The article deals with transformation of public consciousness and the image of Peter the First and the death of Tsarevich Alexey in the context of the abolition of serfdom and other reforms. With the reference to a number of historical sources, the author demonstrates how important the issue of Tsarevich Alexey's death was. Free Russian Publisher House of Alexander Gertcen and Nikolay Ogarev touched upon it in the Polyarnaya Zvezda almanac. Adopting the version of Tsarevich Alexey's death as presented in Captain A. Rumyantcev's letter to D. Titov, propagandizing and disseminating this version in the Polyarnaya Zvezda almanac, Gertcen was far from viewing Peter the Great as tyrant and killer of his son. Gertcen's opinion of the Russian Emperor was much more controversial and corresponded with his ideas about Russian history in general. In his analysis of of Russian revolutionary ideas development A. Gert-cen found place for Peter the Great. As Gertcen considered, there was nothing paradoxical in that fact. Historical position of Peter the Great fully corresponded with general development of Russian history. At the same time, as the author argued, revolutionary role of Peter the First was connected with the fact that thanks to the reforms people were freed from the old traditions but not from oppression itself. Previous repressions were replaced by new oppression. As result, the author emphasizes that the topic about Peter the First was important for revolutionary ideas of 1850s and 1860s. It is evident that democrats of this period positively evaluated the tsar and his reforms. The reforms were recognized as useful for the country and for future development of the society. The author clarifies, that in in the view of democrats, Peter's Russia was a new stage of historical development of the country because of traditional 'byzan-tinism' of Moscow state was destroyed. As author argues that revolutionary democrats believed that revolution did not bring freedom to Russian society.

The article examines the events connected with the struggle of Russia for domination in the North Caucasus. To achieve it Russia had to endure a tense struggle with such rivals as Persia and the Ottoman Empire. In addition, the situation was influenced by western European states that sought to hold firm in the East and for that reason weakened potential competitors by confronting them with each other. The activation of Russian policy in the region began with the Persian campaign of Peter I. The action was caused by the need to prevent the strengthening of Turkish positions in the region. In addition, the emperor expected to organize the transit trade on the territory of Russia in the future, which would link the East and West. However, the plan failed to realize, and the successors of Peter the Great refused some of his conquests, returning the Persians their territories. In the future, Russia was forced to manage the Ottoman and Crimean threat, and in this inding support of the large part of the population in the North Caucasus. During the reign of the Empress Catherine II, the military and political domination of the Russian Empire became evident. In the course of successful wars against the Turks, it eliminated the Crimean Khaganate and spread its power over the region. The Azov-Mozdok borderline was built; it ixed new geopolitical realities and became the foundation for further expansion of Russia to the south. The necessary conditions were created for the inclusion of the whole Caucasus in the composition of the Russian state and spreading the imperial order there.

The formation of a new geopolitical system in modern political, socio-economic and geographical conditions draws us to the experience of the past, when in the conditions of military-political conflicts of the late XIX - early XX century the formation of a new geopolitical map of the world took place. The Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905 was one of the irst examples of the war for geopolitical redistribution of the world, the struggle for "spheres of influence". The authors conducted a study of national security policy in the context of considering different views of the Russian commanders on the formation and technical equipment of the Paciic leet. The study provides a more complete picture of the development of international relations and foreign policy of the period. Methodological approaches and the source base of the research determine the scientiic novelty of the article. The materials of the article are the result of many years of research into the development of Russian shipbuilding in the late XIX - early XX centuries. The authors present the analysis of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the con- text of the study of the "Great Asian program". The reasons for the defeat in the 1904-1905 Russian-Japanese war are clariied. The development of naval forces of Russia in the Far East is studied. The consideration of new facts reveals the peculiarities of tactical and technological properties of Russian ships. The role of I. A. Shestakova and F. V. Dubasov in the occupation of Mozampo port as an alternative strategic center in the military-political confrontation between Russia and Japan in the Far East is investigated. There are additional factors that conirm the lag in the pace of construction and equipping of national combat armored ships in the Far East. The analysis of the shipbuilding program of Russia in connection with the strengthening of its presence in the Paciic Ocean is given. New data on technologies of domestic shipbuilding development, on activity of Obukhov steel, Baltic and Admiralty Izhorskiye Factories during preparation for the Russian-Japanese war are presented.

The article is devoted to the sanctuaries and oracles of ancient Epirus, a region located in the north of Greece and considered the most mysterious in the country. Epirus itself was the farthest northern point of ancient Greek civilization. According to the author, the remoteness of Epirus from the cultural centers of Greece led to the lack of knowledge of the Greeks about this region and even to the accusation of epirots of barbarism. The very topography of the region was remarkable for its amazing diversity, including high mountain ranges, marshy lagoons, impassable gorges, high-altitude plateaus, turbulent mountain rivers. It was here that numerous shrines, oracles and other sacred sites arose, the most famous of which is the oracle of Zeus in Dodona. The author for the first time in historiography raised the question of the relationship of the natural conditions of the region with the emergence of various religious places - sanctuaries, oracles, temples, etc. The Dodon oracle, the sanctuary of Zeus in Passaron, the oracle of the dead on Acheron, Nymphae-um in Apollonia, the sanctuary of Asclepius in Buthrotum etc., were widely known not only in the region itself, but in the whole of ancient Greece. However, the most famous of them was the Dodonean oracle, which for a long time was the only thread connecting Epirus with all the rest of Greece. Despite the inaccessibility, pilgrims from all over Greece sought to Epirus. The sacred oak, a magical spring spouting out of the ground, sacred pigeons living on an oak tree, copper cauldrons - they all served as means of divination by which the supreme god Zeus spoke to those who asked him his will. All the sanctuaries here still require further research.

