The article is devoted to the historical specifics and the formation and development peculiarities of national policy in the RSFSR-USSR after the Bolsheviks came to power in 1917 and the inal formation of its model in the late 1930. This topic is of absolute relevance, since modern national policy in the Russian Federation largely inherited the main features of state policy in the ield of national relations laid down in the Soviet period. It is claimed that the main features of the national policy implemented in the Soviet state throughout its history, were mainly formed in the 1920s-1930s.The article highlights the key factors that influenced the formation and the features of Soviet national policy: the typical aspects of the Bolshevik ideology, the Russian historical process, the correlation with the international situation, etc. The Soviet model of national policy was a way to overcome ethnic contradictions that have accumulated and fully declared themselves during the revolution of 1917 and the Civil war in Russia. The unique essence of the Soviet national policy - "dynamism" of its character and content, which could change during the transformation of social relations, is shown. In addition, it had a subordinate status, as well as the lack of special legal framework, and was built into the General political agenda of the Soviet state. At the same time, while in the 1920s-1930s the Soviet national policy as a whole met historical tasks and challenges, in the post-war period its content did not correspond to the nature of social relations of the Soviet society, which was one of the reasons for its crisis and aggravation of interethnic relations in the second half of the 1980s-early 1990s.

The article examines the state policy on accommodation of Western Armenian refugees from May 1918 to May 1919 in the first Republic of Armenia (RA) (1918-1920). The problem of Western Armenian refugees confronted the national authorities of the republic from the irst days of its formation. In solving this problem, the republican authorities had to take into account both its socio-economic and national-political, fragmental aspects. On the one hand, the RA authorities had to accomodate the refugees and tackle socio-economic and internal political issues. On the other hand, they intended to involve Western Armenian refugees into the socio-political life of the country, in the process of independent national state construction. Therefore, the refugee policy was proclaimed in August 1918 and legislatively fixed in September-October 1918, the main part of which was the Western Armenian refugees accommodation policy on free or abandoned lands. In November 1918 after the victory of the Entente countries in the First World War the question of the return and subsequent resettlement of Western Armenian refugees in their native villages in Western Armenia was inevitably added on the foreign policy agenda of the irst RA as one of the priorities. To achieve this goal, the authorities of the republic in the first half of 1919 took a number of external and internal political steps that did not lead to the implementation of the task.

The article discusses the ideas of life values in the Italian society of the transition period of the XIV-XV centuries. The implementation of the research tasks was achieved on the basis of analysis of the correspondence of the famous Italian merchant Francesco di Marco Datini and his friend, a notary Sulfur Lapo Mazzeo Mazzei. In Florentine society, new views in the hands of educated people were a tool for understanding and organizing the world; therefore, contemporaries attached great importance to this aspect. Based on the analysis of the sources, the author concludes that the characters of the merchant and the notary in the sources show their individuality and produce a signiicant change in the mentality in the next century. The conducted microanalysis allows us to conclude that the friendship between Francesco Datini and Lappo Mazzei was strong, included their relatives and friends into the orbit of communication, and was based on the attractiveness of opposites, as they were from different social strata. However, the exceptional interest in the epistolary heritage of the characters arises not only because of their personalities, but also due to the possibility of recreating their time and worldview. Based on the analysis of this material, the author concludes that the submitted correspondence can be the foundation for generalization of the collected information and its inclusion in the wider social context. The importance of studying the fate of a merchant and a notary is that, although they followed the Christian commandments adopted in society, they still represented the images of people of the new era. The spirit of entrepreneurship, charity, commerce, international business and intense individualism was projected by their followers - the great people of the Renaissance.

The article studies the relations of Great Britain with the USA after of the Labour government led by Prime Minister G. Brown came to power in June 2007. New British government had to take into consideration the public opinion, the British expressed discontent with excessive dependence of British foreign policy on the USA and the participation of London in the Iraq war. The article shows that G. Brown belonged to a number of supporters of maintaining "special relations" with the USA, that is why one could not expect any radical changes in London policy with Washington, still the leader was aimed at correcting the foreign policy. G. Brown admitted the strategic role of the USA in maintaining the international security. The author marks that the intention of London to withdraw from Iraq became an essential problem in relations of the government led by G. Brown with the administration of G. Bush. However, Great Britain did not plan any unilateral action as it coordinated its policy in Iraq with the USA. The article shows the intention of new British government to focus mostly on multilateral action with the participation of international organizations in foreign policy. Since 2007, the relations of Great Britain and the USA have been affected by dificulties that, to a large extent, were preconditioned by the global economy context. Both states intended to join forces to tackle the world economic crisis. In conclusion, the author notes the influence of presidential elections in 2008 on further relations of Great Britain and the USA. G. Brown pursued to define a favorite of the election campaign taking into account the importance of establishing the dialogue with the new president of the USA.

