Introduction. The article studies an urgent and little-studied topic in regional historiography – the history of the establishment and the activities of the Pyatigorsk People’s University named after M.Y. Lermontov (PLPU). Despite the important administrative, spa and cultural role of Pyatigorsk in the North Caucasus region, and the presence of significant intellectual potential, it was only in the spring of 1918 that the Pyatigorsk People’s University named after M.Y. Lermontov was established.
Analysis. The article examines two stages in the activities of Lermontov University: before the occupation of the region by the Armed Forces of Southern Russia under the command of Denikin (May 1918 – January 1919) and after the restoration of the Soviet power on the Terek in the spring of 1920, when the activities of the PLPU (May 1920 – June 1922). The main attention is drawn to the second stage of the history of the educational institution, when it was headed by the well-known figures of education and culture at that time, N.I. Proferansov and N.G. Vinogradov, were people far from the ideas proclaimed by the Bolsheviks. In the future, outstanding figures of science, culture, education, and various professions studied at PLPU, recognizing the special role that Lermontov University played in their lives. In terms of the teaching staff, PLPU surpassed some ordinary universities. However, students who completed the relevant courses were not given educational documents.
Materials and Methods. In the process of working on the topic, the authors applied the principles of objectivity, historicism and a systematic approach. Historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were used in the preparation of the study. The main attention is paid to the use of materials from the regional periodicals of the time under consideration.
Results. According to the results of the study, the authors concluded that the unification of Lermontov University with Pyatigorsk Polytechnic (which actually meant the liquidation of the People's University) was explained not only by economic reasons, but, above all, by political and ideological ones, since, unlike PLPU, the polytechnic was considered by the authorities as a «purely proletarian educational institution». The authors consider the Pedagogical Institute founded in 1939 in Pyatigorsk, the current Pyatigorsk State University, to be the heir and successor of the Lermontov People’s University.

Introduction. The article analyzes the impact of the Revolution and Civil War consequences on the deformation of ideas about morality and ethics in the collective unconscious by the example of the city of Georgievsk. The growth of crime in a small town in the southern province became part of everyday life in the 1920s as a reaction of society to the historical crisis. The new social reality implied changes in the everyday life of both ordinary people and those who had to fight against the criminalization of society.
Materials and Methods. The article analyzes office material: official correspondence, reports and orders of Georgievsk district police on the fight against banditry in the 1920s. It is based on an interdisciplinary approach, within the framework of the history of everyday life and new local history with the use of general scientific methods, as well as specifically historical methods, methods of historical anthropology and contextual analysis of documents.
Analysis. The work examines the process of criminalization of society in the post-revolutionary time by the example of Georgievsk in the early 1920s. It was possible to consider the growth of the urban crime rate, analyze local characteristics and connections with the everyday life of citizens, as well as the attempts on the part of the state to overcome the problem of social deviations. The article specifies the measures to combat crime and banditry carried out by the young Soviet government. At that time, the central government was primarily interested in prosecuting “counterrevolutionary activities”, while the practice of local authorities was more focused on solving specific problems that could disrupt ordinary life in the provinces. Also, in the 1920s, the process of forming new approaches in the activities of local police departments will begin. Attention is paid to the influence of the post-revolutionary crisis in the country on the psychological state of the population in Georgievsk, which will affect their everyday life and perception of the new historical reality surrounding them. In light of this, the list of social vices in the 1920s underwent significant changes and placed new accents. Thus, fairly common types of crimes such as drunkenness, moonshining, crimes against the person, rowdiness, official and property crimes, in peacetime will be supplemented by war crimes and crimes against the new government (the so-called “counter-revolutionary crimes”), to which local authorities will pay special attention.
Results. The public unconscious responded to historical changes and political crises of the 1920s, which led to the deformation of social norms, moral principles and traditional values. At the same time, the social and political upheavals of the 1920s led to the need for decisive measures by the state and local police to protect public order and combat crime. The study revealed a connection between Georgievsk and rural areas, where crimes were committed and gangs of criminals were formed, but the consequences of these processes were also felt in urban life.

Introduction. The article highlights the current problem related to the historical role of diaspora communities in the consistent consolidation of the social space of the South of Russia. In the traditional contact zone with the transitional frontier, differentiated ethnic groups that do not have autochthonous origin formed a significant experience of systemic integration, ensuring the constant preservation of the original identity. Regional diasporas have traditionally been in the research focus of domestic and foreign science, focused on a priority comprehensive reconstruction of national identity, which did not always represent an organic foundation for cultural consensus.
Materials and Methods. The source base of the study was formed by both the reference results of well-known censuses of the Russian population and a variety of official and personal narratives. The methodological basis of the research practice is formed by traditional approaches related to the comparative analysis of socio-cultural interaction of local communities. Significant results were also achieved due to interdisciplinary technologies, integrating the specialized methods of ethnic sociology, applied conflictology and microhistorical epistemology.
Analysis. Migration flows, stimulated by geopolitical processes, contributed to the consistent formation of a wide range of ethnic diasporas in the South of Russia, gradually fitting into regional economic, social, political and cultural processes. The natural process of spatial and mental adaptation made it possible to construct stable mechanisms of internal interaction between diaspora structures and the autochthonous population, based both on historical experience and on the practical perception of dynamic social life. Practical regulation of the emerging relationships was often carried out with the use of forceful methods on the part of authorities. It formed deep mental traumas that affect the current state of interethnic contacts.
Results. Preventive mediation plays a significant role in the context of targeted harmonization of diaspora functioning in the South of Russia, based both on proven stereotypes of individual and mass consciousness, and on the current results of research practice of domestic specialists.

