Abstract. Introduction. This article shows the role of medicine in the evolution of everyday life of Stavropol residents based on the analysis of the activities of city health authorities and the nature of health education and medical care for the city population in the 1920s, which changed the way of life of citizens in subsequent times.
Materials and Methods. The article analyzes official documents of local governments based on the approaches of historical anthropology, interdisciplinarity and contextuality, as well as methods of such research fields as the history of everyday life and new local history. The object of the study is the locus as a local community of urban residents.
Analysis. The paper analyzes the infrastructure of the regional health care system and its personnel base during the study period. The analysis of the problem within the city of Stavropol is based not only on the regional, but also on the all Russian context. It was in the 1920s that the general nationalization of medical institutions and pharmacies was carried out, and private practice and traditional autonomy of doctors were replaced by the social status of a “Soviet employee”, reflecting the formation of the state monopoly on any social policy and practice. The article highlights in detail the activities of the local leadership to resolve one of the acute problems of the region – an unfavorable epidemic situation. In 1920, there was a sharp increase in the incidence of cholera, so all institutions, educational institutions and public organizations were mobilized to fight this “enemy”. One of the directions for the elimination of the epidemic was the proper sanitary condition of Stavropol. Using the example of the state of public urban areas, the problems of the sanitary condition of the city and its features after the civil war are revealed. The work of local authorities to restore sanitary order and organize sanitary education among citizens and peasants coming from nearby villages is shown. The authors revealed the process of evolution of everyday life of citizens under the influence of the reorganization of the health care system, as well as through the prism of combating epidemics.
Results. One of the most important results of the activities of the new authorities was the creation of a public health system, the main principles of which were proclaimed centralization in the hands of the state, free of charge, accessibility. The authors focus on the organization of forms and methods of work adapted to local conditions. This complex of transformations is shown in the context of the real everyday life of Stavropol. At the same time, a new healthcare structure was also changing urban daily life.

Introduction. After its reformation in 1867, AustroHungary became a unique state entity that abandoned strict centralization and implemented a unique formula of constitutional development. This resulted in a personal union between Austria and Hungary, which adopted different models of domestic and economic development. The establishment of the European Union, the development of multiculturalism, and the increasing role of regions in the development of individual states and the EU as a whole stimulate interest in the history of the Habsburg Empire.
Materials and Methods. Both foreign and, to a lesser extent, domestic historiography note the interest of scientific community in Austro-Hungary and its place in world history. However, the debate on this topic is only intensifying. Different schools and directions either idealize the Habsburg Empire or consider it an “anachronism” in Europe. In the course of working on this topic, legislative acts that laid the foundation of the dualistic system were used as historical sources. The author applied the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematics in his work on the material.
Analysis. The article emphasizes that even before the defeat in the Austro-Prussian war, the monarchy attempted to reach a compromise with Hungary, which held an exceptional place in the empire and had a “historical right” to restore its own statehood. The war only accelerated this process and contributed to the formation of the dualistic system. Austria and Hungary effectively became independent state entities united by a common monarch and the socalled common affairs. The approval of dualism by the parliaments of both halves of the empire became the basis for its construction. Constitutionalism and liberalism were to ensure its observance in the future.
Results. The dualistic monarchy resulted from a compromise between Austro-Germans and Hungarians, the monarchy, and Hungary. Dualism provided stable development for Austro-Hungary in the last third of the 19th century and the early 20th century. However, the rise of minority national movements required reforming dualism and creating a fundamentally different system.

Introduction. The article is devoted to an episode from the life of the Russian writer, poet, theologian of the first half of the 17th century, Prince Semyon Ivanovich Shakhovsky. The authors focus on the events of his stay in the Russian North in the town of Solvychegodsk in 1647-1648. At this time, Shakhovskoy wrote a word of praise to the Ustyug saints Procopius and John.
Materials and Methods. First, the work used a biographical method, with the help of which the events of Shakhovsky’s life and the text of his praise to the Ustyug saints were analyzed. The analysis of the work was based on hermeneutic principles accepted in science. The conclusions were compared with the events of Shakhovsky’s life by induction.
Analysis. The creative heritage of Prince Shakhovsky is rich and varied. The words of praise he wrote to the Ustyug saints are rarely considered among his creations. Indeed, the surviving handwritten book indicates that the test was “copied” by Shakhovsky. However, we have reason to believe that the writer’s involvement in the text was more significant. His conversion to the lives of local saints was due to personal problems. In 1646 Shakhovskoy fell into disgrace and was sentenced to deportation from Moscow to Yakutsk. He stayed temporarily in Solvychegodsk. A popular riot broke out in this place on June 22, 1648. Saving a Moscow official from the wrath of the crowd, the prince risked his life.
Results. So, Shakhovskoy, in a difficult life situation, turned to the instructions of the Ustyug saints and set about creating a special word of praise for them. The first publication of this text is offered as an appendix to the article. The degree of Shakhovsky’s authorship requires a new study with reference to textual analysis.