The article speciies the causes and manifestations of increased left radicalism in the Bolshevik organization of the south of Russia in 1923-1924. The novelty of the article consists in the reference to the documents of the Don and Kuban-Black Sea regional party organizations of the RCP(b) on intraparty discussion: transcripts of conferences and meetings, personal affairs of the party elite members in the south Russia. The activity of the left opposition is interpreted in the context of basic social divisions and the problems of NEP society, the structure of the political possibilities of counter-elite groups. By the spring of 1923, the Bolshevik Party had achieved complete and unlimited power, but was experiencing an aggravation of internal contradictions due to the crisis of the NEP, its class heterogeneity, and the ambiguity of its social development strategy. The role of the region's agrarian character, protracted manifestations of the Civil War, rising strike in preserving the leftist radical sentiments of the Communists is assessed. The political strategies and positioning of the "Trotskist" opposition and the majority of the party-state elite are compared. The author's attention is focused on the inner-party discussion of 1923-1924. The manifestations of the political activity of the "Trotskist" opposition in the South of Russia are characterized in the context of the complex evolution of the new economic policy, the dynamics of public sentiment, the interaction of power and a multi-layered society. The opposition in 1923-1924 declared the improvement of inner-party life through the "workers' democracy". Its supporters suggested a path to a classless society, different from the passive majority of the communists, while preserving the inner-party competition of opinions and groupings, while relying on workers' leveling and anti-market sentiments. The opposition was especially strong in the Kuban-Black Sea region due to the favorable balance of forces in the party apparatus. Conclusions are made about the discrepancy between the public "request" of the workers and employees for the left radical criticism of the NEP and the real political actions of the "Trotskist" opposition, which facilitated its defeat.

The article studies the reasons for establishment of Officer School of Naval Aviation in Baku in the years of World War I. The study is based on archival materials, periodicals and additional literature. It should be noted that in the beginning of the XX century the army of imperial Russia lacked aviation oficers. During World War I many higher educational institutions (St. Petersburg, Moscow, Sevastopol, Kiev) shifted to the training under the program of wartime. The study draws attention to the need to establish a special school for retraining oficers in the artillery observer pilots. The article substantiates the necessity and the purpose of training naval military pilots in Baku. The Baku Port was chosen for the uninterrupted training of military pilots, as the largest port of the Russian Empire for freight turnover. The technical equipment of the port provided favorable conditions for the establishment of the Naval Aviation School in Baku. The author notes a signiicant role of the Baku City Council and City Government in implementation of activity and inancial support for this school. The article shows the role of the Baku Technical School and its assistance in the manufacture of new mechanisms and other technical innovations for naval aviation. The article also features the names of the first Azerbaijani pilots in the history of Azerbaijani aviation, as well as the names of the first female Azerbaijani pilots. A significant role in the training of aviation personnel was played by the irst All-Russian Aviation Congresses. Due to the formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the government set to organize its armed forces, in particular, its national aviation.

The Naval Council, which was created in the years of Henry VIII, became the body that effectively provided the permanent work of the English navy. The Navy that turned into the state institute in the Tudor epoch successfully solved the tasks of defense of the country and implementation of its offensive strategy, thereby laying the foundation for the transformation of England into a great sea power. However, with the accession to the throne of King-peacemaker James Stewart, the fleet, the "favorite child of the Tudors", became the object of neglect. Under those conditions, corrupt senior officers of the Navy began to consider the collapsing naval system as a source of their own income. The logical outcome of the process of disintegration of the English Navy and its management structures was the dissolution of the Naval Council in 1618 and its replacement by the Naval Commission, designed to eradicate corruption and restore effective management of the whole naval sphere. However, the Commission itself also did not justify the hopes placed on it. The results of its activities were very doubtful. The accession of Charles I to the English throne, the ambitious king, who dreamed of restoring the former power of the country as a leading maritime power, led to changes in foreign policy. The English Navy was becoming one of the main tools in solving new foreign policy tasks. Obvious failures in the activity of the Naval Commission, its inability to provide support for the Navy in military conditions caused its liquidation and the restoration of the Naval Council in 1628. So far the activities of the naval Council during the reign of Charles I have been studied very poorly. There are two main explanations for the lack of interest of researchers in the naval history of the early Stuart period. First, the naval history of the first half of the XVII century in comparison with the heroic time of the Tudors, looks pretty pale and Navy of the early Stuarts very often, even among professional historians is perceived as a pitiful semblance of the mighty "sea walls of Tudor England". And, secondly, a significant part of the historical documents of this period was lost during the events of the late 1640s-1950s, and a very small number of fragmentary preserved documents deters researchers. The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the recreated naval Council during the reign of Charles I Stewart.