Introduction. Currently, the increased interest in the German party “Union 90 / The Greens”, associated with its transformation from a “one-day butterfly” into a “green monster”, makes it relevant to turn to the origins of this party and raises the question of the legitimacy of comparing the early and modern “greens”
Materials and Methods. The fundamental principles of the research are the principles of historicism and authenticity, following which allows one to create a “portrait” of the “greens” at the stage of their organizational design and initial stage of development. Using historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods, the social component of the electorate of the Greens and their candidates is presented. The chronological scope of the article goes beyond the traditional consideration of the history of the party, from its creation in 1980, and extends to 1978. The source base of the research is the results of the elections to the Landtags of West Germany (1978), the European Parliament (1979), the Bundestag (1980, 1983), contained in the periodical press, and public opinion polls.
Analysis. The historical and sociological analysis of the above data allows us to state that the early “greens” mainly expressed the interests of the “new” middle strata of society (the intelligentsia, who worked as hired employees, the staff close to it, who held average leadership positions) and students. The voters of the Greens and the Greens themselves were distinguished by their relatively young age, high educational level and commitment to post-material values, which meant the need for freedom and creative self-realization. Advocating for the preservation of human life in conditions of environmental and nuclear danger, the “greens” have activated the most mobile part of society, ready for change.
Results. The Green Party became an indicator of the socio-economic, political and socio-cultural development of the FRG at the turn of the 1970s-1980s. The specific foreign policy situation in the world and the domestic political situation in the country predetermined the tasks and programmatic guidelines of the emerging party.

Introduction. The article analyzes the process of forming and transforming the Westphalian system of international relations. Special attention is paid to the transformation of its latest modification – the Yalta-Potsdam subsystem in the post-bipolar period. The author gives an assessment of the process of shaping the modern world order, especially after the deterioration of relations between the collective West and Russia in the context of a special military operation in Ukraine. The analysis of the factors of the fundamental restructuring of the modern world order is presented, the most significant of which are the conceptual revision of the foreign policy of Russia, strengthening ties with China and the countries of the Global South and the objective strengthening of non-Western countries in political and economic terms.
Materials and Methods. The research is based on the analysis of Russian and foreign historiography on the problem of the Westphalian system of international relations, official documents of the Russian Foreign Ministry and the US administration, Russian and foreign press. A systematic integrated approach, concrete historical and comparative historical methods were used.
Analysis. The Westphalian system of international relations developed cyclically. The periods of its development were interspersed with stages of a certain unipolarity and the subsequent desire for a collective solution to international issues. The decisive transformation of the Yalta-Potsdam subsystem was caused by the collapse of the USSR and the bipolar structure of the world. At the present stage, the trigger has become the strengthening of the foreign policy of Russia in the context of defending its national interests, especially in the post-Soviet space. The policy of the West to further expand NATO has become one of the reasons for the launch of a special military operation by Russia.
Results. The conclusion is made about the transformation of Westphal into the Yalta-Potsdam variation, but not about its complete breakdown. Radical restructuring is taking place under the influence of new factors of the world order - Russia, as a Eurasian state-civilization, is one of the centers of world development, actively defending its national interests; the role of China as a world power has significantly increased and the political and economic importance of the countries of the Global South is increasing.

Introduction. The French Revolution contributed to the rapid politicization of society, which could not but affect the traditional salon culture by that time, creating a unique atmosphere of merging private and public. The salon, first of all, is a conversation, a free exchange of opinions on different topics, including political ones. The contribution of salon hostesses, influential and often wellknown ladies, to the revolutionary cause, as well as the range of ideas and political sentiments that salons broadcast during this period, especially in metropolitan circles, remains debatable.
Materials and Methods. The key source of Mr. Morris’s “salon communications” are his diary entries, which he kept during his entire stay in Paris focusing mainly on his notes on political events and direct participation in revolutionary events (as a diplomat).
Analysis. The article examines the social activity of Gouverneur Morris (1792-1794), who arrived in France at the beginning of the Revolution as a private citizen, and then became the official plenipotentiary representative of the United States. One of the main sources of information for Morris, which he recorded in his diary and then forwarded to Washington, became the Paris salons, where he managed to find not only valuable acquaintances in the pleasant society of fashionable ladies, but also to receive valuable information about affairs in the capital and beyond.
Results. Morris regularly visited the most famous salons in Paris; this was the main form of his political activity at the beginning of the Revolution. The “World of Salons” did not die in 1788, its rapid politicization begins. Morris could be found among both royalists and liberals. His critical notes demonstrate an outside view of the political discussions in salons during the Revolution and, at the same time, testify to the importance of salons in the political life of France in 1789-1793.

