The article is devoted to the modification of the collective memory of the Eastern European space in the context of the collapse of the socialist camp. The authors characterize the mnemonic landscape of Eastern Europe, paying special attention to the semantic dependence of the region on the tragic events of the XX century: the Second World War, the Cold War, the revolutions of 1989. The interrelation between the regional processes of nation-building and the collective memory of these events is demonstrated. The article analyzes the works of foreign and domestic analysts dedicated to memorable dates in the region. The focus of the researchers’ attention was mainly on the final stage of post-communist transit in Eastern Europe, in which the new national governments discussed the traumatic aspects of their own past, established memory institutions and participated in «memory wars». Special studies dealing with the problem of the modification of Eastern European commemorative trends in the 1980s still appear quite rarely. It is noted that the initial stage of the post-communist transformation has not yet become the object of a comprehensive study due to the lack of a theoretical framework suitable for studying the memorial space in the 1980s. The authors note the heuristic potential of the concept of «memory regimes» proposed by M. Bernhard and Y. Kubik. The researchers drew attention to the fact that the type of «memory regime» is inextricably linked with the political regime, which determines the configuration of actors operating in the field of memory politics. In addition, the hypothesis is put forward that the concept of «counter-memory» proposed by M. Foucault may allow for a more detailed study of alternative historical narratives that were constructed by opponents of the communist authorities during the confrontation of the 1980s, and after the collapse of the socialist camp began to dominate the memory politics of most Eastern European states. The authors conclude that the convergence of methodological approaches from the field of transitology and concepts of collective memory can open up new opportunities for studying the memorial space of the region. They are as follows: to identify the dynamics of the actors involved in the process of constructing national narratives, as well as to clarify the role of historical discourses in the strategies of activity of all parties to the confrontation of the period of democratic transit.

The article deals with the influence of the Protestant community of the Weimar Republic on the presidential elections of 1925. The use of religious contradictions within German society to mobilize the electorate in support of P. Hindenburg’s candidacy is analyzed. The religious aspect of elections is especially relevant in the study of state-confessional relations in Germany in the 1920s and understanding the degree of influence of religion on politics.

The reasons and features of the formation of preelection inter-party coalitions are revealed. The role of the religious factor in the creation of the «Imperial block» is noted. Changes in the electoral base of candidates after the first round of elections are analyzed. The differences in political sympathies in the industrial and agrarian regions of Germany, as well as the contradictions in the ranks of the Bavarian People’s Party under the influence of the religious factor, are explained. The participation of the Protestant clergy in the election campaign in support of the candidate from the nationalist forces is characterized. The influence of the nomination from the coalition of the SPD and the Center Party of the Catholic V. Marx on the election results is indicated. A significant part of the Protestant clergy and Protestant organizations came out in support of P. Hindenburg. Campaigning for a Protestant candidate from church pulpits led to the mobilization of the conservative religious electorate and further victory of P. Hindenburg in the second round of the presidential elections in 1925.

The sanctuary of Dodona with the oracle of the god Zeus, located on the northern outskirts of the Hellenic world, was rightfully considered the oldest in Ancient Greece. The bulk of the information on the Dodona oracle is associated with the mythological tradition. We find the first information about the sanctuary in Dodona in the works of Homer. The most extensive passages devoted to the foundation of the Dodona oracle are contained in Herodotus, who, however, tries to give them a rational interpretation. Dodona also appears in the mythological plots of the works of such Greek tragedians as Euripides and Sophocles. The myths about Dodona were reflected not only in Greek, but also in Roman authors, in particular, in Virgil. Here we observe such a phenomenon when the number of mythological plots and the volume of material contained in them far exceeds that which, in its essence, is historical and there is no doubt about its authenticity.

The genealogy of the Molossian kings goes back to the legendary Greek heroes - Achilles and Neoptolemus, and their religious center, the oracle of Dodona, was a truly common Greek sanctuary. The Hellenic origin of the royal house of the Aeacids was based on heroic genealogy, serving as proof of common blood and kinship with the Greek world, and therefore served as «proof» of their Greek origin. But this heroic genealogy was not created by the Molossian royal house, which only adapted it for itself in the 5th century BC, and it existed long before that, starting from the Homeric period.