The article deals with issues related to the study of information sources on the functioning of the health system of Krasnodar and Stavropol regions during the Nazi occupation, which lasted from July 1942 to October 1943. Despite the large number of different materials about the stay of the occupants in the Kuban and Stavropol, a number of important aspects related to the original plans of the German command in relation to the local population, as well as their practical implementation, remain poorly studied. For the occupation authorities, issues related to the protection of the health of the civilian population and the provision of medical services to them were not among the priority issues, in many respects their mention in the documents of the occupation period had an ideological background and was exclusively for propaganda purposes. Nevertheless, a number of materials quite clearly demonstrates the existence of a certain system of measures developed by the German authorities and aimed at both ensuring their own safety and maintaining a satisfactory state of health of the local population involved in economic relations under the "new order", including as a labor force. The study of Soviet sources, in turn, indicates that for many years the information contained in them had a certain bias and largely described the damage caused to the health system of the Kuban and Stavropol due to the stay of the German fascist troops on their territory. On the positive side, there is a significant amount of factual data contained in these sources, originally recorded by commissions of various levels and subsequently included in the materials of the Extraordinary state Commission for the identiication and investigation of the atrocities of the Nazi invaders and their accomplices and the damage caused by them. The analysis of various sources of information should contribute to the study and objective description of the policy of the occupation authorities in the ield of health protection of residents of the region, the work of medical institutions, as well as the most complete summing up of the occupants' stay in the Krasnodar and Stavropol regions.

Evolution of consumerism in the East German society in the context of holding the Leipzig Trade Fair in 1950s is considered in the article. The beginning of 1950s is characterized by restoration of national economy and the party leadership faced new challenges: the June events of 1953 showed the leadership the necessity of carrying out social reforms on improving the material welfare of the population in order to strengthen its positions in the state. The Leipzig Fair was in its turn a showcase of progress of people's economy of the GDR designed to form an image of developed production of goods and services to the population. Analysis of consuming situation in the GDR is made within economic, ideological and social conditions of holding the Leipzig Fair by East German leadership. The activity of various institutions and ministries in the organization of the Fair and the role of the Leipzig Fair in improving consumering welfare in the state designed by the leadership are considered in the article. In the process of investigation, the authors use a broad range of sources including German and American researches on the history of consumption in the GDR and reports of the CIA on holding the Leipzig Fair. The authors come to conclusion that despite the SED leadership realized the importance of carrying out social reforms on improving welfare of the population, the Leipzig Fair served as a catalyst of inconsistency of East German planned economy as regards providing necessary growth of goods and services. The disruption of the traditional demand and supply system was one of the main obstacles, and feedback channels with the population created by the leadership did not result in a necessary link between the producer and the consumer. However, it becomes clear from investigation of the given topic that the population made an impact on carrying out social policy by the SED, albeit to a minor extent. It made the GDR leadership focus on public relation activity by means of agitation and advertising activity of the press office and advertising office of the Leipzig Fair by the end of 1950s.

The need for this research was caused by an attempt to determine deeper links between demography and everyday history, which are now being neglected by many researchers. The article studies the artiicially formed population group of virgin lands of the Orenburg (Chkalov) region in the irst decade of their development in the relationship of demographic processes and everyday life. The research considers the issues of gender relations caused by the disproportion of the sex ratio of the newcomers to the virgin lands, concludes the problems in the society as a consequence of the wrong demographic policy of the state. The social structure characterizing the form of coexistence of different national traditions in virgin territories is analyzed. The article characterizes the level of education, directly related to the needs of the level of organization of cultural life of the first ones who worked virgin land. The relationship between fertility, mortality, natural population growth, sex and age ratio, migration of the population with the level of readiness of material and living conditions in virgin lands is determined. Almost all demographic statistics are compared with the average Soviet, which allows one to determine the characteristics of demographic processes in the virgin lands. Thus, the conclusions about the previously unexplored impact of demographic processes on the daily life of the irst ones who worked on virgin land are made. For the first time, the social portrait of the newcomers to the virgin lands based on the investigated demographic data complex is deined. The special place in the research is given to the issues of re-emigrants from China who came to develop virgin and disused lands. Based on archival data, their gender, ethnic composition, level of education, needs and problems of relations with new settlers from other regions are analyzed. The comparative characteristic of demographic indicators of re-emigrants and the newcomers to the virgin lands from the regions and republics of the USSR is carried out. Conclusions about the determining role of re-emigrants in the process of formation of a new artificial social group on virgin lands in the irst few years of its development are made.