The article analyses the drawing of the Cossacks to the guard and defense of the borders in the North Caucasus in the period when the region was a part of the Russian empire. The dificulties faced during the organization of the cordon are shown. Fortiication buildings that were erected on a frontier line to provide for its reliable protection are examined. In case of the necessity the Cossack villages became such strong points, not once besieged by forces of the enemy. All of them were lined up considering the probability of the raid reflection, although for a long siege were not adjusted. It is marked that Cossacks differed in the irmness and high motivation, as in case of the enemy's successes their houses and families were in danger irst. The author concludes that fortiications played a supporting role in the protection of borders, and main stress laid on mobile detachments of Cossacks, warning or liquidating the breaches of hostile parties deep into the guarded territory. The article features the examples of the armed collisions that ended with both successes and failures for Cossacks. The regional features of the execution of the frontier service come to light, it was related to the landscape specific of the edge. The life in the neighborhood to bellicose highlanders developed a special type of the warriors, perfectly adapted to the tasks that the battle Caucasian daily life put before them. Thus, the Cossacks were the important element of providing for defense of south borders and made their contribution to the matter of joining the Caucasus to Russia.

The article analyzes the Caucasian direction of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the post-Soviet period; the study reveals the problems faced by the country's leadership in the course of its implementation. Tehran's high interest in strengthening Iranian influence in the South Caucasus after the collapse of the USSR and the weakening of Russia's positions in the region is revealed. The sharp rivalry between Iran and Turkey for the predominant influence in the South Caucasus and the strengthening of its political and economic positions in the region are shown. The author analyzes the actions of the Iranian leadership during the armed conlict in Nagorno-Karabakh and notes the concern over the possible expansion of the conflict and the involvement of the Azerbaijani ethnic minority living in the north-west of Iran. The role of the "Azerbaijani factor" in Iran's policy in the South Caucasus is revealed; the reasons for the complex relations of the Islamic Republic with Azerbaijan, on the one hand, and its high interest in establishing close ties with Armenia, on the other hand, are given. The impact of various factors on the ambivalent position of the Iranian leadership on the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conlict is analyzed. The necessity of making qualitative changes in Iran's foreign policy in the South Caucasus direction, giving its policy in the region a more balanced character is proved. At the same time, it is emphasized that the balanced foreign policy of the Iranian leadership was in the interests of the national security of the country, focused on reducing the overall level of tension in the South Caucasus region.

The article is devoted to the little-studied issue in the history of museum business in Stavropol - changing approaches to the content of museum expositions and exhibitions during the Soviet period. The article is based on the analysis of documents from the state archive of the Russian Federation, the State archive of the Stavropol Krai, the Stavropol state historical, cultural and natural landscape Museum-reserve named after G. N. Prozriteleva and G. K. Prave. The study shows the changes in the direction of exhibition work - from educational at the initial stage, to propaganda and anniversary by the end of the period under review. The subject of exhibitions organized by Stavropol museums is given as an example of their multidirectional educational work. The inluence and strict control of the governing bodies in determining the subject and content of expositions are revealed. The activity on the organization of traveling exhibitions within the framework of mass-political work with the rural population carried out by museums of the region is analyzed. For the first time the facts about the museum car as a new form of work of the Stavropol regional Museum are given. Based on this information, we can conclude that most of the Museum exhibitions in the Stavropol region in the 1920s were educational by nature, primarily on the most pressing social issues - the ight against infectious diseases, alcoholism, childcare, etc. Since the 1930s, there is a change in the content of expositions with the dominance of political education. The great Patriotic war raised the theme of the heroic struggle of the Russian people with the invaders. At the local level, the strengthening of Patriotic orientation in the exhibition work was manifested most clearly in the creation of the section of the exhibition "Lermontov-the patriot" in the Lermontov Museum. In the first postwar years, the exhibition work of museums recorded the atrocities of the Nazi invaders during the occupation, the success in the restoration of industry and agriculture of the region. Since the mid-1950s, the most widespread exhibitions featured the success in the economy of the region. A large number of exhibitions organized by museums of the region since the 1970s, was devoted to anniversaries. During perestroika the exhibition activity breaks away from rigid ideological guidelines, much attention begins is paid to regional features, in particular, there are materials about the Cossacks.