In this study, the author analyzes the features of the emergence and development of student brigades (SB) in the southern regions and the RSFSR in comparison with the general trends in the development of the All-Union Student brigades. The relevance of the topic of the article is connected with the need for effective labor education of students, including in the modern youth organization «Russian Student brigades». To do this, it is necessary to take into account not only the economic and social characteristics of different regions of the country, but also the practice of previous years. The experience of the period of the 1960s -1970s can help to understand how to organize the work of students of higher educational institutions of our country most competently. In the article, the author shows that, despite the fact that the student brigades of the southern territories and regions of the RSFSR developed in the image and likeness of the All-Union Student brigades, they had a number of their own characteristics.

The most important distinguishing feature of the student brigades of the regions under consideration was the predominance of student brigades of the non-construction brigades. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is the first attempt to conduct a comparative analysis of the development of student brigades in the southern territories of the RSFSR. The author identifies common features and distinctive features of trends in the development of the student movement of the studied regions in comparison with the general practices of the All-Union Student brigades. The author identifies common features and distinctive features of trends in the development of the student movement of the studied regions in comparison with the general practices of the All-Union Student brigades. And although these regions are the most studied in the historiography of the problem, within the framework of the study, 5 archival files were introduced into scientific circulation, which are stored in the Center for Documentation of the Modern History of the Krasnodar Territory and in the State Archive of the Modern History of the Stavropol Territory. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from 1965 to the end of the 1970s. The upper boundary is due to the formation of the first visiting student brigades on the territory of the regions under consideration. The lower limit is due to the end of the first decade of their work on the territory of the formation regions. This period makes it possible to fully analyze the trends in the development of student brigades.

The article is devoted to the little-known fact of the fighting of Soviet troops in the west of the Stavropol Territory in the period from 3 to 5 August 1942. This episode is not considered in detail in the literature about the Battle for the Caucasus by A.A. Grechko, S.V. Yanush and other authors. An exception is the work devoted to assessing the personality of the commander of the 1st Separate Rifle Corps, Colonel M.M. Shapovalov, who defected to the enemy after leaving the city of Armavir. The village of Smykov and the village of Grigoropolisskaya were defended by formations and units of this corps, as well as other military formations of the Soviet troops retreating in this direction. Based on archival sources and memories, the course of military events is recreated, the purpose of these actions is shown: to provide cover for the troops of the 12th army retreating beyond the Kuban. A brief description of the Smykov line, Grigoropolis, is given, its advantages are shown. There is an explanation for the change in the plans of the command of the North Caucasus Front, when the previous task was canceled and this defensive line was assigned. This circumstance did not allow to prepare the defense efficiently, to ensure the inviolability of crossings across the Kuban River in the area of the village of Prochnookopskaya and the city of Armavir, as well as to defeat the enemy on the distant approaches to Maykop. The actions of the enemy are shown: the 13th Panzer Division of the Wehrmacht and the motorized SS division «Viking», which broke through the battle formations of corps rifle brigades. The complexity of the battles fought by the corps units with an inverted front, their intense and bloody nature, and the scale of losses of Soviet troops are revealed. The information is provided on the contribution of other formations and units to the defense of the right bank of the Kuban. The desire of the personnel to fulfill the assigned combat task is shown, the individual exploits of soldiers and commanders are described. The names of the officers of the command staff of the 1st Separate Rifle Corps, who, unlike the corps commander who betrayed the motherland, continued to fulfill their military duty to the end and passed the roads of war with honor.