For the first time the article, with the reference to a wide range of archival sources, introduces into scientific circulation the history of the foundation of the Holy Cross Church of the Caucasian Episcopal House and its role during the formation of an independent Caucasian diocese. The relevance of this topic is related to the fact that the construction of this temple coincided with one of the most difficult stages in the development of the diocese itself. All the challenges faced by the Caucasian Diocese in the conditions of the North Caucasus reality, are reflected in the structure of this temple. In the current situation with the existing monasteries within the Caucasian Diocese, which due to objective conditions could not accept disobedience from the clergy, they were assigned to the Episcopal house and passed obedience to the Holy Cross Church. Having a high administrative diocesan status, being an exemplary episcopal church, the Holy Cross Church had a great influence on the development of parish life and the evolution of church culture in the North Caucasus. In church parishes, diocesan authorities quite often put up with the fact that in rural parish life, the high demands of the Orthodox canon were rarely fully realized not only by parishioners, but also by church clergy. The church authorities paid special attention to all sorts of incidents, in which the administration of the consistory was bogged down and in respect of which strict measures were taken. A certain role in solving current issues on the ground was assigned to the Provost, but the inal decision was made by the diocesan consistory. Because of the beginning of large-scale reforms in all areas of the church life of the Caucasian diocese, a conflict arose around the church life in the region and the Cossack liberties. Not accepting compromise solutions, Bishop Jeremiah (Soloviev) was drawn into the state's experiment on the assertion of a single-religion church in the region, the reason for which was the complaint of the Grebian Cossacks. The result of this conflict was the division of the Caucasian Diocese, and as history shows later, it will be unsuccessful and will serve as a pretext for its uniication and revision by the state of church policy in the North Caucasus. However, the missed opportunities for the normalization of church life in the parishes of the diocese at this stage of its development cannot be replenished in the subsequent period of its development.

The article deals with the specifics of the development of ethno-linguistic relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina in different historical periods. At present, in the period of aspiration of the world community for unification of economic and cultural development of countries and regions and activation of processes of the opposite character (aggravation of sense of national consciousness and national identity), the question of factors and means of national identity is actual. The article proves the influence of internal and external factors on the formation of national identity of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Internal factors of genetic, religious, cultural and linguistic self-determination include the complex ethno-religious picture of Bosnia and Herzegovina, differences in the socio-economic and cultural development of individual territories and ethnic groups. External factors include the influence of foreign cultural traditions of different States (the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, etc.), which Bosnia and Herzegovina experienced in different periods of its history. The author concludes that the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina perceives language as one of the main markers of identity. The aspiration of various ethnic groups to the national identity through the substantiation of the identity of language is a manifestation of the so-called linguoregionalism. The language in this region is not a means of consolidation, but a form of ethnic opposition.

The article studies the production activity of producer cooperation in the Kuban connected with production of goods of defensive value in days of the Great Patriotic War. The priority of this direction in cooperation work caused by need of the organization of full assistance of the Red Army is noted. The attention to objective dificulties of wartime in production activity of cooperation is paid: considerable reduction of volumes of the centralized supply and inanc-ing, mobilization on the front of a large number of qualified personnel. The process of reorganizing cooperation work for military purposes directed to primary production for the needs of the army is covered. The main product range of defensive value, the industrial cooperation of Krasnodar Krai made by artels and the enterprises is deined: regimentals, equipment of mounted regiments, production of details and military equipment. Data on production of warm clothes for the Soviet soldiers at the initial stage of war are provided. Major factors of fast restoration of cooperative production after the end of occupation of Kuban are analyzed, importance of this activity in the conditions of restoration of large enterprises is emphasized. The process of expanding in artels the production of defensive value is considered, data on production of certain goods for the army and hospitals operating in the region are provided. The attention to the problems of shortage of material and personnel resources impeding the implementation of the government tasks assigned to producer cooperation of Kuban on production for the front is paid. Appreciation is given to the results of participation of cooperation of Kuban in production of defensive value goods that allowed to contribute signiicantly to the front and achievement of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.

The article studies one of the most important activities of labor unions in the Kuban and Stavropol regions in days of the Great Patriotic War connected with implementation of political-education work among employees of the enterprises and institutions and the population of the region. Its main tasks, forms and means of implementation are noted. The study shows the features of political-education work implementation in the conditions of wartime consisting in prevalence of military patriotic subject and transferring the majority of events directly to workplaces. Party committees exercised the control of task implementation; their leading role in the organization of political-education work is indicated. The article provides data on the actions carried out by labor unions of Kuban and Stavropol regions in the field of military patriotic education of workers and the population directly in workplaces, places of residence, cultural and educational institutions: recreation centers, dramatic theaters, and libraries. The measures for counteraction to fascist promotion carried out by trade-union activists in hospitals and in labor collectives are considered separately. The process of resumption of activity of trade-union cultural and educational institutions after the end of occupation of Kuban and Stavropol regions, their inclusion in political-education work is covered. The prevalence during this period of the active forms of promotion and propaganda aimed at providing broad coverage of listeners is emphasized. Much attention is paid to implementation of political-education work of labor unions in the rural areas of Kuban and Stavropol regions by the organization of patronage by the city trade-union organizations of nearby collective farms and settlements. The leading role of teachers in carrying out military patriotic education among villagers is noted. The results of political-education work of labor unions of Kuban and Stavropol regions in the conditions of wartime are highly appreciated.