Introduction. The history of Russia, in particular the North Caucasus, consists not only of various testimonies and facts, but also of the destinies and biographies of people. Some historical characters remain in history, others disappear into the “depths of the ages”, but there are still others about whom there are brief mentions in letters, diaries and documents. There are people who have made a significant contribution to culture and history, but the memories of them are erased from people’s memory. Two brothers, Karp and Ivan Gruzin, can also be attributed to such historical characters.
Materials and Methods. Based on documents stored in the archives of Kiev and Krasnodar, as well as printed sources of the XIX – the beginning of the XX c. an attempt is made to recreate the biography of the brothers and trace the details of their complex and difficult life path in the context of the history of the early XIX century.
Analysis. The focus was on the fate of two representatives of the Black Sea Cossacks, who managed to change their fate, graduate from the Kiev Theological Academy, become teachers of philosophy and Hebrew there, not to lose heart after being dismissed due to disagreements with Metropolitan of Kiev Yevgeny (Bolkhovitinov) and to start a new life in the capital. They conducted an extensive correspondence, of which only individual letters to Innokenty (Borisov) and K. S. Serbinovich have been preserved. There are references to them in several letters. Their circle of communication included the historian of the Cossacks, educator and bibliophile Ivan Diomidovich Popko, who visited them more than once in St. Petersburg.
Results. Thanks to such fragmentary and scarce information, it was possible to recreate the brothers’ life paths to a certain extent.

Abstract. Introduction. The problems of the Great Patriotic War, despite the many decades that have passed, still remain an important subject field of historical science. However, some aspects of activity of military units and even armies, specific conditions of their combat activity, character of military everyday life are not always reflected in the works of researchers of this historical period. To a full extent this can be attributed to the institutions of the military sanitary service of the period 1941-1945. Their participation in combat operations has not been investigated deeply enough, some aspects of medical support of the Red Army troops remain outside the scope of scientific interests of most historians. In particular, it concerns the work of sanitary aviation during the Great Patriotic War. In this article the object of research is the 5th separate sanitary aviation squadron (SSAS) as a whole military unit, which was on the fronts from January 1942 to July 1944. It is interesting because the personnel had to carry out combat missions over a fairly long period of time in different operational and tactical situations, in a variety of natural, climatic, geographical and meteorological conditions- on flat and mountainous terrain, over the sea, in frost and blizzard.
Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of several types of sources: award documents of the personnel of the 5th SSAS, combat orders and orders from the funds of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, memoir literature and articles in the press. Scientific materials related to the problem under consideration are also used. Traditional methods of historical research are used in the course of the work.
Analysis. The analysis showed that the squadron took part in the defense and liberation of the Crimea, the battle for the Caucasus, offensive operations to liberate Ukraine and Belarus. The questions of formation, combat path and peculiarities of the front everyday life of the flying and technical staff and medical personnel were subjected to analytical comprehension.
Results. By the example of the 5th SSAS the general picture of the sanitary squadron work, typical for the sanitary aviation in general during the Great Patriotic War, is reconstructed. The organizational structure of the squadron and changes in the chain of command of the unit, staffing of the unit with personnel and materiel are specified, quantitative indicators of the combat work of the squadron are given, feats of flight and technical personnel and medical personnel are described.

Introduction. The reference to the history of forming an independent Caucasian and Black Sea diocese is due to the study of the problem of the incorporation of the North Caucasus into the Russian Empire. In the absence of an extensive system of administrative control bodies and a protracted military conflict in the first half of the 19th century, the process of searching for a platform of national identity was underway, which allowed not only to reduce the level of escalation of the conflict, but also to incorporate the North Caucasus into the socio-cultural space of the Russian Empire.
Materials and Methods. The study is based on the principles of an interdisciplinary approach, which allowed us to consider the problem in its entirety, combine data obtained from different fields, look at the problem of the influence of the clergy and the Orthodox cultural tradition from different positions, expand and deepen the existing body of scientific knowledge on this issue. The method used made it possible to conduct modern historical research from the standpoint of historical anthropology. In addition, the work uses narrative, historicalgenetic, historicaltypological, retrospective and anthropological research methods. The research is based on materials from archival collections and review articles of the Caucasian (Stavropol) Diocesan Gazette. The analysis of the problems raised is reflected in the works of researchers of the history of the Cossacks V.A. Potto, F.A. Shcherbina, and the nature of colonization of the region G.N. Prozritelev. The organization of church administration and the personality of the first bishop Jeremiah (Solovyov) was analyzed in the study by I.K. Smolich.
Results. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that, being in the minority in relation to the ascetics of Islam, Old Believers, sectarians inhabiting the region, the Orthodox population managed to create the basis for the spiritual unity of the population of the region. The traditions of Orthodox culture in the North Caucasus have become the basis of ethnocultural identity, acting as a historical and cultural landmark for a certain part of the population.