In recent years, a number of researchers have paid increased attention to the phenomena directly related to the sociocultural mode of ruling. However, in the domestic historiography only the Middle Ages (e.g. Boitsov, Polskaya, Voskoboynikov, Khachaturyan) are closely studied in this aspect, while antiquity remains without researchers’ attention, although it is the basis of the formation of medieval monarchies. Moreover, modern historians developing the concept of «Late Antiquity» originally focused their attention on the cultural, religious and social spheres of Late Antique society, while they were little interested in the political and institutional history of the Late Roman Empire, and accordingly there was a lack of research on these issues. Consideration of the titles of the Roman emperor allows us to bridge the mentioned gaps observed in historiography.

Based on the analysis of a set of numismatic and epigraphic sources dating from the 3rd to 5th centuries, the author shows changes in the titles of Roman emperors during this period. In particular, a conclusion is made about the gradual disappearance of the title imperator, which already under the heirs of Constantine almost ceased to be used. At the same time the main title becomes dominus noster, which was gradually included in the official name since the emperors of the III c. There is also a gradual disappearance of victory acclamations, epithets pius felix invictus, references to republican posts, and the title Caesar. However, we observe the appearance of the word victor et triumphator and the addition of the epithets semper or perpetuus to the title augustus.

These changes in the titles are explained by the shift in emphasis from the exaltation of the emperor’s personality with the help of specific epithets to emphasizing the impersonal and absolute character of imperial power, expressed in the theatrical rituals of Late Antiquity.

Caucasus in the first decades of the 19th century, and how it gradually became tougher, and violent actions became the main argument in relations with local peoples. It was explained by disappointment in the ability of the highlanders to comply with the peace agreements reached and to abandon raids directed against Russian subjects. The author supposes the change in the geopolitical situation after the annexation of Georgia to Russia forced to accelerate the process of spreading the legal system of the empire to the mountain communities, which caused fierce resistance from the natives who did not want to renounce their traditions. In turn, the tsarist administration was not inclined to further delay the indefinite status of new subjects, who were formally considered the same people subject to the sovereign, like the rest of the inhabitants of Russia. The situation was aggravated by confessional confrontation, which made it possible to ideologically substantiate the hostility of the opposing side by its other religious preferences. It was supposed to crush the resistance forces with the help of the army and, by establishing a blockade, force the highlanders to stop the armed struggle. The supporters of such methods were very bright and talented generals P.D. Tsitsianov, A.P. Ermolov. They carried out incursions deep into mountain territories, built a line of fortresses, with the help of which they tried to stop the attacks of enemy units on Russian settlements. But, as experience has shown, it was not possible to achieve the expected result. Mountain societies increasingly consolidated and jointly tried to oppose the imperial authorities as a threat to their way of life. The available forces and means were clearly insufficient to subjugate societies that were accustomed to military hardships and knew how to steadfastly manage with a minimum of material wealth.

The main geopolitical opponents of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century - England, France and the Ottoman Port - sought to complicate the situation in the North Caucasus by setting the local mountain population against the Russians. They not only sent their agents and emissaries to the eastern coast of the Black Sea, who collected intelligence information there, and distributed anti-Russian appeals, but by sea on commercial ships they delivered various goods, weapons and gunpowder to the mountaineers, irreconcilably disposed towards the Russians.

European and Turkish agents urged the Circassians to fight against the Russians and promised them military support from the European monarchs, who did not recognize Russia’s right to own the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Poles-emigrants, also hostile to the Russians, together with European agents, penetrated into the Caucasus from Constantinople, where their recruiting centers were located and tried to unite the Circassians with the Polish deserters who had fled from the Russian army, urging them to fight together with a common enemy.

All efforts to use the North-western Caucasus as a weapon aimed at containing Russia and even destroying its statehood have failed. The Circassians did not wait for effective help from the Europeans, who sought to use them for their political purposes, and the Poles, concentrated in their hatred of Russia, failed to involve and send neither the Circassians nor the Cossacks, whom they saw as their potential allies, into the struggle for the liberation of Poland. The chimerical plans of the leaders of the Polish emigration went beyond reasonable reality, and therefore were more of a fantasy that had no real basis for implementation.

The Russian authorities actively countered the intrigues of their European, Turkish and Polish enemies, and they began to approach the confrontation with the mountaineers of the North Caucasus more variably, using not only force of arms, but also measures that strengthened confidence and the possibility of peaceful coexistence.