The author has studied the participation of Don nobility in the organization and functioning of agricultural societies in the Don Cossacks region, identiied the contribution of the upper class in the development of agriculture in the region. The article describes the features of the activities of the Don nobility in agricultural societies, revealed the role of the leader of the nobility of the Don Cossacks region Vasily Ilyich Denisov in the creation and work of public organizations. It was revealed that the beginning of the twentieth century in the Don Cossacks region, economically progressive nobility, understanding the problems of the agrarian sphere and the need to carry out transformations in the conditions of modernization, became the initiator in the creation of a number of agricultural societies. The author concluded that in addition to addressing the issues of practical development of agriculture in the Region of the Don Army, issues of fundamental reform of the agrarian sector of the economy were relevant for the Don nobility. The example of V. I. Denisov shows that the upper class, united in agricultural societies, in resolving agrarian issues sought to take into account the peculiarities of the Don Cossack region as a Cossack region. However, the results had only fragmentary character and did not cover a signiicant part of the agricultural households of the Don. The author identiied the role of agricultural societies in the education and enlightenment of the Don region, which consisted in the creation of a number of primary agricultural schools, the production of specialized journals and literature for farmers. Agricultural societies in the Don in the context of the growth of reformist sentiment in the early twentieth century and the need to overcome the revolutionary crisis of 19051907 went far beyond the discussion of economic issues and raised issues of political nature. V. I. Denisov himself, in his speeches, pointed out that the impossibility of progress in the development of the economy came from the inability of government departments to solve urgent issues in a timely manner. Thus, the activities of the agricultural societies of the Don Cossacks region in the early twentieth century can be characterized as an important component in the formation of a civil society.

He paper examines the problems of pauperism as the factor of the rise of social policy of Great Britain in the first half of the XIX century. The problem of misery, as a part of social policy of every state of the world, had its historical peculiarities of solution in Great Britain that depended on the growth and migration of population, traditions of the state and local government. The role and dynamics of pauperism in the rise of social policy of Great Britain is a topical problem in domestic and foreign historiography. In the first half of the XIX century, the problems of pauperism were consistently analyzed by the parliament and the press, philosophies and lawyers, statistics and doctors. During the period of urbanization after the introduction of the system of population census, the pauperism began to seen as a coercive burden of taxation. The author concludes that after the Union with Ireland in 1800, during the epoch of urbanization, the rise of social policy took place on the base of statistics analysis, changes of the poor laws, the introduction of the healthcare system in the towns of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. According to the new Poor law of 1834 in England and Wales, the capable population must provide themselves outside the parish. The new law became the starting point of utilitarian distribution of taxes and state expenses, the rise of the social policy, coordinated not by the parishes, but by the new state authorities in line with the new poor law. Then social reforms spread in Scotland and Ireland. It was supposed to create the state system of social assistance for the poor, woman, children, the sick, widows and orphans all over the kingdom. The activity of the Commission for the Poor laws was controlled by the parliament through reports; it was discussed in the press. The pauperism reform was aimed at cardinal decision of the problem of taxation, public health, modernization of the system of social allowance, and the provision of the welfare to the whole society. During the urbanization period, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland fell from the parochial system of the poor relief to the modernization of the social expenses and healthcare in the towns.