Introduction. The first half of the XIII century was marked in the history of the peoples of Central Asia, the Near and Middle East and the Caucasus by turbulent events associated with the Mongol invasion, which changed the military, political, economic and cultural development of these regions for many centuries.
Materials and Methods. This research was conducted on the basis of a broad interdisciplinary approach and generally accepted historical methods. For the first time In Russian Caucasian studies, a comprehensive study was conducted based on the analysis of medieval Arabic, Georgian, Azerbaijani and Derbent sources.
Analysis. One of the most powerful states, among the first to fall under the blows of the Mongols, was the power of the Khorezmshahs. Having conquered China and preparing his expansion to the West, Genghis Khan was very wary of this largest state of the Muslim East, which could field about 400-500 thousand welltrained and well–armed warriors capable of inflicting a decisive defeat, significantly inferior in numbers, to the Mongol troops. The grossest militarypolitical and strategic mistakes of the last ruling ruler of the Khorezmshah state, Ala alDin Muhammad, who placed his huge army in isolation in separate large cities, thereby condemning his troops to defeat and the state to destruction. In just 4 months, the Mongols captured and looted the main military, political, economic and cultural centers of the Khorezmshah state. Jalal al-Din Mankburny, becoming the last ruler of the Khorezmshakh state, tried to regain his father’s former power in the Middle East and the Caucasus and in the 20s – early 30s of the XIII century played a significant role in the historical destinies of the peoples of these regions. For more than 10 years, pursuing an expansive policy and continuously participating in wars, Jalal al-Din in the 20s of the XIII century turned out to be the only really military, military-administrative and political figure capable of resisting the Mongol invasion of the Middle East and the Caucasus regions.
Results. Jalal al-Din understood that the weakened states of the Caucasus and the Middle East alone were not able to repel the Mongol forces, which forced the last Khorezm Shah to make efforts to unite the Caucasian and Middle Eastern rulers to repel the Mongol invasion, but he failed to achieve this.

Introduction. The problem of nationalism, national movements, their content and methods of achieving goals relates not only to the analysis of the historical past, but also has a vivid topical nature. In this sense, the example of Ireland can be considered classic, because, from the end of the 18th century until 1923, it displayed a full palette of ideas, mechanisms and various directions in nationalism. Likewise, British colonial policy chose Ireland as a testing ground for various methods of total oppression. In the 19th century, the spectrum of the Irish National movement presented virtually all possible attributes of the struggle for independence. One of the aspects was the politicization of society and the active activity of Nationalist leaders. In Russian literature, the problems of the Irish National movement have not yet received a complete analysis.
Materials and Methods. The principle of objectivity and comparative historical methods were used in the analysis of original documents, which included the press, official materials, and memoirs. Methods of a political science orientation were used. A prosopographic method made it possible to illuminate the social psychology of leaders and the masses.
Analysis. Consideration of the patterns and illogical developments of events, both in Irish society as a whole and within the Irish Nationalists, makes it possible to understand the critical discrepancy in the views and aspirations of the leaders of moderate and radical trends in the spectrum of Irish Nationalism.
Results. The forced participation of the leaders of the moderate wing in the uprising was a manifestation of circumstances, but not of conviction in achieving the goal. There is a clear gap between the leaders of the uprising and the masses, revealing the lack of a strong connection between them. Of no small importance was a completely different interpretation of the concept of «independence» from self-government to a republic.

Introduction. The article examines the historiography of everyday life in the Soviet city of the 1930s. The study shows the complexity of the period under consideration. Private lives of ordinary citizens are poorly studied in numerous works on economic and political history of the USSR. The conclusion is made about the importance of a special analysis of leisure time of schoolchildren and young people using the example of the cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.
Materials and Methods. The main base of the sources used is materials from the regional and central press. They are supplemented by published materials from city authorities and are analyzed using methods from leisure theory and new local history.
Analysis. The article proves that leisure was part of the Bolsheviks cultural policy aimed at creating a "new" man. Various objectives for action in this area are given. The article discusses the main forms of official leisure for young people and schoolchildren in the resort cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The sources highlight not only the facts about the events that have taken place, but also the desires and expectations of residents of resort cities in the future. Problems with leisure infrastructure and ways to solve them are analyzed.
Results. It was concluded that it is important for the authorities to constantly monitor the forms and maintenance of leisure activities of young people and children. The emphasis of government efforts on organizing various types of clubs and mass leisure activities has been determined. The most important feature of the sports sector of leisure and creative circles of a constructive nature was competition. At the same time, a big number of different competitions was a part of global trends. The importance of the created tourism system is emphasized, where the cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters became not only geographical, but also organizational centers. The routes being developed combined the realization of educational interest in natural objects, culture and the most important events from the "new Soviet" past.