The article examines the concept of the Sahara Desert in the projects of engineers A. Duponschel (construction of the Trans-Saharan Railway) and F.-E. Roudaire (creation of an inland sea in Algeria and Tunisia). The Objective of the projects is to transform the space of the Sahara and include it in a single space of the French empire. The ideas about the Sahara of the French traveler Soleillet Paul, who supported both projects, will also be studied. This article attempts to find out how the image of the «new» Sahara was constructed in the studied texts? How did the Sahara «transform» from a hostile and mysterious space into a space that was hospitable and «ordinary»? The space of the empire in the context of the study of imperial discourse will be considered not just a scene where colonial events played out, but the central object in the analysis of the colonial situation and the territory of meanings. It is likely that the successful implementation of these projects would change the image of the Sahara in the public mind, and the texts of the above authors would serve as the basis for the formation of a new image.

In this article the researcher examines the essence of the struggle to be elected to the UK Parliament in Scottish counties in the context of rules, processes comprising the electorial system being completely discredited. Traditionally, researchers (R. M. Sunter, J. Ferguson, A. Murdoch, W. Ferguson) concentrated their attention on the dominant role of patronage and personal relations on the outcome of elections in Scottish counties. Historians also agree that land qualification was the reason of the small number of voters and that the possibility of formal land cessions for life led to fictitious voters. However, researchers do not pay enough attention to the scale that land distribution influenced electoral struggle in different regions.

The research is based on the source «View of the political state of Scotland in the last century: a confidential report on the political opinions, family connections, or personal circumstances of the 2662 county voters in 1788». The aforementioned work contains information on all the voters and on the electoral situation in each of the counties. Based on this source the researchers determine the extent to which land distributions influenced the election process in Scottish counties. The authors come to the conclusion that the size and the number of estates created the framework of the system existing in the counties and thus largely determined the outcome of the elections. The analysis of the source reveals that depending on the land distributions counties could have completely different situations. For example, in one county personal relations between local political actors could have major influence on the outcome of the elections if several voters had more or less equal land ownership (including the possible fictitious votes), and no influence in another if the said county was controlled by a single landholder.

The article attempts to analyze the psychological cause for the impoverishment of the Don Cossacks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Attempts to apply the developments of modern psychology to study the history of the Cossacks have not been made up to the present time. Meanwhile, back in 1890 a major researcher of the Don Cossacks N.A. Maslakovets noted that the impoverishment of the Cossack farms is caused by both objective socioeconomic and subjective psychological causes. The question about the Cossacks’ lack of «personal energy» in economic activity was considered in detail by the socalled «commission of N.A. Maslakovets», which met in Novocherkassk in 1899. However, historiography did not raise the question about the subjective psychological causes for the impoverishment of the Don Cossacks. Meanwhile, the description of the psychological problems of the Cossacks by their contemporaries makes it possible to clearly classify the main problem of the Don Cossacks as a syndrome of learned helplessness. Apparently, it began to form in the middle of the 19th century, when the Don Cossacks found themselves in stressful and uncontrollable conditions for the development of a commodity economy and the growth of duties (situational helplessness), and in the Cossack environment, subordination within the family was supplemented by the introduction of military discipline in civil life (personal helplessness). At the same time, it is rather difficult to get out of the state of learned helplessness syndrome on our own, and, from the point of view of modern psychology, it should be considered as a significant factor in the impoverishment of Cossacks.

The article analyzes one of the most important and little-studied problems related to the history of migrations in Europe in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The most important participant in these processes was the AustroHungarian monarchy. The system of Austro-Hungarian external migrations has not yet been sufficiently studied, which is expressed in the absence of comprehensive generalizing works. It was considered only fragmentarily - in the context of individual national diasporas or individual countries. At the same time, the main attention of researchers was glued to the overseas movements of Habsburg citizens. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the fact that its theme is the European direction of the Austro-Hungarian emigration, which for a long time remained on the periphery of the attention of historians.