The article deals with the enormous damage that was inflicted by the fascist aggressors on the agriculture of Stavropol region during the occupation of the territory of the agrarian region. The invaders robbed collective farms, state farms, machine-tractor stations, population. The latest technology, equipment and agricultural products were exported from the region. The article shows the ways, forms and methods of restoring agriculture in the region by village workers. It also deals with the assistance that the Stavropol government rendered to the revival of life of the state, other republics and regions of the USSR, and patronage over the territory of the Azerbaijan SSR and the Chkalov region. Much attention is paid to the assistance of citizens in carrying out agricultural work, providing motor-tractor stations (MTS), collective farms, state farms with spare parts to repair tractors, combines, agricultural machinery, which were produced by enterprises, artels of commercial cooperation. Working under the slogan "Everything is for the front! Everything for victory!" and participating in socialist competition, women, teenagers, old people not only revived life in the province, but also by their selfless work, straining from overwork, with lack of food and sleep, they did everything to ensure the current army and country with everything they needed. As the equipment was broken, worn out, a lot of work was done manually, using living matter and applying tremendous physical effort. And this was done under conditions when the Stavropol population in conditions of a hard war was in need of goods for everyday life. After the liberation from occupation, much work was done to revive agricultural production, restore agricultural areas, livestock, enterprises, cooperatives processing agricultural raw materials, as well as producing goods for the population. It was the result of selfless labor, tremendous efforts of people supported by the state and other regions of the country.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the need for careful study and analysis of the problems faced by consumers of financial services in the protection of their rights. In science and practice, the question of the effectiveness of the legislation in the field of financial consumer protection, the effectiveness of the current protection mechanism, which has been formed to date in Russia, has been repeatedly discussed. Given the fact that Russia later than many foreign countries started to solve the problems of protection of the rights of consumers of financial services should apply to the development and implementation of the most progressive foreign practice in this sphere. In support of the usefulness of the study of foreign experience, it is appropriate to cite the words of the French lawyer Marc Ansel, who noted that "foreign experience opens up new horizons for a lawyer, allows him to better know the law of his country, because the speciic features of this right are particularly clearly identiied in comparison with other systems. Comparison can equip a lawyer with ideas and arguments that can not be obtained even with a very good knowledge of only their own law" [1]. The study of international and foreign experience in the protection of the rights of consumers of financial services is of great importance because Russian legislation and practice in this area are not without shortcomings and gaps; they still need to be improved. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the author introduced into scientiic circulation the provisions of the reports made by international experts in the ield of consumer protection during the meeting of the Final round table on "Measures to strengthen the mechanisms of interaction of public authorities, regulators of the inancial market and public organizations in the ield of consumer protection of inancial services" on September 27, 2018 in Moscow. In addition, a comparative analysis has been carried out as regards the experience of the Uk and Russia in the legislation and practice of its implementation by authorized structures. Proposals on the prospects of introducing the British experience into Russian practice are formulated.

The article deals with the specific features of informal behavior norms of convicts in prison. The interest in this problem is due to the presence of speciic, not found anywhere else (outside the camp of the former Soviet Union), informal relations between convicts serving a sentence of imprisonment. As a basis for the implementation of this kind of informal norms, the features of the hierarchical system of organization and management of the entire penitentiary society are determined. The authors attempt to systematically analyze the principles of functioning of informal norms of behavior, depending on the status and role settings, of different categories of convicts. Here, first of all, there is a kind of competition between the requirements of the current penal enforcement legislation, which determines the equality of all convicts before the law, and the "selectivity" of informal norms that can both "narrow" and "expand" the list of permissible forms of behavior depending on the informal status of the convict. The authors convincingly show that this kind of uneven distribution of informal norms of behavior, depending on the status-role position of a particular convict, creates real obstacles to the implementation of the current penal enforcement legislation to achieve the goals of the penalty of deprivation of liberty enshrined in the law. In this regard, the authors identify as an indicative group the category of convicts who are at the very "bottom" of the informal hierarchy existing in places of detention. Therefore, as a kind of alternative, the article deines convicts belonging to the so-called category - "rejected", according to some experts, quite a large part of the convicts. Here the mode of existence is at the lowest level. And it is this kind of polarization of relations that creates a visual image of the possible existence of those whose behavior contradicts the informal system of values of prisoners to imprisonment.

The article touches upon one of the actual problems of the modern world - the issues of legal regulation of the deliberate dissemination of deliberately false information in the media, electronic, information and telecommunication networks (including the Internet), committed for destructive purposes. The subject of the study is based on both the current criminal law of the Russian Federation standards and legislation projects proposed in the area of criminal and administrative law. The authors focus on the analysis of law enforcement practice in terms of compliance with current legislation and in perspective of a potential change of laws. The methodological basis of the study is dialectical materialism and general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and others. Formal legal, comparative legal and other legal methods were used as special ones. Based on the findings, the authors conclude that there is a significant flaw in the legislation and proposes an option to eliminate this flaw. The authors propose their own definition of this process. The article concludes that the problem is global and its solution is at the intersection of such sciences as law, sociology, computer science and computer security. The solution to this problem should also be complex, but the law should be modernized in the first place. It justifies the need to change the criminal law, which will signiicantly improve the level of legality and the rule of law in modern Russia.

The article analyzes the state of the legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union in terms of fixing the conditions and restrictions in relation to the establishment and (or) activities of economic entities of the member states of the Union in order to further improve and achieve uniformity in this area. Currently, the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union need to implement socially important infrastructure and investment projects. This indicates the need to take into account the interests of economic entities of each of the member states of the Union in their business activities. The importance of improving the regulatory framework of the Eurasian economic Union in relation to the establishment and activities of economic entities of the member states is determined by the need to enhance the processes of integration at the level of this international organization, to promote stable growth of the economies of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union and the rational use of natural resources. The member States of the Eurasian Economic Union should actively participate in the development of legal acts to unify and harmonize the regulation of natural resource relations. The study of the legal con- solidation of access of foreign entities to certain types of macroeconomic activities on the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union has shown significant discrepancies in the legal framework and an attempt to justify its change regarding the minimization and (or) elimination of restrictions on their access to the market of the Union. The review of the provisions of the Treaty on the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union concerning the list of certain restrictions and conditions of activities of foreign economic entities provides an opportunity to verify the implementation by the member States of the Union of their own legislation, in accordance with their principles and ideas about the areas in need of additional protection from access of foreign entities. In such a situation, the consolidation of a uniied approach to the status and activities of foreign participants should be based on the principle of residency and in accordance with the logic of the functioning of the legal framework of the common economic space.