The article analyzes the Notes by the Duke de Sully as an important source on the history of religious wars in France of the 16th century and the reign of King Henry IV. According to the fact that Sully was one of the most active participants in religious wars, being at the same time a close friend Henry of Navarre and the fact that later he actually took the post of his first minister Sully's Notes are undoubtedly the most valuable historical source on the history of the 16th century France. The peculiarity and significance of the Notes of the Duke de Sully unlike well-known memoirs of his contemprorary Theodore Agrippa d'Obigne consists in the fact that the author does not conine himself to purely personal memoirs but represents the contemporary epoch in all its diversity. It can be preconditioned by the fact that de Sully was not only an active participant of the Religious Wars in France of 16th century but was involved in the most important events as an eminent french statesman and immediate predecessor of the famous cardinal de Richelieu. Quite interesting is how Sully assessed the absolute monarchy as a form of state power. It is not a secret that many of his fellow-countrymen for example J.Bodin and F.Hotman sometimes expressed diametrically opposed opinions on this matter. For the Duke de Sully himself the absolute monarchy was the highest achievement of state building and the best form of state power. He believed that it was with absolute monarchy that all the members of society were in unity and obedience to the single head of state, which is the key to France s prosperity in present, and well-being of the country in future. A certain place in the article is devoted to the history of the irst translation of the Notes after the Duke de Sully into the Russian language carried out in the last third of the 18th century by the M. I. Verevkin. It is stressed that this translation is not the only, but the most complete one; it is defined by the role of the translator in the work on the original text and its interpretation.

The article is devoted to little-known events in the history of the Battle of the Caucasus - the participation of aviation units - at the most dramatic moment, when Soviet troops retreated from the city of Rostov-on-Don to the foothill areas of the North Caucasus through the territory of the Stavropol (then Ordzhonikidze) Krai. The article is based on combat orders, combat logs, reports, award documents and information about the losses of units and parts of the 4th Air Army from the funds of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, memoirs and memoirs of pilots participating in the ighting recreate a complete picture of the Soviet aviation's combat work the territory of the Stavropol Krai in the irst month of the ight-ing. The geographical framework is outlined by the borders of the Ordzhonikidze Krai, established by the beginning of World War II, when the region included the Mozdok District and the Kizlyar District. Their choice is based on insuficient knowledge of the course of military events at the tactical level on the territory of this region. The time interval under consideration - August 1942 - corresponds to the irst month of ighting in the territory of the region. The article presents data on frequent relocation of air regiments and divisions, on the lack of interaction with ground forces in matters of ground defense of airields, on the nature of the combat missions carried out by the crews of bomber, assault and ighter aviation, phased displacement of combat areas of crews and subunits in accordance with the displacement of the front line, about the most successful battles and information about the loss of aircrews, the general results of the combat work of the 4th Air Army are analyzed. It is concluded that the aviation forces of the warring parties were in equal opposition and that the experience gained was claimed in 1943 in the sky of the Kuban, where Soviet aviation was already unconditionally dominating the air. The study is based on the methods of analyzing archival materials from various types of sources, comparing facts and checking them for consistency with well-known scien-tiic studies.