The Habsburg Monarchy was, to one degree or another, connected by a system of cross-border migrations with almost all countries of what was then Europe. At the same time, it acted in two roles - both a donor and a recipient, but the first of them significantly prevailed. At the beginning of the 20th century, the number of nationals of Franz Joseph living in other European countries was twice the number of foreigners in the territory of the Habsburg lands.

Based on the analysis of census materials, the total number of Austro-Hungarian immigrants in European countries was determined. By the beginning of the twentieth century, it has reached 600 thousand people, and by the beginning of the First World War it has approached 900 thousand people. The main directions of external migration of the Habsburg nationals were: Western European with the dominant role of Germany (the main recipient country, which accepted more than two thirds of the settlers), Russian, South European (Italy) and Balkan (Romania and Bulgaria).

Austro-Hungarian emigration to European countries was of an economic and labor nature. Industrial and agricultural workers predominated among the settlers, and people from other social strata were widely represented. The immigrants belonged to various peoples of the dualistic monarchy: Germans, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Hungarians, Romanians, etc. Most of them came from Austrian lands, Hungarian natives dominated only in the Balkan direction.

The geopolitical realities that developed as a result of the victory of the Russian Empire in the war against Turkey in 1787 – 1791 carried new challenges for St. Petersburg related to the arrangement of the border along the Kuban River. Here it was necessary to build relations with the mountain peoples, whose specific way of life could not be unconditionally accepted by the Russian side. Raids aimed at capturing prisoners have become a serious challenge to good-neighborly relations. This provoked retaliatory military actions, which further complicated the process of peaceful coexistence.

Not only military personnel, but also representatives of the civilian population living in settlements located near the border cordon were captured by the highlanders. Many polonyaniks, having passed the most difficult conditions of slave life, sometimes got the opportunity to escape from captivity, and the only salvation for them was the Russian border. The Adygs also ran out here, who often found themselves in captivity with their compatriots as a result of internecine strife. In the hope of receiving protection on the right bank of the Kuban, representatives of the Adyghe dependent estates also left, who experienced increasingly increasing feudal and serfdom oppression from their owners. The tsarist administration provided protection and guaranteed freedom to the Circassian poor, captive Nogais and Tatars who fled to the Russian side. This led to complications in relations with the mountain aristocracy, provoked new military clashes. It was not possible to overcome mutual hostility and build a model of relations that would suit all parties to intercultural dialogue during the period under review.

The article provides a detailed analysis of the development of the legal institution of state land control (supervision) from the period of the Old Russian state to the beginning of the twentieth century. The relevance of the article is due to the great attention of the state to the designated area today, as evidenced by frequent changes in legislation regulating control and supervisory activities in the field of land relations. The purpose of the article is to conduct a legal analysis of regulations in force in the field of state land supervision in the designated historical time interval. The tasks were implemented using general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, dialectical method) and the formal legal method. Analyzing the legislation, the author determines the moment of the beginning of the formation of legislation on land control (supervision) in Russia, the tasks facing the state at certain stages of the development of this area of activity. Based on the results of the conducted research, patterns and trends common to all historical segments are revealed.

The distinction between related offenses of Chapter 24 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation often causes difficulties. This is due to the fact that these socially dangerous acts are united by the presence of common features. Thus, the specific object of these crimes is public security, the direct object is public order. There are frequent cases of errors in law enforcement activities associated with incorrect qualifications. The problem of competition of the listed compositions does not lose its relevance. The elimination of these complexities is facilitated by a comparative analysis of competing legal norms. In particular, those that provide for bringing to criminal responsibility for committing hooliganism, vandalism, participation in mass riots. The listed socially dangerous acts have distinctive features that allow the right holder to carry out the correct qualification. In the presented work, a comparative legal analysis of the signs of the offenses provided for by Articles 212, 213, 214 of the Criminal Code is carried out. Despite the fact that these acts have the same specific object (public safety), there are differences between them on the basis of the direct object and subject. In addition, the considered socially dangerous acts differ in the way they were committed (the presence or absence of a sign of demonstrativeness), the characteristics of the subject, motives and other elements of the crime. Distinguishing hooliganism from vandalism and riots should be carried out on the basis of a comparison of all signs and elements in the complex.