Introduction. The article analyzes socio-economic development of nomadic peoples (Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens) on the territory of the Stavropol province in the 1870-1890s. Based on materials from Stavropol Province Reviews, information about the economy and social life of these peoples was studied and presented. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that the topic is poorly studied. Stavropol Province Reviews have not yet been the main object of research in terms of studying the history of nomadic peoples. The purpose of this work is to systematize information about nomadic peoples, based on the materials of the Stavropol Province Reviews, which will make it possible to form a more comprehensive understanding of their socio-economic development in the specified period.
Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of extensive materials from the Surveys of the Stavropol province, based on the principles of historicism, systemic analysis, and the comparative method, which made it possible to consider key aspects of the socio-economic development of nomadic peoples in this period.
Analysis. The article provides a comparative analysis of Reviews that examine the demographic situation among the nomadic population in the Stavropol province. Based on the materials of Reviews, it was concluded that the census of the number of nomads was not accurate. Analysis of indicators of agriculture and livestock breeding made it possible to assess the dynamics of development of the economy of nomadic peoples. An important phenomenon closely related to the economic activities of nomadic societies was the process of transition to a sedentary lifestyle. Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens in the 1880s continued for the most part to lead a nomadic lifestyle. An important key point in the development of the nomadic economy was its structural transformation. A striking example of this is the appearance of a finewool breed of sheep in nomadic societies.
Results. The Stavropol Province Reviews help to expand the understanding of the state of socio-economic development of the nomadic peoples of the Stavropol Province. They provide valuable information that can be used to clarify and supplement information from other sources. The Reviews data also allow for a comparative description of nomadic and peasant households and to give them a more objective historical assessment. The studied data show that most nomads retained their way of life, but their main wealth – cattle – was decreasing, as were pasture lands. This led to the rapid impoverishment of nomadic peoples and their transition to a sedentary way of life.

Introduction. Despite all research In Russian historiography, the historical period of the NEP still retains a number of independent symptomatic plots that remain insufficiently studied by Russian historians even today. Among such historical plots of the NEP times is the detailed division of the Russian peasantry into intrasocial economic and production groups, in addition to the generally accepted and widespread brief interpretation in journalism and scientific literature, when only the poor, middle peasants and Kulaks are singled out among the Russian peasantry of the 1920s.
Materials and Methods. On the basis of archival materials and historiographical facts the article proves that in the Stavropol village eight socioindustrial groups of peasant farms were formed as a result of the implementation of the NEP: the ones without sowing, the poor, the low-power, unstable middle peasants, middle peasants, prosperous middle peasants, the prosperous, bourgeois (Kulak, industrial). They are identified using the method of social differentiation. However, the discovered archival statistical data do not fully disclose the essential characteristics of the abovementioned socio-industrial groups of peasant farms, so the authors used the method of historical reconstruction, formal legal and historical-anthropological methods to create a detailed historical picture of the Stavropol village during the NEP, where the social face of the provincial peasantry comes to the fore.
Analysis. The analysis of historical sources (primarily archival materials) and a number of key historiographical facts from the established modern Russian historiography allowed us to finally present completed historical plots about each of the studied groups of peasant farms, identifying their quantitative parameters, clarifying criteria for social differentiation and describing semantic characteristics.
Results. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion is drawn about the complex socio-economic differentiation of the Stavropol peasantry, which reflected the agrarian multidimensionality and internal inconsistency of the NEP, which largely predetermined its curtailment in the late 1920s.

Introduction. The modern history of Georgian-Russian relations is marked by relapses of the Cold war. The dividing line between nations has passed, with a centuries-old history of relationships. The article analyzes a complex of reasons causing mutual misunderstanding between states and peoples, who made a significant contribution to the development of world civilization. It is noted that the modern process of Georgian-Russian relations is significantly influenced by the legacy of the past, its interpretation by representatives of the intellectual community and the ruling elites. It is shown that in addition to this, deep culture, which preserves the civilizational and cultural layers of centuries-old interactions, also has a significant influence on the Georgian-Russian dialogue.
Materials and Methods. The work is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, scientific character, a comparative-historical, cultural-civilizational approach to the analysis of Georgian-Russian relations was used. The article is written on the basis of archival materials from the Central Historical Archive of Georgia, which preserves the historical memory of the origin and development of Georgian-Russian relations. Criticism of modern interpretations in the studies of Georgian historians is also given.
Analysis. The analysis of modern research shows that the history of Georgian-Russian relations has undergone revision and transformation, the ideologeme of negativism dominates in the perception of relations. The emphasis is on the imperial, colonialist policy of the Russian Empire, the period of the USSR, as well as modern Russia in relation to Georgia. Political myths are created; the politicization of history highlights the negative aspects of relationships and creates obstacles to the search for a dialogue of cultures. Thus, those civilizational and cultural layers that were created over centuries of relationships are ignored.
Results. The author argues that overcoming political myths will create conditions that will ensure the normalization of relations between countries, return Russia to the role of spiritual mediator in the Caucasus region, and Georgia to its worthy place in the community of democratic states of the Caucasus.