The relevance of the research topic is predetermined by enormous practical potential of property inheritance issues. After all, there is no doubt that the law of succession to a certain extent affects the interests of every citizen. The current hereditary legislation is signiicantly different from the Soviet counterpart. Part three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which is the main source of modern inheritance law, demonstrates a qualitatively new level of legal regulation of inheritance relations. At the same time, the Russian hereditary legislation is not without flaws, gaps and contradictions, which applies to the topic of our research. This prompted the authors to turn to the analysis of issues related to the grounds for inheritance. The novelty of this work lies in the attempt to introduce into scientiic circulation new legal constructions stipulated by the Federal Law of 19.07.2018 N217-FZ "On Amendments to Article 256 of Part One and Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation". This is a hereditary contract as a new basis for inheritance. The study is based on special legal methods: historical and comparative legal. The use of the historical method of research allowed the authors to identify the continuity of the legal regulation of the grounds for inheritance, as well as to evaluate the new legal construction of the "hereditary contract" from the point of view of the traditions of the legal regulation of inheritance relations. The grounds for inheritance are investigated by the authors using a comparative legal approach, which makes it possible to compare Russian and foreign experience in legal regulation in this area in order to identify common principles and differences. The article provides proposals to improve the legal regulation of relations of inheritance based on a hereditary contract.

At present, organic agriculture is developing along with the traditional intensive agricultural production. Its purpose is to obtain environmentally friendly products of crop and livestock. In the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, the process of forming legislation on organic agriculture has just begun. The exception is Armenia, where the law "On organic agriculture" was adopted in 2008. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Law "On organic production" has been in force since 2015. The Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation have adopted relevant laws, but they have not yet entered into force. There is a draft law on organic agricultural production in the Kyrgyz Republic. Agriculture is recognized as a priority in the development of cooperation of the EAEU member states. There will be the adoption of Rules for the circulation of organic products of the Union in the future. In this regard, consideration and comparative analysis of national legislation is relevant. Since most of the EAEU member States have recently adopted relevant laws and have not yet been subjected to a comprehensive analysis, we can also talk about the novelty of the subject of the study. The study has revealed discrepancies in legal approaches associated with different interpretations by national legislators of the concept of organic products, the stages of circulation (production, processing, storage, transportation, and sale). The basis of the legal regime is the requirements for the production of eco-products. Their observance allows in the subsequent time to apply for the corresponding brand (marking). Despite the similarity of the set of functions of public administration, the authors point to a number of differences inherent in both systems of functions and legal regulation of their content. In this regard, the article provides recommendations aimed at unification and harmonization of legal regulation of production of eco-products in the EAEU countries.

The article studies the main preferences operating in the territories of advanced socio-economic development. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of tax regulation of the territories of advanced development, in particular the peculiarities of taxation of their residents. A comparative analysis of the established and reduced rates of insurance contributions to extra-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation is given. The idea of allocating special zones on the territory of individual states for the purpose of local economic development is widespread both abroad and in Russia. The establishment of certain types of benefits and preferences seems to be an effective tool for attracting investment and further development of the country's economic potential, but with poor administrative regulation, according to the author, they can repeat the fate of the failed special economic zones. Currently, there are more than 90 territories of advanced socio-economic development in Russia. At the same time, their number is constantly increasing, which indicates the increased interest of the regions in creating favorable conditions for attracting investment and creating comfortable conditions to ensure the life of the population of the region. The author focuses on the Method of assessing the effectiveness of tax beneits, which directly affects the development of territories of advanced socio-economic development. According to the author, the adoption of this method will improve the investment climate on the territories of advanced socio-economic development.

The article deals with the issues of legal support of active digitalization processes, including the economic sphere. The state policy on active digitalization of economic relations found expression in the national program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation", which includes six federal projects: "Law regulation of digital environment", "Information infrastructure", "Personnel for the digital economy", "Information security", "Digital Technologies" and "Digital Public Administration". The provisions of this national program were the subject of research in the article. The current stage of development is characterized by processes of technologization and digitalization of social relations. The emergence of new phenomena of digital economy: big data, machine law, neurotechnology and artiicial intelligence; distributed registry systems (blockchain); quantum technologies; new production technologies; industrial internet; components of robotics and sensorics; wireless technology); technologies of virtual and augmented reality, LegalTech, FinTech require new approaches to the universal regulator - the law. Innovations in the financial and banking sectors, developing outside the legal regulation, are accompanied by serious risks in the economic sphere. Last year, the public movement "Cryptovolya" released Cryptomani-fest, where a requirement is claimed for the state to legalize cryptocurrency and not to hinder its circulation. Unfortunately, today's turnover of digital inancial assets is almost not subject to the laws, the law on cryptocurrency promised for adoption in December has been "safely" rejected. The Russian Federation and other countries are still not in a hurry to mediate new social relations by law, but it should be noted that a certain activity of the domestic legislator over the past few years has resulted in the adoption of a number of important digital rights regulations. The authors of the article paid attention to the problems of giving legal status to such digitalization tools as: blockchain, bitcoin, cryptocurrency.