The study analyzes the origin of aviation in the leading countries of the world, including Russia, at the beginning of the 20th century, its qualitative improvement and quantitative growth during the First World War and in the interwar period. The article convincingly proves the objective necessity of introducing parachutes into aviation as a reliable means of saving pilots. At the same time, the necessity of the invention of a fundamentally new means of salvation is justified in comparison with those used in aeronautics, namely, a backpack parachute. The article features the analysis of their use at the final stage of the First World War, from which it follows that the Russian parachutes were much more reliable than the French ones, the latter were in large numbers in service with the Russian army. Special attention is paid to the process of converting parachutes from a means of rescuing pilots into a combat means, a means of dropping airborne troops. The article presents data of archival materials and periodicals of various regions in the south of Russia, which allow to analyze a wide range of issues related to the development of parachuting in the country in the 1930s: from the emergence of the first paratroopers and organization of the All-Union Parachute Center to the establishment of an actual military branch - Airborne troops. The latter were widely used during military exercises of the troops in a number of military districts, which would have been impossible without the development of mass para-chutism facilitated by an extensive network of aeroclubs, parachute and parachute stations towers. Osoaviakhim and Komsomol played a huge role as they turned the development of aviation sports, including parachuting, into a priority area of their activities. The study analyzes the contribution of such southern regions as the Kuban, Stavropol, Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria to the development of parachutism. The article emphasizes that it is Russia that is the birthplace of aviation, the invention of a backpack parachute and the creation of the Airborne Forces.

At the present stage, Russian society has again faced the problem of increasing the number of people dependent on alcohol. There have been many examples of anti-alcohol companies throughout the history. Modern society uses different methods of inluence. These are visual propaganda, promotion of sports, a healthy lifestyle, conversations among young people and bans at the legislative level. The article studies of the attitude of the Russian Orthodox Church to the problem of drunkenness. The article analyzes the legislative system of the late XIX - early XX centuries in the fight against the spread of alcohol dependence. The author studies the activity of "sobriety societies" and the houses of diligence. The study analyzes the experience of the Alexander Nevsky sobriety society in St. Petersburg. The article presents the experience of the teacher-innovator and an ardent ighter against alcohol S. Rachinsky, his method of extirpating drunkenness among young people. The author emphasizes that the ight against drunkenness was a joint action. The government with the Holy Synod since 1911 holds the all-Russian day of sobriety, introduces a ban on the use of alcohol, determines the norms of sale. Different methods of anti-alcohol actions are analyzed. The attitude of parishioners to the problem of drunkenness is analyzed. The novelty of the study is that the article focuses on the situation in the Orel province. Through the analysis of the position of the Orel Bishop Seraphim (Chichagov), some parish priests to the anti-alcohol struggle, it became possible to study the situation in the province more deeply. In the course of work on the article, the author concludes that the Church imposed special strict requirements on the clergy, who by their right example had to convince the people to give up drinking alcohol. After registration of the ban on drunkenness at the legislative level, the Church took on the task to fight the secret and illegal sales of alcohol and at any cost to distract people from the use of vodka.

Red Army offensive in the North Caucasus in January -October 1943 was a milestone of the turning point in the course of the Great Patriotic War. It resulted in the defeat of the German army and its allies, the liberation of a large territory with a population of several million people. All this has made the success of the Soviet troops in the North Caucasus comparable with victories at Stalingrad and Kursk. It is not by chance that a signiicant historiography is devoted to different aspects of this battle. However, the question of the amount of the Soviet death toll in the battle has not been completely speciied. The article analyzes the modern domestic studies that provide the information about the casualties of the Red Army during different offensive operations in the North Caucasus. The author has established their total value by bringing new data from the documents of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense. The monthly front's summary casualty reports of personnel were the main source of information. Another important result was a detailed description of Soviet troops staff attrition at all stages of the liberation of the North Caucasus and the analysis of different categories of losses. The article features the results of the study. They make it possible to better understand the scale of the battle for the Caucasus and the price paid by the Soviet warriors for its release.

The work reconstructs the events of the early stage of the formation of Russian-North Caucasian relations. The circumstances of the appearance of Russians in the region, caused by the need to establish trade contacts with the East, are shown. The role of the Khazar Khaganate in ensuring regular contacts between the Eastern Slavs and the tribes of the Northern Caucasus is under consideration. The reasons that led to the clashes between the emerging Kievan Rus and Khazaria are analyzed. The ambiguity of the first contacts between the Russian troops and the autochthonous population is demonstrated. The foreign policy of Prince Svyatoslav, who prioritized the southern direction, is estimated. His campaigns in the Caucasus led to the collapse of the geopolitical rival and created the conditions for the emergence of the Russian fort post, which subsequently took shape in the Tmutarakan principality. Svyatoslav's successes were fixed during the reign of Prince Vladimir I. He actively contacted with the inhabitants of Tmutarakan, and, apparently, during his ruling not only the Russian administration appeared in the region, but also Eastern Slavic settlers began to take root. Using Tmutarakan, Russia could pursue an active policy in the Crimea, strengthen its influence on the peoples of the North Caucasus. This allowed forming a long-term historical partnership, which is understood as cooperation-rivalry and is designated by the term "cooperation".