Introduction. The concept of “frontier” was proposed by the American researcher F.D. Turner to describe the border territories of North America and the nature of the processes of imputed transformation that developed there, carried out by European settlers on the basis of the archetypes of the Anglo-Saxon heritage. The authors of the article used the concept as a setting model for considering the transformative actions carried out by the Russian Empire in the North Caucasus in the first half of the 19th century. Having identified parallels and pointing out the differences between the North Caucasian frontier and its participants from the North American frontier, the authors focused their attention on the anthropological aspects of the processes taking place in the border space of sociocultural transition. The clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church was chosen as a representative object due to the importance of the role they played.
Materials and Methods. The research was carried out on the basis of analytical understanding of a large number of works by national and foreign Caucasian historians, ethnologists and political scientists who studied the phenomenon of the borderland and the circumstances of the incorporation of the North Caucasus into the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century. The study was based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. The appeal to the scientific creativity of specific scientists was determined, first of all, by the depth and comprehensiveness of their penetration into the essence of the historical space within which the North Caucasian frontier was realized.
Analysis. Based on the presented interpretations given by T.M. Barrett, S.M. Markedonov and D.I. Oleynikov, the authors defined the essence of the North Caucasian frontier as a border contact zone of intercultural interaction of various ethnosocial and ethnoconfessional groups that were in competitive relations with the Russian state. The points of view on the role of the military clergy shared by E. Koparev and F.M. Laskeyev made it possible to identify the cognitive potential contained in their works. They also allowed specifying the general and special in the goal setting of the prescribed priestly service in conditions of collision and confrontation that permeated the space of the North Caucasus with extremes in the named era. With the reference to the opinion claimed by Archpriest I. Belyaev, the necessary qualities of human nature and its moral principles, mandatory for the intended priestly field in the Caucasus, were identified.
Results. Based on the results of the study, it can be stated that various and numerous factors of the North Caucasian frontier were reflected in the biographies of clergy in the most peculiar way, contrary to the duties assigned to them and the fields they performed. For some clergy, the situation described above became the foundation of their moral heroism, while for others it was the road to moral insanity and degradation.

Introduction. To preserve the historical memory of the exploits of our soldiers in defending the borders of Russia, remembering the traditions that existed in the army in the past, the authors analyze the official activities of the undeservedly forgotten officer of the Russian Imperial Army Nikolai P. Beklemishev. They consider in which military units he served, what positions he held, and what awards he was awarded.
Materials and Methods. The research is based on the analysis of various published documents and materials. The work uses the method of system analysis, which allowed the authors analyze the official activities of N.P. Beklemishev. Historical-systemic and narrative-descriptive methods helped the authors to consider the main milestones of his life.
Analysis. The authors analyze that one of the representatives of an ancient noble family devoted his life to serving the Motherland and protecting it. In the Caucasus, he participated in the Darginsky campaign of Count M.S. Vorontsov, and in the so-called “Sukhar expedition”, proved himself to be a brave, competent officer capable of organizing defense in difficult conditions of retreat. Then he served as commander of the 6th Brigade of the Caucasian Line Cossack Army (hereinafter referred to as the KLKV) and head of the center of the Caucasian Line. In the Orenburg province, while serving as commander of the Bashkir-Meshcheryak army, he defended the interests of the Bashkir people. He commanded various cavalry formations of the regular army. He put a lot of effort into improving the combat capability and material support of the troops entrusted to him. During the few years that he held the position of the ataman of the Astrakhan Cossack army, he managed to solve several problems facing the army and raise the combat capability of the personnel.
Results. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that N.P. Beklemishev gave 63 years of military service out of almost 80 years of his life, went from a cadet to a lieutenant general, commanded various regular and irregular military formations. In the service, he proved himself to be a competent, demanding, disciplined, initiative officer, faithful to his oath and duty, alien to careerism and intrigue, able to defend the interests of his subordinates in front of his superiors.

Introduction. The article studies the identification of historical prerequisites for the formation of social policy in Spain in the late XIX-early XX centuries. The authors believe that the historical approach to this topic allows a comprehensive approach to the peculiarities of the formation of social policy in the modern world. The study of this problem since the 19th century is due to the fact that it was from that time in such European countries as Great Britain, France and Germany that the issues of the formation of social policy and its importance in society became significant.
Materials and Methods. The methodological basis is based on the fundamental principles of scientific knowledge: objectivity, historicism and consistency, which predetermined the integrated use of general scientific and special approaches. The research is also based on the principle of interdisciplinarity, which allowed the socio-cultural method to be applied in this work. For the selection and systematization of sources, such methods as the analytical and the descriptive ones were used, allowing for a more accurate interpretation of documents and materials.
Analysis. The history of Spain in the XIX century confirms that the turning point in the formation of social policy was the Constitution of 1869, when the rights and freedoms of the Spanish population were officially consolidated for the first time. Since then, a rather important period of social transformation has begun, which influenced the further formation of social policy in the country. The origin of social policy in Spain is also associated with the emergence of ideological trends (Krauzism, social Catholicism or Conservatism) at the end of the 19th century, formed under the influence of German socialism and the social policy of Fr. Bismarck. An important step towards the formation of social policy was the creation in 1883 of a Commission to study issues related to “the improvement or welfare of the working class in both agriculture and industry and affecting the relationship between capital and labor”. It was later renamed the Commission for Social Reforms (CRS) and gave impetus to the development of Spanish legislation on social security. The beginning of the twentieth century in Spain was marked by a political crisis, but it was during this period that great attention was paid to social issues and problems. Important laws were adopted: The Law on Industrial Accidents, The Law on the labor of women and Minors, The Law on Sunday Rest, etc. In this regard, new institutions are emerging (the Institute of Social Reforms, the Labor Inspection Service, the National Institute of Forecasting). However, many bills and social programs were never adopted, which complicated the socio-economic situation in the country. The First World War gave a new impetus to the development of social protection policies in most European countries, and in Spain in particular. The Spanish government was forced to reduce the working day to 8 hours, introduce old-age insurance for workers and employees, raise wages, and establish unemployment benefits. But the coup d’etat in 1923 and the global financial crisis of 1929 further complicated the socio-economic situation in the country. The proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931 allowed the new Government to implement a broad program of democratic transformations.
Results. Thus, the historical period of the late 19^th century and the beginning of the 20th century is associated with the formation of the ideology and concept of social policy in Spain. The authors of the article note that a historical digression into the problem of the formation and formation of social policy is necessary to understand the evolution of this issue and identify the relationship of historical events. Historical knowledge of the problem allows a deeper understanding of the trends in the development of social policy in modern states.