The article deals with the problem of deciphering the code of a literary text, as one of the most pressing problems of modern linguistics. The article explores the work of the French writer Octave Mirbeau "Letters from my hut" in terms of the presence in it of the code of Alfons Daudet, the author of the cycle of stories "Letters from my mill". Octave Mirbeau is an active and influential participant in the historical events of France of the late 18th - early 19th century. His pen was ruthless, however, the dark sides of reality, through the comic code, he described so that they often became attractive. The article analyzes the implementation of the Alphonse Daudet code in Octave Mirbeau text space, allowing to prove the intertextual connection between their works. Attention is drawn to that Octave Mirbeau uses a comic code, as a technique for creating a common communicative ield, between the collection of stories "Letters from my hut" and the work of Alphonse Daudet "Letters from my mill". The paper proves that the intertextual connection between the designated works is carried out by a comic code, as a way of reproducing a precedent text, by creating caricature images. It is noted that the code sets a certain connotation to the text and its individual parts, imposes a value that can not be decrypted by the recipient who does not own a certain cultural code. The article touches upon the specifics of the Octawa Mirbeau ideology, which was influenced by various literary schools, works of other writers, important historical and social events, which explains the diversity of forms, genres and stylistic techniques used by them. The comic code is considered through the disagreement that existed between Alphonse Daudet and Octave Mirbeau in life, which is undoubtedly relected in the works. It is proved that Octave Mirbo coded his stories primarily at the comic level, creating literary caricatures similar to the cartoons of Alphonse Daudet. All translations are made by the authors of the article.

Euphemisms are the main social lingua non franca. They allow speakers to mitigate the meaning of what has been said or what is going to be said if the words are offensive, indecent or unpleasant. Their analysis allows understanding what is going on in the language, minds and culture of people. The subjects that we tend to use euphemisms for change along with our social attitudes. Nowadays, one of the most vital subjects is a political correctness movement which criticizes the usage of words that may offend certain group members, that is why euphemisms are used instead. The word "obesity", like many medical terms, came into the vernacular vocabulary with the attached stigma. As a result, the association influenced people to use the words "obese" and "obesity" with care and replace them with euphemisms. A number of studies of euphemisms were conducted within linguistics; a number of studies in English were carried out in order to identify preferred terms and communication styles of speaking with the patients about obesity, fat stigma and ways of discussing it in the modern society. However, little research has been made in order to scrutinize the occurrence and periodicity of the related to obesity euphemisms usage in various media. Given the scarcity of such analysis, this study aims to analyze the occurrence and periodicity of the usage of related to obesity euphemisms in the different media and in different time periods. For this purpose, we collected data on euphemisms and analyzed it via language corporain the iWeb corpus (contains 14 billion words in 22 million web pages) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (consists of more than 560 million words in 220,225 texts). Then, we presented the overall occurrences of euphemisms followed by their percentages in different genres and a more detailed analysis of certain euphemisms. Due to a limited number of analyzed euphemisms and mainly descriptive nature of this study, it is not fully conclusive, but it might be used for a future research analyzing larger expressions for a more complex analysis.

The article studies national and cultural features of the LOVE concept as represented in paremiological constructions and set expressions. Actualization and special emphasis on nucleus socio-cultural spaces in the key conceptualized notions in any linguoculture appear to be a topical issue in modern linguoculture studies and cognitive linguistics. The study offers relevant contrastive and comparative analyses of seme component expression as regards the concept under consideration in the pictures of the world within different linguocultural communities. The author provides a completely new speciication of basic vectors to accumulate changes in information-knowledge continuum correlating with the conceptualized notion as the language sign reveals the interaction between its use and mental constructs containing socio-cultural elements. The analysis rests on linguo-cultural and hermeneutic approaches to studying the processes of formation and dynamics of lexical expression of certain components representing the cogitological spheres. It allows the possibility of combining cogitological methods in studying speech and mental processes of socio-cultural information exterioriza-tion and hermeneutic-noematic techniques of implementing particular overtones of sense hierarchy in the course of notion conceptualization.

The article studies the peculiarities of literary translation in the light of analysis of aesthetic principles of the author of the source text and the interpretation of sense conveyed in it. The topicality of the study of the system of images presented in the source text as the elements produced by individual culture-speciic vision and incorporating the linguistic and the literary visions of the world on the part of the author are preconditioned by high semantic capacity of the poetic form. The aim of the study is to analyze how image dominants are conveyed in Russian versions of an emblematic poem by a major English Romantic poet W. Wordsworth «I wandered lonely as a cloud». Literary-historical and integrative approach to the linguist analysis of the text served the theoretic and methodological basis of the study. Five Russian versions of the poem under consideration by I. Likhachev (1969), S. Marshak (1969), A. Lukyanov (2008), A. Krotkov (2006) and A. Ibragimov (2018) served the empirical material for the analysis of image dominants conveyance and the possibility of assessment as regards the adequacy of translation inter- pretation. Preliminary linguostylistic analysis of the poem revealed four dominant images. The study has shown unequal interpretation of image prospective as presented in target texts. The images of nature, daffodils and moral state have undergone some alterations resulting in reduction of the associative line length. The corrections in the emotional vector do not alter the image framework completely: it undergoes changes at the level of its components. Some translation solutions have compensation potential. The analysis have shown that the study of image prospective allows overcoming fragmentary consideration of single aspects representing the linguistic part of the text structure. Interpretation of aesthetic hierarchy of language means manifesting idea and image concept of the author can reveal the value gradation and enhance the assessment of adequacy as regards the target text.