The article is devoted to professional and social activities of private attorneys in the Kuban region in the 1870s -early twentieth century. Despite the fact that their work was intended as a temporary measure, the Institute lasted until the end of 1917. The supervision of private attorneys in the Kuban region was carried out Yekaterinodar district court that issued the certiicate or by the Congress of justices of the peace. For misconduct or professional errors, private attorneys were subject to the same liability as attor-neys-at-law, up to the time of trial and exclusion from the number of attorneys. A private attorney received remuneration from their clients in the same way as oficial lawyers, either in accordance with the tax of 1868, or by written agreement. By the examples of activity of a number of lawyers, features and conditions of work of private attorneys in the Kuban region are shown. The quality of the practice of private attorneys was signiicantly inferior to the level of activity of professional attorneys. The irst attorneys were not always legally trained and ill-equipped to conduct the affairs of private individuals. At the same time, one should mention very fruitful public and advocacy by V. I. Lunin, who created free legal advice for workers, contributed to the development of legal culture in the Kuban. Tact and responsibility were characteristic of private Kuban attorneys G. K. Damanik, V. D., Gurevich, V. M. Vladimirov, etc. Private attorneys were not required to have higher legal education to conduct civil cases, but they had to obtain a certii-cate for the business. Criminal defense could lead a private attorney only with higher legal education and experience of at least 2 years. Over time, before taking on the service of a private attorney, they began to gather the necessary information, which feature interesting assessment of the Institute of private attorneys in the Kuban region. For each attorney Ekaterinodar district court had a folder of personal files, which reflected all his legal practice in the region. With the growth of the number of lawyers, the competition between private attorneys increased. Serious misconduct of a private attorney entailed the deprivation of a certiicate for the right to conduct other people's affairs. However, in general, the role of private attorneys in the development of legal consciousness in the region was great.

The article studies the image of the East in the travelogues of the Russian Princess, traveler Lidia Pashkova, published in France and Russia in the last third of the XIX century. The notes on travel to the Ottoman Empire and the Far East are studied. The article attempts to identify the narrative that runs both in line and contrary to the orientalist tradition. A characteristic feature of the notes about Lydia Pashkova's travels was her attention to the history and cultural heritage of those countries where she had to visit, which is typical both for orientalist discourse and traditions of studying the East in the West, and for the image of an "inquisitive observer". The humanistic character of Pashkova's travelogues differs them from traditional orientalist discourse and outputs beyond the Eurocentric narrative. It should be noted that the Imperial ideas had an impact on Pashkova. This refers to the recognition of the civilizing mission of the West. However, awareness of the value of Western civilization and recognition of the civilizing mission of the West did not mean the automatic recognition of the right of the West to own the countries of the East. Much attention is paid to the study of the images of local residents. The "hybrid" nature of Pashkova's travelogues is stressed, the problems of history, culture, ethnography, economy, geography are highlighted equally. Travelogues of Princess Lydia Pashkova are characterized by a real interest in different aspects of life; they do not feature the search for exotics in the East.

The article studies the formation of the judicial and administrative institutes of the Russian Empire on the territory of the North-Eastern Caucasus in the second half of the XIX century after the completion of military actions. The author points to the peculiarities of the judicial institutes system and realization of the judicial practice combining elements of imperial with highland legal procedure. It was caused by the transition period, connected to the incorporation of the autochthones into social and political system of the Russian State. It was enough for the government that monarchy was recognized as the core of the state. Building up the administrative and judicial system in the North-Eastern Caucasus the authorities had to account the fact, that locals didn't have the necessary experience of existence in the state domination with its above classes and family values. Adath still took the signiicant recess in the highland notion of legality. Highland societies did not practice the rights' division into civil and criminal and thought of the justice as the compensation of the material damage of the side that had suffered loss at culprit's expense. The appreciation of the local traditions made it possible for Russian administration to instill gradually the imperial political institutes and the attendant practice in the everyday life of highlanders properly. The Caucasian administration included representatives of the local societies into judicial and administrative structures everywhere, trying to share the responsibility for decisions and strengthen faith. The administrative and judicial system had a distinct powerful vertical line, on which top there was a chief of Daghestan region. All administrative, inancial, economic, judicial and military powers were concentrated in his hands. The military leaders had to accept and consider complaints on decisions of district courts, revise verdicts and submit the case to the decision of the general oficer commanding. The investigating problem nevertheless remains actual and can be the example of the positive experience of the administrative and judicial activities of the modern state structures of the region.