Introduction. The relevance and novelty of the paper is determined by the absence in the Russian historic literature of a special study of such an important aspect of the AngloRussian economic rivalry in Persia as the oil issue.
Materials and Methods. The main body of sources consisted of published documents of the Russian and British Foreign Ministries, agreements on Persian concessions, speeches and memoirs of British politicians and diplomats. The following methods were used: case study, the narrative, descriptive and comparative ones.
Analysis. At the height of the economic rivalry between Britain and Russia in Persia, the oil issue arose. The interest shown in it by each side sprang from different causes. Britain’s interest was driven by the Persian oil deposits, while Russia showed interest in Persian oil market. By the end of the XIX century Russian oil products had acquired a dominant position in the Persian market. Also, Baku oil producers were interested in Persia as the country through which the closest land routes to other markets in Asia and the Far East ran. Unlike Russians, British businessmen were seeking concessions related to oilfields exploitation. Despite the difference of interests, an oil issue was the source of tension, which rose to its peak in the diplomatic fight around D’Arcy Concession of 1901. Both Russian and British governments provided official and unofficial support to oil producers and traders in Persia. For the British government the oil issue was more specific: the possibility of obtaining a source of secure supplies of fuel oil for the British fleet.
Results. The policy of the British Government to back the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) proved to be justified as the oil factor became crucial in World War I. Largely due to Persian oil the British fleet had a certain advantage over the fleets of other powers during the war. As for the Anglo-Russian oil rivalry in Persia itself, the start of the exploitation of the oilfields by APOC affected the economic interests of Russia in the Middle East and Asia. Russian kerosene was forced out of the ports of the Persian Gulf. However, in Persia itself, Russian kerosene maintained a monopoly position until the end of the 1920s.

Introduction. The article notes that charity has long become an integral and very significant part of Russian culture, dating back centuries in its history and having strong traditions by the time the Caucasian province appeared on the map of the Russian Empire, which included the territory of present-day Stavropol. By the time of the establishment of the Stavropol province, charitable activities in the country began to gradually acquire, as part of the manifestation of a number of features of the emerging civil society, the status of an object of special interest from a society that was becoming more active in organized nonpolitical activities.
Materials and Methods. Evidence of the special importance of charity in the socio-cultural history of the country is the special demand for its study both before 1917 and in modern historical science. The research was carried out on the materials of the State Archive of the Stavropol Krai and using traditional methods of historical research.
Analysis. The authors show that, despite the absence of a direct obligation of city governments to take care of charity, the Stavropol City Duma, in conditions of scarcity of the city budget, took over actions to raise funds and organize events not only in the field of improving urban infrastructure, but also in the field of improving the quality of life of poor and low-income citizens. Among the most frequent and significant events in charity in the entire history of the Duma in pre–revolutionary Stavropol is the organization among merchants of Stavropol of permanent subscriptions in favor of the needs of poor citizens and the organization of a number of social institutions for their individual categories. There was regular active care of the heads of Stavropol about the needs of the city and, especially, its insufficient population, expressed in frequent large personal donations. Charitable participation in the affairs of the city and the life of its socially insufficient population of the majority of the Stavropol Duma members was an integral part of their private life. One could observe active participation of the Duma in the creation of guardianship and a number of charitable societies in Stavropol. Coordination of events related to the organization of charity evenings, concerts, lotteries, fundraising and clothing for refugees and wounded soldiers in the context of military events, including as a member of the All-Russian Union of Cities helping Sick and Wounded Soldiers took place. There was announcement and collection of money and clothes for the benefit of the starving provinces, etc.
Results. The optional nature of the obligations of city self-government in relation to charitable practice, laid down in the basic normative documents of pre-revolutionary Russia, did not exclude the active activity of city Councils in organizing and coordinating charitable practice in conditions when cities became the main supplier of poverty as economic relations became more complicated and capitalism developed in the country.