Introduction. The interest in the problem of perception of the figure of the prophetreformer Savonarola and his ideas can be traced back to the appearance of the first works about the monk. The "anthropological turn" that occurred in historical science in the last decades of the 20th century contributed to increased attention to the social environment of the Dominican. Currently, the topic has not lost its relevance; both due to the introduction of new sources into scientific circulation, and the possibility of rethinking already used materials in accordance with various methodological settings.
Materials and Methods. The analysis of the Benivieni dialogue allows us to see how Savonarola’s "teachings", spreading in various forms among the monk’s contemporaries who did not represent a homogeneous group, were perceived and interpreted in different ways by them. When considering the text of the source, it seemed appropriate to turn to the positions expressed by Michel de Certeau and Roger Chartier, who proposed to consider cultural and intellectual "consumption" as a form of "production", when source texts (books, sermons, etc.) acquire meaning through multiple interpretations of recipients.
Analysis. The conversation between Domenico and his friend Filalete can be divided into three parts. One of them is associated with a review of the works of Savonarola’s supporters and opponents. The mention of specific authors and their works allows us to get an idea of the different approaches to the "teachings" of Fra Girolamo and its various interpretations. Another part of the conversation is the interpretation of the essence of the Dominican doctrine, as Benivieni himself understood it. Finally, the last one is a list of the monk’s published works, through which readers of the Dialogue could independently comprehend his instructions regarding the reformation of cotemporaneous Christians.
Results. In his work, D. Benivieni almost literally reproduces the main provisions of Savonarola’s program for the renewal of the cotemporaneous Church. The author of the "Dialogue" pays considerable attention to the path of personal improvement of each Christian based on gospel models, as well as the works and sermons of the Florentine prophet, without denying the mediating role of the priesthood. The latter met the needs of Domenico’s contemporaries, who felt the need to develop individual piety, but did not seek a break with the official Church.

Introduction. The events of 2020 in NagornoKarabakh have actualized the problem of conflict resolution in the region. Iran has been one of the actors in the negotiation process between the Armenian and Azerbaijani sides since the early 90s. For reasons of national security, this direction has become the most important in Iran’s foreign policy activities in the Transcaucasus. The article focuses on the position taken by Iran regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1992-2018. Iran believed that it could become an alternative to Western states in the negotiation process. The article examines the most important aspects of Iranian-Armenian and Iranian-Azerbaijani relations during the indicated period. The influence of the interests of Iran in the field of economics, logistics, production of energy resources, and the energy sector on the position of Tehran regarding the conflict has been revealed. The article pays attention to the attitude of Armenia and Azerbaijan to the Iranian nuclear program in the context of interstate relations and regional security. The problem of the Zangezur corridor is considered as one of the most important aspects of the contradictions between Baku and Yerevan and affecting the building of the national security of Iran.
Materials and Methods. The study analyzes official documents, statements and statements by officials of Iran, Armenia and Azerbaijan around the problem of resolving the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1992-2018. To study the problem, comparativehistorical, narrative and problemchronological research methods are used.
Analysis. The article reveals the influence of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict factor on building Iran’s national security in the region. The policy of Tehran towards Azerbaijan and Armenia is traced in the context of regional security.
Results. The study concluded that national security interests force Iran to act as a mediator in resolving the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The official position of Tehran was to prevent the escalation of the conflict and resolve the problem through political negotiations. One of the aspects of the position of Iran was the prevention of direct or indirect interference in the conflict by the United States, NATO, the EU, etc. To this end, Tehran carried out activities to attract regional actors (Turkey, the Russian Federation) for a joint dialogue with the Azerbaijani and Armenian sides. Iran proceeded from the interests of ensuring national security when building a balanced position in relations with Azerbaijan and Armenia.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the process of administrative and political integration of Georgian territories into the Russian Empire. The chronological period under consideration (1801-1812) covers the time from the entry into the Russian state of Eastern Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) to the Kakhetian Uprising of 1812.
Materials and Methods. The article is based on a wide range of published historical sources. Theoretically, the study is based on the analysis of the impact of regional political events and conditions on determining the government course.
Analysis. The article analyzes various administrative models that were used by the Russian government in the process of integrating Georgian lands at this stage. Eastern Georgia became part of the Russian Empire as the Georgian Province. The article shows that the management system of this region can be considered a cooperative management model, which is characterized by the interaction of various political regimes under the general control of the imperial metropolis. West Georgian territories in the early nineteenth century. They were part of Russia with the rights of broad administrative autonomy, which corresponds to an indirect management model. The transition to a model of indirect governance in Eastern Georgia was also discussed when choosing a government course on the southern outskirts of the empire. The Kakheti uprising of 1812 became not only one of the largest crises of the Russian administration, but also an important point in the search for an administrative and political optimum in the region. Subsequent projects for the integration of Georgian territories no longer considered indirect governance as a possible alternative.
Results. The result of the troubles and problems in the organization of governance in the Georgian territories was the formation by the imperial elite of ideas about a single political and legal space as an imperative of state construction. This will become especially noticeable already in the reign of Nicholas I.