This article considers the activity of provincial scientists of archival commissions, which originated in the late XIX - early XX centuries, as a complex, multi-layer, multi-level system. The second half of the XIX - early XX centuries is characterized as the time of formation of local history as a complex integrative socio-cultural phenomenon. The central place in this period was occupied by the local intellectual community of local lore orientation, which was represented by archival commissions, which are attractive primarily because they are a phenomenon that reflects both scientific-organizational, scientific-communicative and socio-cultural space. After all, the commissions formed the cultural life and image of the region, tried to preserve the little studied earlier, almost lost historical cultural potential. The relevance of the study of this problem increases due to the fact that the history of archival commissions, archival affairs of the regions is still poorly understood. Despite the fact that various aspects of the topic were covered in one way or another in the scientific literature, most of them are in the nature of reports, reviews of the commission's activities. The consideration of the discursive activities of the commissions, the characteristics of their discursive formations are very fruitful, because the discursive activity is inextricably linked with the processing of information and the presentation of knowledge, and also has its own characteristics, as it involves a special perspective of the perception of the world and its knowledge. The versatility of the commissions was initially determined by the tasks and methods of their implementation, intellectual practice. This fact provides the basis for the study of the discursive activity of archival commissions, in which we describe the discursive formations of the text field of commissions as speciic principles of the text organization represented by institutional discourses (scientiic, pedagogical, legal, journalistic).

The focus of this work is on comprehension of active process in the modern Russian language: changes in lexis and grammar, widening of stylistic variability and social functioning of the language, formation of a particular communicative area, which has a virtual status, and new strategies of speech behavior. In this article the original concept of language transgression is provided, which is deined by cultural ground of post-industrial social formation, postmodern philosophy as well as postnonclassical scientiic paradigm, inherent laws of language development and creative power of the language. This work deals with the genesis of philosopheme of transgression, the origin of which is traced in Fichte, Kant and Heidegger works. The final articulation was acquired in the scientiic works of French postmodern philosophers such as Foucault, Blanchot and Bataille. In addition, Russian philologist Lotman has made a significant contribution in analysis of transgressive phenomenon. In wide cross-cultural aspect, the transgression is considered as universal and flexible strategy of transcending social, moral and religious standards, language restrictions and structures. The embodiment of transgression of language area is understood as destruction and reduction of the codiied system of written form of the language. The penetration of substandard highly specialized vocabulary in communicative ield of mass media is regarded as one of the variants of this process. On the one hand, it serves practical aims of conscious communicative strategy, that is reaching an absolute interest, a full trust and a perception of the recipient, destruction of personal boundaries of communicators (blending of friend-or-foe words through the infusion of spoken elementin substantive indirect forms of writing or TV or radio communication). On the other hand, such speech behavior is dictated by determined demand of modern person in breaking rules and prohibitions, which is used as epistemological framework. In this research, the cross-curricular links of modern humanitarian knowledge are actualized.

The article reconstructs the national space of England in the writer's picture of the world by the material of K. Paus-tovsky's works of the early and late periods. This problem seems signiicant in the light of modern linguistics anthro-pocentricity and according to the relevance of complex reconstruction of the writer's language picture of the world. The great artistic value of the writer's works is conirmed by the nomination for the Nobel Prize for three times. Thus, the article reveals the speciics of England perception and visualization, due to the writer's romantic worldview and to experience of his personal stay in the country. The "English" onomasticon which is characterized by signiicant axiological and cultural potential, which translates the English cultural code and is represented mainly by toponyms (names of rivers, administrative-territorial entities, cities, states), by nau-tonyms (names of English ships), by anthroponyms (names of English writers and publicists, painters, theater actors, philosophers, scientists and inventors, seafarers and military leaders, monarchs, as well as the names of English characters of Paustovsky's works) is described. The "English" ono-masticon of Paustovsky's works becomes the basis for the formation of 5 basic spaces in which the meaning of 'English' gets regular expression: country and city space, person and "thing world" space, creation space, history and war space, and sea navigation space. The perception of English national space reflects ethnic stereotypes and K. Paustovsky's romantic worldview. The model of national English space is speciic to numerous spatial and temporal parallels, spaces intersection, to regular interconnection of spatial and temporal coordinates, which argues in favor of English chronotope formation in K. Paustovsky's works. Thereby, the reconstruction of English chronotope, which is great significant research lacuna, opens up broad perspectives for linguists.