In our opinion, the inclusion in the first part of Art. 213 of the Criminal Code of paragraph «b» led to difficulties in law enforcement. Hooligan and extremist motives are mutually exclusive. Hooliganism is committed without any significant reason and should not be associated with a personal hostile attitude. Extremist motives cannot be equated with an insignificant cause. One should agree with the authors who propose to exclude paragraph “b” of Part 1 of Art. 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation from the criminal law.

The doctrine of comparative law, practically revived in the new Russia, is one of the most dynamically developing and promising areas of the domestic legal science of our time. Due to its traditional branch division, its criminallegal part is no exception, the authors of the article offer their own view of the object and subject of which. The work consists of several parts that logically consistently lead the reader to an understanding of the volume, complexity and consistency of the subject of comparative criminal law. Having determined at the very beginning of the article with the understanding of the object of legal comparative studies (which is defined as a set of legal systems of individual countries), the authors, first of all, designate a number of parameters of the doctrinal complexity of this object: terminological, methodological, historical, legal and technical, etc. So, the term «legal system» itself can currently be interpreted in at least three main meanings, and the temporal factor makes it also difficult to fix. As an example, the second part of the article provides brief characteristics of the three leading legal families of our time and four representing the first two – Anglo-American and Romano-German – legal families (in the author’s understanding of this term). Special attention is paid to the historical (i.e. objective) conditionality of the deep originality and complex «multilayering» of individual national legal systems of countries, even belonging to a single family of the modern legal world. The research conducted in this way allows the authors in the third, summarizing part of the article to formulate not just the subject of criminal law comparative studies, as they declared in the very title of the work, but its most relevant part, which, in their opinion, is expressed by three levels of problems arising in the process of studying the criminal law components of the legal systems of individual countries and their comparison with the subsystem of criminal law of the domestic legal system.

The relevance of the study of trends in improving bankruptcy legislation that have formed around the world is due to the creation and improvement of legal mechanisms in order to more effectively regulate the institution of insolvency (bankruptcy) in the future, in particular, in a complex epidemiological, economic and geopolitical situation. The COVID-19 pandemic radically changed the world economy, provoked a global recession, and therefore legal entities, being the main subjects of economic activity, have suffered significant losses in recent years, therefore, this article examines the measures taken by various countries within the framework of the institute of bankruptcy in order to stabilize the economic situation. The authors note that the pandemic has become a catalyst for largescale changes in the legislation on insolvency (bankruptcy). Attention is focused on the reasons for the massive increase in the number of bankruptcies of legal entities in the period from 2019 to 2021, a large-scale analysis of statistical data in this area is carried out. In the course of scientific research, it was found that in most countries, changes in the legislation on insolvency (bankruptcy) are identical, which allowed them to identify and analyze the main directions of the transformation of bankruptcy legislation during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to identify scientific and theoretical problems and gaps in Russian legislation that can be resolved taking into account the experience of foreign countries. In particular, the authors investigated the possibilities of international legal regulation of cross-border bankruptcy, as well as the bankruptcy of a group of companies. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the legal regulation of restructuring procedures in some countries of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal families. The trends formulated by the authors allowed them to identify further prospects for improving the institution of insolvency (bankruptcy), to emphasize the importance of applying the experience of foreign countries and international organizations within the framework of Russian law.