Introduction. The article studies the problem of participation of nobility in charity in the Stavropol region in the 19th – early 20^th centuries. It is noted that the content and features of the process of formation and evolution of the class structure and the nobility, in particular, in the region, along with the existing normative framework that consolidated its class status, were largely determined by a number of features. Those were the peculiarities of Russia advancement on the Caucasian borders, the history and peculiarities of colonization of the steppe preCaucasus, the special military-administrative and geopolitical status of Stavropol during the period under consideration.
Materials and Methods. The principle of class structure in the regulatory framework for the charitable process in the Russian Empire and the problem of the history of noble charity in the context of the emergence of new social communities and the inevitable leveling of class differences logically predetermined special attention to clarifying the characteristics of classes. The list of characteristics of classes proposed by M.I. Lavitskaya and A.V. Melnikov was chosen as the basic one. It says that 1) each class has specific rights and social functions that are legally enshrined in custom or law; 2) class rights are inherited; 3) the presence of class corporate organizations that carry out class public administration; 4) a specific mentality and self-awareness of classes. The study was conducted using materials from the State Archives of the Stavropol Krai. It preconditioned the use of historical-genetic, periodization, typological and narrative methods.
Analysis. Based on specific historical facts, it is shown how the relatively late entry of the region into the Empire predetermined the small number of hereditary nobility on its territory, and the active events of military colonization became the main source of formation of the local nobility. Nobles from the inner provinces of Russia, the Kingdom of Poland and western provinces began to move here, and that few of the nobles of Stavropol region had land holdings and the main source of their income was the civil service. In the course of modeling the features of subject-object relations in the charitable process on the territory of the region, limited capabilities of the Stavropol nobility for large and frequent charitable events as well as the relatively small scale of the base of potential objects of charity in relation to the inner provinces of Russia were taken into account.
Results. Specifically, the historical picture, created on the basis of a wide range of sources, showed a relatively weak involvement of the nobility of the region in charitable practice in comparison to the all-Russian one. First of all, this is the popularization of the charitable participation of the population in the creation and care for the activities of educational institutions and the lives of poor students, the creation of rare medical and social institutions by those in power and by their own example. If there was no active expected response, the Stavropol (Caucasian) public charity order could be used to accumulate charitable proceeds for the solution of the above-mentioned problems over a long period of time. This is also one of the longest-lasting practices of leisure-time, caring, but not very wealthy representatives of the Stavropol nobility (usually women) visiting the poor with the aim of collecting and transmitting information about them to the provincial registers, as about individuals and families “whose pathetic situation deserves special attention.” This is the initiation and active participation of representatives of the nobility in the creation and work of charitable societies, expanding in scope and directions within the framework of bourgeois modernization processes launched by the reforms of the second half of the 19th century, when the prestige of the idea of public benefit, introduced into the ethics of the noble class back in the 18th century, is gradually gaining a new meaning in Russian culture, not bypassing the Stavropol region.

Introduction. The relevance of the topic under consideration is due to the fact that the experience of training, education, and formation of the personnel potential of the government in the context of the reforms of the 1920s is in demand in modern Russia. It allows, with the reference to historical experience, identifying the main priority areas in the training of managers who are able to work and make decisions in conditions of limited resources. The purpose of the article is to analyze the state of party organizations in the regions of the North Caucasus, which in the 1920s were the only sources of formation of the personnel potential of the Soviet government. The success of the reforms depended on their qualitative composition, namely on the level of literacy and managerial experience.
Materials and Methods. The research is based on the principles of objectivity, determinism, historicism and a systematic approach. Historical-systemic and comparative-historical methods were used.
Analysis. After the victory of the Bolsheviks in the civil war, the highest political leadership of Soviet Russia developed a stable concept of the possibility of building socialism with the active use of militarycommunist methods. Their practical application led to another branch of confrontation in society, which ended with a temporary compromise with the peasantry and the beginning of the implementation of economic and political reforms, which went down in history as a new economic policy, and then socialist modernization. In the course of the reforms initiated, the government of the country and the RCP(b)–VKP(b) faced a serious problem of a shortage of trained managerial personnel for both the economy and the political system. The primary, regional organizations of the RCP(b)–VKP(b) in the field became the main source of personnel replenishment. However, their potential at the regional level was limited, the members of the Communist Party were not always prepared for the professional performance of their duties, which constantly formed a conflict in society.
Results. In the course of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that the personnel policy of the Bolsheviks, based on the principles of one-party rule and the priority of communist representation in all organs and levels of government, hindered the successful implementation of reforms, contributing to the development of corruption, the growth of malfeasance and privileges.

Introduction. The article examines the structureforming role of military and army service in the life and activities of the Russian nobility. The author traces its features over a long historical period, the specifics of its passage, as well as the nature of its transformation in various historical periods. Using historical material, the author shows the importance of military service in the lifestyle and professional activities of the Russian nobility, in determining its social consciousness and worldview. Attention is also drawn to the connection of its various aspects with the economic and socio-economic life of the Russian nobility, its impact on the social status of this privileged class and its professional activities, lifestyle and mentality.
Materials and Methods. In the course of writing this study, the author used a variety of methods adopted in historical science: historical-comparative, historical-typological, historical-systemic and retrospective.
Analysis. The study examines various periods in the professional military activity of the nobility, it shows the role, importance and place of military service in the life of the Russian nobility, its impact on its socio-economic situation, lifestyle and mentality of the nobility. The difference in the nature and specifics of military service in various historical periods, starting from the reign of Peter the Great and before the First World War, is traced.
Results. The results of the study are determined by the fact that the author showed various specific features of the military service of the nobility during various periods of the existence of the Russian Empire, starting from the moment of its emergence in the reign of Peter I to the period of the First World War, and also found out its significance, place and role in the social life of the nobility. In addition, he showed its importance and importance in the general structure of public administration and military affairs in the Russian Empire.