Introduction. Constitutional review is the cornerstone in maintaining the constitutional order, ensuring compliance with the rule of law and protecting individual rights in the state. Differences in models of constitutional review globally highlight its complexity and uniqueness. This factor necessitates a comparative study to reveal the specific mechanisms used in different legal systems. The article examines the models, significance and features of constitutional control In Russia and a number of foreign countries, determines the nuances of their functioning, as well as issues of interaction between the elements of constitutional control models.
Materials and Methods. During the comparative legal analysis, the practice of functioning of constitutional control In Russia, the USA, Germany, Austria, France, Canada and Australia was studied. The primary sources were national constitutions, legislation, as well as landmark judicial decisions in several states. Secondary sources of research are scientific literature: monographs, periodical articles and expert analytical documents. A mixed approach facilitates a thorough examination of the structure and functions of constitutional review bodies in a broader political and legal context.
Analysis. The study examines various models of constitutional review, in particular, the European (centralized Kelsen model), adopted In Russia, Germany and Austria, is compared with the American model (decentralized model of constitutional control in the USA), the hybrid (mixed) systems of Canada and Australia, which have regional features and combine elements of the American and European models, as well as the French model with its quasijudicial bodies of constitutional control. The comparative analysis is carried out according to several criteria, while covering the problems faced by systems of constitutional control.
Results. A comparative study reveals various paradigms of constitutional control. Their examination determines to what extent the independence of the institutions of constitutional review critically affects the effectiveness of the work of constitutional review bodies, and which models demonstrate vulnerability from political influence. The need to ensure greater autonomy for constitutional review bodies and facilitate access to constitutional mechanisms is emphasized. The multifaceted nature of constitutional review is highlighted and an opinion is expressed on the possibility of further improving the institutions of constitutional review.

Introduction. Dynamically developing public relations in the field of economy should be promptly taken into account when organizing counteraction by law enforcement agencies to the "laundering" of property obtained by criminal means, which implies the need for scientific research in this area.
Materials and Methods. The use of dialectical methods of cognition made it possible to consider the legalization of criminally obtained funds, taking into account the relationship of this type of criminal activity with the processes taking place in society and the peculiarities of the development of new spheres of the economy.
Analysis. The study of methods of "laundering" money and other property obtained by criminal means, based on the consideration of scientific approaches to combating crime, the provisions of current legislation, as well as materials of law enforcement practice of both domestic and foreign law enforcement agencies, allows us to identify the main trends in the development of criminal business associated with “laundering” and develop recommendations for countering this the type of crime.
Results. The economic spheres where it is most difficult to track the process of legalization of criminal assets today include the sphere of the art market, the digital currency market, offshore and freeport zones, the gold and diamond market. It is most difficult to track the process of legalizing property obtained by criminal means in the field of IT technologies. Legalization of property can be carried out by crediting funds to a controlled virtual account and further converting it through virtual machines into money. To counteract such a “laundering” method, appropriate qualifications and equipment are needed. The process of obtaining digital currency using special equipment (mining) is not yet controlled by the state at all. Legal regulation in this area should, on the one hand, create conditions for controlling the turnover of assets, and on the other hand, not force miners to go into the shadow economy.

Introduction. Public non-tax payments that are not provided for by tax legislation, but legalized through the establishment and consolidation in a wide variety of regulatory legal acts with different legal force, are among the components of the budget legislation of Russia and foreign countries, including Western Europe. Taking into account the relevance of the problem of public non-tax payments for the Russian legal system, it is advisable to consider the scientific experience of leading Western European states in order to borrow its most effective components.
Materials and Methods. This work is based on the works of such scientists in the field of problems of public non-tax payments as P.-M. Godme, Emanuele Morselli, Cologne Fritz Karl Mann, Walter Herrmann, S.G. Pepelyaev, V.M. Zaripov, Yu.G. Izotov. The methodological basis of this scientific research includes a set of such methods of a general scientific and special legal nature as dialectics, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, logic, as well as a special legal method.
Analysis. The main scientific approaches to the problem of the legal nature of public non-tax payments and their place in the system of fiscal legislation of such Western European states as France, Germany, Italy and Belgium are presented. A systematic analysis of concepts justifying the essence of mandatory payments that lie outside the scope of regulation of tax legislation explains the differences in the approaches of individual states to their interpretation and application.
Results. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion is drawn about the effectiveness of the concept of limited, forced use of public non-tax payments for strictly defined purposes by legislation, implemented within the legal systems of most Western European states, as well as the need for the Russian legislator to borrow this approach.

