the material of the pronominal vocabulary of the Cossacks-Nekrasov dialect to describe the facts of violation of non-global prohibitions in the ield of word formation norms, as well as cases of using the resources of the national Russian language. The author identiies pronominal lexemes that are absent in the Russian literary language: ten new word-formatively motivated pronominal adverbs and eleven new motivated demonstrative pronouns, the author also describes models of word-formation of pronominal vocabulary that do not exist in the Russian literary language and are peculiar only to the speech of the old believers of the Cossacks-Nekrasov of the Stavropol territory. These include preixal, preixal-sufixal, preixal-postixal, postixal models, word-formation game, and pure addition models. The article emphasizes that all these word-forming models are not described in such a fundamental work as Russian grammar-80, which does not even have a section dedicated to the word-formation of pronouns.

The article studies speciics of the category of sentence words as a mirror of communicative dynamics. The subject of the study is the transformation in the ield of Russian language communication, ixed in the process of modern use of sentence words in speech activity. In addition, the article discusses the features of transition of S.-W. as units of an inter-level plan based on the works of domestic and foreign linguists. The author's approach to understanding S.-W. is based on the principles of structural-semantic approach, taking into account their communicative-discursive and anthropogenic status. In addition, the principle of dynamic equilibrium between modus and dictum is used in the work as a means of understanding the syncretic links connecting the category S.-W. with other phenomena of the language. Following this principle, the syncretism zones of S.-W. with two-part and one-part sentences, incomplete sentences, phraseological units, facial and non-verbal-graphic means of distance communication were analyzed. Using borrowing from virtual communication as an example, the S.-W. reflect current changes in communication in Russian. The article attempted to comprehend the current trends in communicative dynamics implemented in the sphere of using S-.W. Based on the results of a study covering various groups of speakers in Russian, a number of points were identiied related to the functioning of S.-W. modern Russian language. The study covers not only the sphere of oral speech, but also the area of the so-called virtual communication. The analysis of S.-W. and speech units close to them by certain signs is based on the principle of dynamic equilibrium, which allows a new understanding of syncretic syntactic formations associated with the S.-W. category, among which the following S.-W. are speciied: with a noun in the nominative case as the main component, single-verb sentences with pronounced modality, statements-descriptions of the corresponding human emotion, correlating with non-verbal-graphic elements of virtual communication.

The article studies the key notions conveying the forms and mechanisms of interaction in linguocultural space, namely intermediality, intertextuality and interdiscursivity. Dynamic processes connected with the extension of media in all areas of life, the emergence of "new media" and transformation of communication practices stipulate the topicality of correspondence of the above-mentioned notions in the light of media studies. The objective of the study is to specify the correlation between the terms denoting the interaction within one semiotic code or different semiotic codes as far as it concerns modern media practices and media-text studies. The article highlights the main research approaches to the interpretation of the notions as viewed by national and foreign scholars. Intertextuality is analyzed from the standpoint of the "wide" and the "narrow" approaches as well as the reference theory, the theory of information, semiotic, semantic and cultural interpretation. Intermediality, defined as correlation, presence or interaction of codes representing different semiotic systems, is characterized as a polysemantic term that, depending on the subject area and the aspect of the study, can denote the basic condition of functioning and the main category for the analysis of a mediatext in case it manifests some form of strategy of code interaction. Interdiscursivity corresponds with the "wide" approach to intertextuality and appears to be relevant for the analysis of interaction peculiarities as regards different discursive formations revealing similarities in motives or plots. It is claimed that the terms under consideration correlate in a number of ways and come into hypo-hyperonymic relations directly dependent on the approach to interpretation of semiotic nature of the phenomena. Strictly intertextual analysis of mediatext is relevant as regards the objects with the prevalence of language code. Polymodal phenomena require intermedial analysis as the research procedure that enables the study of components representing different semiotic systems in a particular mediatext, and the dependence of its semiotic arrangement and sense generation on the features of the transmission channel.

The article studies verbal means describing the COVID-19 pandemic in Russian and German print press. The topicality of the study is associated with critical discourse analysis of the media content within the framework of the spread of coronavirus infection in the irst half of 2020. At the same time, attention is focused not only on the formal linguistic features of the newspaper text, but also on extralinguistic factors of its production, which made it possible to study the wide communicative background of the text. It appears to be especially important for studies of socially signiicant events affecting both individual countries and the global world as a whole. The scientiic novelty is determined by the fact that the article for the irst time speciies communicative-pragmatic potential of speech methods used in portraying a pandemic in the press of Russia and Germany. The authors proceed from the assumption that in addition to the content-factual information in the press every time axio-logical assessment of the reported information is actualized. Therefore, in the process of persuasiveness study in news- paper discourse, it is relevant to consider communicative strategies for presenting depicted denotative content. The main research method in this article is discourse analysis based on the principle of functionalism. At the same time, the research was focused on the interpretation of linguistic manipulation devices in press coverage of the two countries in the period of the coronavirus pandemic: introduction of factual information into a negatively assessed context, personalization in presentation of negative consequences of the described phenomenon, portrayal of evidence as guilt, correlation of unmotivated similarities with negatively assessed entity, choice of measure units as a tool of linguistic manipulation, imposing of presupposition that does not require critical discussion, use of metaphors for persuasive purposes, link to an unknown source of information.

The article studies polysemantic words extracted by continuous sampling method from the English language texts that implement newspaper and journalistic discourse and their Russian language equivalents. The purpose of the research work is to supplement the methodological base of translation teaching. The translation peculiarities of polysemantic words in the translation of the analyzed texts of the discourse from English into Russian are also determined. The main method of linguistic analysis in this study was the descriptive method in all its variations, which was supplemented by methods of contextual, definitional and discursive analysis. Due to the fact that publications in English from the oficial websites of governments and public organizations in England, the United States and Sweden contain information of social and political importance, vividly cover facts and events in the world and in the society, present information on signiicant events in people's lives, these messages were chosen as the material of the study. The necessity to compromise between the semantic structure of the original language expressions and the adequacy of their transmission in the target language is revealed and substantiated. Translation of culture-speciic elements into English implies the importance of the translator's extralinguistic knowledge. Owing to this knowledge, the translator declines literal translation method and uses various types of transformations and other translation techniques. Based on the analysis of empirical material, it is revealed that when translating polysemantic words of socio-political texts, the most frequent lexical transformations are semantic development with elements of grammatical transformation, entire transformation, and concretization of meaning. Transformations of differentiation and generalization of meanings, and compensation for losses are used very rarely. At the same time, the main model of interpreting of the segments containing analyzed polysemants has become contextual one. Therefore, the exercises that are used to develop skills of polysemantic words translation should be focused, irst of all, on this lexical transformation.