Introduction. The article examines the life and work of the famous Arab thinker of the 12th century Ibn al-Jawzi. The study of individuals is of great importance for understanding the era. Creative individuals who left behind memories that can be used to recreate the real picture of the era and the experiences and difficulties they had to go through are of particular importance for historiography. The work of Ibn al-Jawzi is a striking example of the development of classical Islamic thought and a special genre of the 11th-12th centuries – criticism (naqd). More than one generation of Islamic scholars grew up on the basis of his works. Many of his works on history and polemical theology are relevant to this day.
Materials and Methods. The works of Ibn al-Jawzi, as well as bibliographic and critical works of early and late scholars served the material base of the study. The author used such general scientific principles as historicism and objectivism, without which it is impossible to come to the desired result in historical works. It is impossible to study a historical phenomenon in isolation from the main events of the studied era. To solve this problem, the author used a systematic approach. Also, the comparative historical method was used in the work.
Analysis. Ibn al-Jawzi went through a rather long and difficult path to becoming a scientist. Subsequently, he received universal recognition. Not only ordinary people, but also rulers reckoned with him. Among the corrupt and greedy judges and “scholars” of that era, he stands out for his steadfastness, courageously enduring the blows of fate. In his works, he boldly criticizes the vices of society, points out the reasons for their occurrence and gives recommendations for their correction. He left behind a great intellectual legacy in such areas as poetry, critical understanding of the religious trends of the era, history and sociology.
Results. The work shows the importance of studying the intellectual heritage and life path of the scholars of the medieval Arab East in order to understand the deep contradictions of this era. The critical works of Ibn al-Jawzi, by which one can understand the internal contradictions in society, are of special significance. The clarification of these works helps to draw the right conclusions and understand the patterns of historical development of this society.

Introduction. The leaders of the Russian state have been dealing with the issues of providing food to the population since its formation. The implementation of legal and administrative regulation of food security has been held with varying success. Nevertheless, the development of the agroindustrial complex and the legal regulation of food security has significantly evolved. The scientific novelty of the article lies in determining the content of food security in Russia and identifying the features of its administrative regulation during the XVIII-XIX centuries.
Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research is the logical method, systemic analysis, formallegal, historical-legal and comparative-legal methods.
Analysis. The object of the study was the food security of Russia in the period of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The subject of the study is a set of factors affecting food security in this period. The article analyzes the problems of ensuring food security in Russia in the XVIII-XIX centuries, evaluates the effectiveness of measures to ensure it.
Results. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that initially the Russian state fought hunger uncontrollably and archaically, there were no centralized bodies whose purpose was to ensure food security, and there was no legal settlement of these issues. It is only since the reign of Peter the Great that the situation gradually begins to change, a distribution system and control of trade during the period of crop failure are introduced. Catherine II continues to develop the organization of public administration in this area. Gradual changes in the system of public administration are being revealed: control and supervisory bodies and officials regulating food security issues appear. In conclusion, the article defines food security based on the content of the state activities in the XVIII-XIX centuries. This period is divided into stages, their characteristics are given.

Introduction. Crimes committed by organized groups have an increased degree of public danger. The qualification of such acts implies the need to properly define the mentioned category, to establish its qualitative characteristics, which requires appropriate research, including criminal law.
Materials and Methods. The research is based on general scientific and private scientific methods of scientific cognition. The methods of theoretical and empirical research are used. The analysis of court decisions in criminal cases on crimes committed as part of organized groups using the comparative legal method is also carried out.
Analysis. The article studies crimes committed by organized groups related to the consideration of issues of assessing the public danger of crimes committed by organized groups, which have not been sufficiently reflected in the scientific literature. According to the study of the regulatory framework, there is no definition of an organized group in criminal legislation. At the same time, the commission of a crime as part of an organized group has an increased degree of public danger, which is determined by a number of factors of a different nature, discussed in the article. This circumstance requires the development of new theoretical and applied approaches to combating such a phenomenon as organized crime, including those related to the increased public danger of this phenomenon.
Results. The conducted research allows the author to conclude that, despite the active use of the concept in question, the legislator does not in all cases take into account the increased public danger of committing a crime by an organized group. It is subject to correction by making appropriate changes to criminal legislation related to the inclusion in the list of qualifying circumstances of a number of norms establishing responsibility for individual crimes, such an aggravating circumstance as the commission of a crime by an organized group, recognizing it as a particularly aggravating circumstance with the establishment of appropriate sanctions.