Introduction. The article examines the problems of the formation of resort legislation, including the novels introduced in the Federal Law of 23.02.1995 No. 26-FZ (as amended of 04.08.2023) "On Natural Therapeutic Resources, Therapeutic Areas and Resorts", which come into force on September 1, 2024.
Materials and Methods. In the course of the study, methods of legal analysis, synthesis, generalization and comparative legal were used, which made it possible to develop possible ways to solve the studied problems.
Analysis. Resort legislation in our country arose in the 18th century and developed relatively adequately to socio-economic and environmental realities, responding to new norms and institutions to emerging challenges. Designed to protect natural healing resources as the basis for the treatment and prevention of diseases, to protect other natural resources and natural complexes as the ecological framework of resorts, it went through several stages: Pre-revolutionary, Soviet and Post-Soviet. The Post-Soviet stage can be divided into several more: from environmentally sound (environmental expertise was carried out for all facilities under construction and reconstructed), organizationally secured (suffice it to recall the creation of the Administration of the Caucasian Mineral Waters with broad powers) to the current one, which is characterized by de-ecologization (in 2013, resorts were excluded from the composition of specially protected natural areas). The updated resort legislation envisages re-establishing the boundaries of the district of sanitary (mountain-sanitary) protection and the boundaries of protection zones within the districts and they are likely to be reduced. For the first time in the history of resort legislation, a norm is introduced on the procedure for the possible abolition of a therapeutic area, resort or resort region.
Results. The article analyzes the current resort and related legislation, as well as the norms that will come into force in the near future and proposes measures to improve them.

Introduction. The article discusses the problems of financial support for targeted environmental programs.
Materials and Methods. The methods of legal analysis, synthesis, generalization and comparative law were used, which allowed us to develop possible solutions to the problems under study.
Analysis. The reforms of budget, tax and environmental legislation carried out at the beginning of the XXI century actually destroyed the existing ecological and economic mechanism of nature management, which led to significant problems in the field of financial support for program activities. Currently, government programs are an important tool for financial support of environmental protection and are considered as a legal form and legal basis for financing environmentally significant activities, but they cannot fully demonstrate their effectiveness. The main source of financing for environmental protection measures is currently budgetary funds. Financing from nonbudgetary sources is underdeveloped, which can cause problems of lack of funding, which are particularly acute on the ground. Among other problems of financial support for environmental protection measures, it should be noted the tendency to decrease the total amount of financing, the lack of financial support for certain important activities, financing from the amount of available funds, uneven distribution of budget allocations in the budget cycle.
Results. Proposals are being put forward to improve the financial support system for targeted environmental programs, which will make them an effective tool for environmental planning even in the face of anti-Russian sanctions, a pandemic and an economic crisis.

Introduction. Currently, the scientific and practical concept of translanguaging is gaining influence. It can be considered as an attempt to generalize previous terminological sets and theoretical developments regarding the multilingual people’s communicative practices of mixing several languages when generating oral or written speech. Such practices, primarily in the form of translanguaging, but also in the form of multilanguaging, are studied mainly in relation to mastering nonnative and foreign languages in the educational process. At the same time, there is both the experience and opportunities to expand this coverage to literary and artistic works.
Materials and Methods. The research material, the first chapter of U. Eco’s novel “Baudolino”, has its own specificity. It is a text written in an unconventional form on behalf of a multilingual who is endowed, according to the author’s plan, with the ability to immediately master any language. This text thus becomes a sample of direct speech of an idealized multilingual person that could correlate with translingual and multilingual speech of real individuals. For the needs of the research, quasisyntactic units (phrases) in which translanguaging and multilanguaging communicative practices are implemented were singled out from the text of the chapter, and their analysis was carried out on a number of grounds, such as a lexico-grammatical class, a lexico-semantic category and a communicative situation.
Analysis. According to the data obtained, the dominant form of mixing languages in the text is translanguaging. Foreign language inclusions predominantly play the role of a noun or represent a phraseological unit. They are used in most cases as names of persons or evaluative words, actualized in communicative situations of retelling the speech of native speakers of another language, describing notions of a different reality, addressing a native speaker of a different language, and following a speech or text pattern.
Results. The results of the analysis of translanguaging and multilanguaging communicative practices of an idealized multilingual person correlate with results of previous studies of the same practices of real individuals, similarities and differences between the practices are determined.