This article is dedicated to the proposals for the organizational and legal support for the implementation in Russia of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies in part of crop production. To achieve this goal, the rules for growing plants obtained using genomic technologies on the territory of the Russian Federation are formulated, providing the possibility of organic and biotech crops safe coexistence. Safety should be ensured through the obligatory use of buffer zones or tall plant barriers. Specific requirements may be established by regional rules for a particular subject of the Russian Federation based on scientifically recommendations, considering the climatic zone, geographical features, and a particular crop. As an example, the article provides possible requirements for growing corn obtained using genomic technologies in the Saratov region. It is expedient to assign control over compliance with these regional rules to the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that carry out state administration in the field of environmental protection. The creation of a national coordinating center for the use of genetic technologies in economic activity, the establishment of liability measures for violating the rules of cultivation are considered as other elements of the organizational and legal mechanism for the safe cultivation of plants obtained using genomic technologies. As prospects for the development of legislation, it is indicated that it is necessary to establish agreed safety rules for growing plants obtained using genomic technologies in the countries that are members of the EEU, which should be maximally consistent with each other.

The article is devoted to the study of the onomastic space of the city of Stavropol. The official and unofficial names of the Stavropol stops (poreyurbanims) are analyzed in synchronic and diachronic aspects, the peculiarities of the existence of urbanonyms in the modern linguistic picture of the world of townspeople are indicated.  Poreyurbanonyms, in our opinion, are of great importance in the toponymic system of any city. They are a source of information about the organization of the city, its structure (they call educational, cultural, medical and commercial institutions, streets, squares, etc.), and they help the guests of the city find their way.  However, often in the speech of residents, the old names of stopping points remain, since they were significant places for the townspeople and remained in the memory of residents of venerable age.  In addition, there are jargonized nominations of periurbanonyms, which are familiar to drivers and local residents and confuse visitors to the city.

The study describes trends in the development and existence of names, which depend on socio-cultural, economic and political situations.  In our opinion, this work will provide an opportunity to feel the power and richness of the Russian language, the Russian regional language.

Emphasis is placed on the low degree of knowledge of onyms of different species in the Stavropol Territory and the North Caucasus.  These studies will be able to expand knowledge in the field of regional onomastics, as well as in the field of such a new scientific direction as urban studies, which deals with the study of urban realities and is interdisciplinary in nature, based on data from history, geography, linguistics.

Onomasticon in Stavropol is unstable, constantly changing, new models appear and old models fade, therefore, over time, the unofficial names of stops are replaced by official ones and are fixed in the speech culture.

The article presents the results of the study of macropropositions representing the frame ARMED COLLISION in the news and analytical Internet discourse. The frame ARMED COLLISION is considered as a stable mental model of an event during which two or more parties come into contact with the use of weapons; armed conflict is limited in scope (as opposed to full-scale war), as well as territorially and temporally. It has been established that when describing the semantic-syntactic structures representing a frame in a text, the frame should be considered as a cognitive structure of a propositional nature: the main units of storage of semantic data in it are propositions that reflect the main actions and processes included in our standard ideas about typical situations. in real, virtual and imaginary reality. In the course of the study, while studying the syntactic structure and content of sentences representing the ARMED COLLISION frame in the texts of analytical and news articles, it was also found that the most significant and stable differences between the macropropositions of the studied frame are determined by the nature of the predicates in these structures, which is reflected in the classification of propositions. In the course of the study, the following structural-semantic types of macropropositions of the ARMED COLLISION frame were identified: macropropositions with existential predicates of a holistic event, macropropositions with a predicate with a phase value, macropropositions with a hypothetical event predicate, and quasi-macropropositions. The study made it possible to confirm the thesis existing in linguistics that the use of one or another macroproposition to update the frame ARMED COLLISION in the text is due to a number of factors of a linguopragmatic, cognitive-linguistic and structural-linguistic nature. In particular, linguo-pragmatic grounds are the main factor in choosing a type of macroproposition in the case when the author of the text aims to focus the attention of a potential addressee either on the very fact of an ARMED COLLISION or on the fact of participation of certain parties in it. 