Introduction. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in economic, legal and judicial practice problems arise with the qualification of contractual legal relations for the provision of paid services. Often, actions for the transfer of energy and energy resources (energy supply contracts), actions for the performance of work (contract agreements) are qualified as services. Such features of contracts for chargeable services as their public nature are not taken into account. Citizens-customers are not recognized as consumers, as a result of which claims for compensation for moral damage are not satisfied; even in cases of correct qualification, the general provisions on work contracts and the rules on household contracts do not additionally apply. In scientific works and sections of textbooks, when characterizing contracts for chargeab le services, the characteristics we have named are not considered in their entirety.
Materials and Methods. The materials for the study were the norms of civil legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation on contracts for chargeable services, materials of judicial practice and the positions of scientists on the topic under consideration expressed in the doctrine. Among the methods of scientific research, both general scientific and specific scientific ones were used, including the formal legal method and the method of comparative law.
Analysis. The study is based on the analysis of general provisions on contractual obligations for the provision of chargeable services using examples of their presentation in the Civil Codes of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author’s justification for combining a big array of contractual structures in one small chapter of the Civil Code is given. When considering the civil law characteristics of contracts for the provision of paid services, the author provides examples of judicial practice to confirm theoretical provisions, as well as the positions of various scientists on the issues under consideration. Issues about the public nature of many contracts for the provision of chargeable services are considered, the need to apply to many contractual structures the rules on work contracts and household contracts in particular, as well as the application of legislation on the protection of consumer rights in legal relations with the participation of individual customers is substantiated.
Results. Conclusions are drawn about the public nature of many contracts for the provision of chargeable services, providing grounds for additional protection of the rights of customers. The important theoretical and practical significance of the rules on the application of contract provisions to contracts for the provision of chargeable services is noted. The position is substantiated on the recognition of customers-citizens purchasing services for personal, household and other consumption not related to production / entrepreneurship as consumers and the application of relevant legislation to them, including the right to compensation for moral damage.

Introduction. The article examines the features of the structure of the administrative licensing procedure in the field of higher education by studying its elements, namely the stages.
Materials and Methods. The use of the analysis method provided disclosure of the structure of the administrative licensing procedure in the field of higher education. The work also used a formal legal method, which made it possible to identify the essential features of the licensing stage in the field of higher education and formulate its definition.
Analysis. The stages of the administrative procedure for licensing educational activities in the field of higher education are primarily characterized by the presence of common features of the stages of administrative procedures. However, in science there are different points of view regarding the composition of the stages of the procedure under consideration.
Results. The stage of the procedure for licensing educational activities in the field of higher education should be treated as a relatively independent set of procedural actions performed within the time frame and in the sequence determined by regulations, in order to make a decision on the possibility of granting a license to carry out educational activities in the field of higher education, as well as for the implementation other normatively established goals determined by the need to license educational activities. The stages of licensing educational activities in the field of higher education include the following mandatory stages: the stage of initiating a licensing case; the stage of consideration of the licensing case and making a decision on it; the stage of providing the result of the state service for licensing educational activities. The optional stages of the administrative procedure under consideration include the stage of providing information about the license, as well as the stage of correcting typographical errors and (or) errors in the register of licenses and (or) in documents generated as a result of the provision of state licensing services.

Introduction. An experiment on collecting resort fees from vacationers is being implemented in the Caucasian Mineral Waters in 2018-2024 in accordance with the Federal Law of July 29, 2017 No. 214-FZ “On the Experiment on the Development of Resort Infrastructure in the Republic of Crimea, Altai Krai, Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai”. The practice is not new; it existed in various forms both in pre-revolutionary and Soviet legislation. At the same time, the best practices of previous periods were not taken into account in this experiment at the present stage. It provokes a number of social, economic, commercial, environmental and other risks for the successful functioning of the resort fee institution and the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters as a whole as the most important balneological treatment and rehabilitation base of federal significance.
Materials and Methods. In the process of studying the experiment on introducing a resort fee in the Caucasian Mineral Waters and assessing its effectiveness, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, logical, prognostic and comparativehistorical methods were used, including expert assessment and other methods of scientific knowledge. These methods were used within the framework of a risk-oriented approach, which made it possible to identify various risks arising from the imperfection of the legal institution of resort fees.
Analysis. The study of legislation and the practice of its application in the field of resort fee collection in the specially protected ecological and resort region Caucasian Mineral Waters revealed a number of problems inherent in the modern system of public management of these resorts of federal significance. It is necessary to note the shortcomings of the regulatory framework determining the features of resort fee collection - both at the federal and regional levels.
Results. The conducted analysis allowed us to identify negative trends inherent in the resort fee institution. These are the absence of criteria for the efficiency of spending the collected funds (corruption risks), excessive bureaucratic burden of servicing the resort fee imposed by law on its operators, and at the same time the imperfection of the institution of administrative responsibility for violations in this area (commercial risks for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs), poor public awareness and the absence of effective feedback from the state to payers of the resort fee (information risks), insufficient consideration of the interests of socially vulnerable categories of citizens (social risks) and other.

Introduction. A transitional condition is a natural state known in numerous examples of world history. The crisis of the Soviet one-party system, foreign policy pressure, and the collapse of the Soviet Union marked the transformation of the Eastern European socialist countries, which took the path of transformation according to the Western liberal model.
Materials and Methods. An interdisciplinary approach is used to achieve the research objectives. The main array of sources included the works of both domestic and foreign authors.
Analysis. A transitional state is a state in which processes of typical transformation are taking place, accompanied by the change in the socio-political system, which has its own time frame, form, factors and features. The Russian state transformation of the late 20th century is characterized by the policy of perestroika carried out at the late stage of the USSR, as a result of which the Soviet Union ceased to exist, and the Russian Federation emerged in a different socioeconomic reality. One of the deep and problematic factors determining the existence of a transitional state is the corruption. It is an ancient and dangerous phenomenon known to mankind at the early stage of the emergence of statehood, which can lead to the loss of state sovereignty, which is especially intensified during periods of a transitional state. Pronounced corruption in a transitional state, its merging with crime, contributes to the expansion of organized crime, which allows the latter to control, through infiltration and bribery, spheres of influence in the economy, politics and law enforcement. For successful transformation, it is necessary to correct crisis conditions and stabilize the state and society, including reducing the level of corruption. Corruption can slow down the transition period, turn its vices from temporary into permanent, change the logic and trajectory of the transition, leading society and the country to a dead end. The transitional state contributes to the growth of corruption, creates a group of people who derive personal benefit and can in every possible way prolong the state of transition.
Results. The article concludes that corruption and the transitional state are two inextricably linked social phenomena that determine and reinforce each other.