Introduction. Since the second half of the 20^th century, scientists have become interested in the pragmatic side of language. This article discusses names with a figurative desemanticized numerological meaning «large (more than the norm, measures) quantity», combined in direct meaning into the lexical and semantic group "Atmospheric phenomena". The history of the emergence of these meanings, as well as the peculiarities of their functioning, is traced. The relevance of the study is determined by an attempt to analyze the figurative numerological values of atmospheric phenomena nominations in the spoken language of native speakers.
Materials and Methods. The words storm, rain, downpour, hurricane, squall are taken as the material. Based on the comparison of dictionary meanings, the lexemes were combined into the lexical and semantic group "Atmospheric phenomena". A comprehensive methodology, including the semantic method and the method of component analysis, made it possible to identify the features of the functioning of lexemes in speech and their lexical compatibility.
Analysis. The article examines the peculiarities of the semantics of each named nomination in numerological meaning, revealed changes in their content due to the development of the language, as well as discovered new semes in their content in everyday communication of native speakers. The analysis of examples of figurative uses of names of atmospheric phenomena in numerological meaning is carried out by highlighting individual components of meaning, including the component ‘a large number, a multitude’ with further identification of the ability to implement an identifying or characterizing function.
Results. The lexemes related to the LSG «Atmospheric phenomena» reveal differences in the pragmatic component. Some names are used by speakers in the figurative meaning of ‘a large number, a multitude’ often, others are rare and from a functional point of view serve only to directly designate the subject of reality. There are new examples of figurative numerological use of these lexemes, which have not yet been recorded by lexicographers in modern Russian.

Introduction. Nowadays a constitutively determined description of sporting events becomes a powerful tool for the formation of national ideology and culture. The study of headline complexes in sports publications provides an insight into the mechanisms of manifestation of phatic and manipulative functions, which are currently dominant in the language of the media.
Materials and Methods. The article, based on a contaminated classification of the discursive significance of sports news and discourse-modus analysis, taking into account the focus of the addressee, analyzes various types of headlines as basic codes for interpreting the main text of messages, their main functions and the functional pragmatics of influencing a hypothetical recipient.
Analysis. Particular attention is paid to the comparison of specifiers of phatic and informational orientation as the most representative mechanisms of bidirectional vectors operating within the framework of increasing the relevance of the described event and the socio-cultural and ideological phenomena associated with it. The author argues that the use of manipulative and phaticoexplicatory techniques in headlines realizes the maximum perlocutionary effect, if a balance between episodic sensationalism and operational information content is maintained. Taking into account the complex of axiological dominants in the compressed space of the title is recognized as a basic condition for attracting the attention of a wide range of readers; and the use of units that mark the exclusivity and episodic determinism of the described news item is the most effective methods for realizing the maximum manipulative effect.
Results. The headline complex is the most compressed regulatoryphatic model of the entire text of the description, which includes settings for interpreting the entire description and specifies the axiological vectors for evaluating the news feed. At the same time, the strong position of the text, which the title represents, activates the attention of the readership through provocative narrativization, affecting associations with other socially significant areas.

Introduction. Modern Russian media studies are characterized by a special property, namely the pluralization of opinions in the interpretation of the basic term for the discipline – media. The discrepancy in its interpretation is due to the existence of differential paradigms for understanding lexicalsemantic correlation with such a term as mass communication media: synonymic and hypero-hyponymic. As a result, this situation creates a number of obstacles for Russian media discourse and mass communication media discourse researchers to achieve a comprehensive understanding of their essence, which naturally actualizes the research problem. Therefore, in this article we set ourselves the goal of delimiting the two discourses from the angle of the synonymic and hypero-hyponymic paradigm.
Materials and Methods. The empirical material of the article included both Russian and foreign studies, monographic works, explanatory dictionaries, as well as textbooks in the field of media. In addition to general scientific research methods, the basis of the work was hermeneutic analysis, namely the lexical-hermeneutic technology of analysis. This technology was deepened through two methods: definitional analysis of dictionary entries and structuralnoematic method.
Analysis. The research consisted of four stages, illustrating the relationships of the structural elements of the textual communication model. Firstly, social reality and its connection with the consciousness of the author were explored. Secondly, the connection between the author’s consciousness and language was characterized. Thirdly, the languagebased production process of texts and its further addressing to the recipient (other researchers) was analyzed. Fourthly, existing ways of adjusting the interpretation of the terms media and mass communication media were demonstrated.
Results. The research results show a clear manifestation of the synonymic paradigm in the Russian scientific space, which can manifest itself in various disciplines. Moreover, the hypero-hyponymic paradigm is characteristic of foreign research and more narrow-profile Russian work. The use of both approaches and their combination generates a complex system that can describe not only high-level components of media discourse, but also low-level concepts of mass communication media discourse.