The research is prepared in line with the system studies of language, designed to characterize it from the point of view of the most important characteristics of system ontology. The relevance of such studies in contemporary linguistics is caused to the insufficient development of the system model of language, taking into account the anthropocentric functions of this phenomenon. Research attention is focused on some of the most important aspects of the organization of the language system, as they are presented in relation to its function – to be a means of acquiring, processing, storing and revealing the content of consciousness. This subject of consideration determines the novelty of the research, as well as the methodology corresponding to this subject. The research put forward as the leading method the method of systemological interpretation of language / speech phenomena caused by the tasks of verbal conceptualization or categorization of real objects. Based on complex approach that combines the attitudes of systems theory and cognitive linguistics, the author makes an analysis of the elementary qualities of natural language, which mean the properties of its compound. The cognitively directed organization of the components of a language system is considered in relation to such universal principles of the organization of system objects as the presence of substantial limitations in the system, the dependence of goal formation on external and internal factors, mutual double regulation, the relativity of the exposure on the environment, specialization, coordination and selection of the most effective components. With the use of particular linguistic phenomena from the field of sign units the research illustrates the implementation of the laws of formation and regulation of systemic organization, contributing to the language conceptualization of the world.

This article offers an analysis of the contaminated method of metaphorization for the headline set within the political media discourse. Metaphorical models of implementing the manipulative and predictive functions of the title viewed as a strong position of the text are considered as complex formations including intertextuality and precedent elements. The study examines various ways that serve to intensify and improve precedent phenomena used as a source-sphere in translating the author’s axiological space and shaping vectors of interpretation for political articles metatext.

The headline is a brief representation of objective and reflexive prognostics, which steers the “correct” perception of the entire text. The examples are based on the method of stratified sampling, with headlines and contexts from recognized online issues “The Telegraph”, “Politico”, “The Guardian” selected, which contain specific metaphorical allusions based on precedent situations and statements. The dominance of a certain metaphorical transference model and the preservation of reminiscences to a specific precedent phenomenon within the text seen as a single interpretation space, as well as in a number of political media discourse texts creates a textual universe or a single narrative that translates a certain type of perception of the image and ideas concerning the actions of the image formation source (political figure).

Within the unified metaphorization model, the criteria features of the source-sphere (nuclear areas of comparison) in the areas of schematization and stereotypization of perception, as set by the author in the incoative components (title), there are several types of metaphorical intertextuality (paratextuality, metatextuality, hypertextuality, architectuality) implemented simultaneously.

Metaphorics and intertextuality in headlines play a key role in forecasting the perception and the interpretation of the following text, which offers ample opportunities to verbalize subjective evaluation of the described event and has the greatest potential for reflexive verification and further legitimization of the author’s subjective axiological scale. Complex metaphorization offers a basis for a wide range of readers to shape an illusion of reinforcement of the axiologems broadcast by the greater majority of members of a linguo-cultural community, as well as an impression of describing the recipient’s own thoughts.

The article discusses the main translation features of English-language articles in the subject area of marketing communications. The relevance of the research is determined by the following factors: conjunctural needs in the study of authentic materials in the field of marketing communications in order to increase their effectiveness; the expansion of the English language into the fields of science and technology; the need to create a universal Russian term system of the thematic area «marketing technologies». There are no studies on the translation of publications on the BTL effectiveness evaluation in the available literature. The research material was four English online publications published in open access in online versions of international scientific journals. The purpose of the work is to identify the features of the translation of terminological units of the BTL-communications sphere, to determine the possibilities of adaptation, to analyze translation solutions when transmitting the content of texts devoted to evaluating the effectiveness of BTL-communications. General scientific methods of observation, description and classification were used in the work. Linguistic methods of the study included definition method to clarify the content of basic concepts; comparative analysis method to compare the terminological systems of the Russian and English languages; linguistic analysis to determine the parameters of a scientific text; translatological analysis to identify ways to translate units of the source text, comparative analysis and a method of generalization and induction to highlight marketing aspects of evaluating the effectiveness of BTL technologies. It is established that the translatological features of online publications devoted to evaluating the effectiveness of BTL technologies are mainly due to the specifics of highly specialized term units that make up the cluster borrowed term system. The presence of compressive and adaptive interlanguage asymmetry is an essential factor that must be taken into account in the search for optimal translation solutions when working with this type of text. The most frequent translation transformations were clarified.