Introduction. The category of clothing names is a vast layer of lexical units denoting items of clothing, footwear, headwear, etc., which is an essential artifact of human activity, and it plays a vital role in the history of society and culture. This is one of the main subject categories of human existence, extremely important in cultural and social terms. The purpose of our work is to determine the core of meanings of lexemes – names of clothing in modern American media. The goal is planned to be achieved by solving the following problems: to form a list of nouns – names of clothing relevant to the English-speaking (American) linguoculture; to extract contexts containing the specified names; to analyze the contextual meanings of the selected nouns in the representative linguistic corpus of CNN news texts.
Materials and Methods. The material for the study is the linguistic corpus of CNN news texts (37 864 sentences or 982 107 tokens), collected in the second half of 2023 using the author’s software “Balanced Linguistic Corpus Generator and Corpus Manager” (Certificate of State Registration of Computer Program No. 2023683209, Rospatent). The research methods include inductive analysis (to solve problem 1), corpus experiment (problem 2), and contextual analysis (problem 3).
Analysis. For the three most frequently occurring nouns - shoes, dress, clothes – an analysis of their specific meanings is presented, distributed among headings identified in the course of mental interpretation of contexts.
Results. The frequency of use of 15 lexemes - clothing names in the linguistic corpus of CNN news texts was determined, the dominant meanings of these lexemes were identified, and the author’s translations of the studied contexts were provided. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that the obtained data, as well as the developed analysis methodology, can be used in the study of other categories of subject names in English and other languages.

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to determine and compare the linguistic characteristics of short Russian-language texts of different genres generated in the language neural networks GigaChat, ChatGPT Marty and Yandex Alice. The relevance of the study is that the study of the linguistic characteristics of the generated texts allowed us to draw conclusions about such characteristics of the named language neural networks as the ability to build microtests based on the semantic parameters specified in the prompt, the ability to select contextually relevant meanings of words in a thematic set of definitions and the ability to build a text of critical interpretation of the statement.
Materials and Methods. The material for the study was linguistic expressions and short texts of different functional affiliation generated by the above-mentioned neural networks – from a sentence and a semantic definition of a word to a text produced by the neural network itself. The following methods were used as the main ones: macrostructural analysis, lexical-semantic analysis, grammatical analysis, stylistic analysis and semanticpragmatic analysis.
Analysis. The study was conducted according to the following plan: 1) analysis of generated definitions of words and sentences constructed by neural networks from these definitions, 2) analysis of generated contextual definitions, 3) analysis of generated texts for their functional-semantic adequacy.  Results. Working with thematically related definitions generated by the above-mentioned neural networks made it possible to establish that these language models are able to coordinate definitions of words with a context that is not the text itself, that is, they can, without a special assignment in the prompt, but based on the list of words in it, determine the topic and give definitions on this topic. In the course of studying the ability of language neural networks to assess the categorical and referential reliability of statements, it was found that all three neural networks were able to give correct motivated answers, with one exception, when the neural network indicated a lack of information. In the course of studying the texts generated by the named language neural networks, five main types of violations (defects) were identified in them, which can be qualified as typical for these neural networks: 1) violations of logical-semantic connections in the text, the implementation of false semantic operations; 2) violations of existential pragmatic presuppositions (knowledge about the world, about the properties of objects); 3) violations of communicativepragmatic rules of speech behavior; 4) grammatical deviations; 5) macrostructural violations.

Introduction. The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of one of the most effective strategies of technically mediated fraud, namely the strategy of appeal to confusion / guilt. The relevance of the study is based on the lack of scientific articles that provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and communication tools used in the process of manipulative influence and creation of various emotional states in the victim of fraud. The purpose of the study is to describe the stages of influence on the victim and to provide a detailed disclosure of the characteristics of each stage in the chain of emotions formed by the fraudster.
Materials and Methods. Data: messages posted by users of social networks, thematic forums, entertainment sites, publications of press departments of public service agencies on their official websites, transcripts of videos on the topic of fraud and user comments to these videos posted on popular video hosting sites, as well as empirical material extracted from databases. The following methods of analysis were used in the study: continuous sampling, generalization, interpretation, analysis and comparison of data.
Analysis. The features of the formation of a specific psychological state of the victim during the implementation of destructive communicative influence are studied. The means used by the fraudster to create the corresponding state are systematized, the temporal factors used, lexical specifics, and rhetorical techniques are identified.
Results. The study allowed us to establish how the exploitation of traditional values affects the effectiveness of the implementation of this strategy within the framework of fraudulent discourse. The general characteristics of the strategy are considered, and the communicative means specific to it are identified.