The article considers the socio-political position of the famous publicist L. Z. Slonimsky during the First World War. His assessments of the causes, nature and likely results of the large-scale conflict are revealed. The publicist accused only the countries of the Triple Alliance and first of all Germany of starting the World War. He considered their aspiration to territorial captures and economic preferences as the main reason for the conlict that broke out in the summer of 1914. After the February Revolution of 1917, Slonimsky called the class-monarchic system of the Central European autocracies the main reason for collision of great powers. The author of the foreign policy reviews of the "Herald of Europe" had a negative attitude to interstate conflicts, constantly emphasizing their inhumanity and social virulence. However, until his death, Slonimsky supported the idea of "the war to the bitter end". Even the understanding of Russia's inability to fulfill its allied duty at the end of 1917 did not change the principled position of the publicist, who condemned the idea of concluding a separate peace with the Central powers. For this reason, he harshly criticized both left-wing radical projects of "a world without annexation and indemnity" and Bolshevik diplomacy on the eve of the signing the Brest Treaty. The victory of the Entente countries, in his opinion, would mean not only a crushing defeat of "Prussian militarism", which served as the main source of international tension at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, but also the possibility to repeat World War II. In order to establish a lasting peace, Slonimsky proposed granting independence to small European peoples. The next step would be to build a coherent system of international law in which the instigators of conlicts would face not only moral and economic, but also military and political sanctions. However, the effective application of legal principles in world politics, according to the publicist, was possible only under the condition of internal democratization of the participating countries. Ultimately, the local spread of democracy, according to Slonimsky, would lead to a complete victory of humanity over militarism and political belligerence.

The article highlights the features of the formation of the system of Soviet mass holidays. After the overthrow of the autocracy (Emperor Nicholas II) in February 1917, all political forces tried to secure the support of the population. An important tool of this was mass events: holidays, rallies, demonstrations. Having won a victory in Civil war, Bolsheviks began to build new cultural policy. New holidays, memorable days and rituals were based on events of recent history, mainly on the Revolution of 1917 in Russia and stories about her heroes. The main holiday was November 7 - the day of the Bolsheviks coming to power (the Great October socialist revolution). The article notes that several years were also celebrated on March 12 - the Day of the overthrow of the autocracy in Russia and March 18 - the Day of the Paris Commune, the First of May (Day of Solidarity of Workers, May Day), February 23 (Day of the Red Army), March 8 (International Day of Workwomen) and monthly community workdays were also important holidays. Organization of all holidays in the capital and regions was strictly controlled by the ruling party. The examples given in the article show the uniformity of many celebrations. With the reference to the scientific methodology V. Ya. Propp, the article highlights the main structural elements of the Soviet holidays of those years: demonstrations, rallies, mass celebrations, theatrical performances. A new feature of the mass holidays were social and political meetings. It is shown that in Soviet Russia and the USSR holidays were a symbiosis of science, propoganda and literature. Special methodical recommendations how to write festive scenarios were developed. Regional authors, as a rule, used published historical sources and tried to make them literary. It is noted that a large number of the Soviet citizens was involved in the preparation process of festive actions. Even more of them participated in their direct implementation, which was one of the goals of the new cultural policy of the Bolsheviks.

The paper features the US-Mexico cross-border cooperation from the formation of the border in the mid-nineteenth century until present. During most of the XIX-th century the border region was largely under-populated and underdeveloped. The two sides of the borderland developed unevenly due to discrepancies in the economic, social and political potential of the two nations. On the American side the development of the new territories came in the form of a series of "booms and busts" of settlement and economic activity. The Mexican border region did not develop as rapidly and depended mostly on its closeness to the USA, due to its far distance from business centers in Mexico. In the late XIX -early XX centuries Mexican border communities flourished due to US investments into railroads and mining industry. A new economic order in the Mexican border region started in the mid-twentieth century with Border Industrialization Program, which set up maquiladoras - manufacturing plants to assemble products with imported from the USA parts and raw materials into inished goods to be shipped back to the USA. Maquiladoras converted Mexican border-states into highly industrialized special economic zones. NAFTA made a controversial impact on the border region. NAFTA facilitated maquiladora industry, but on the American side of the border many businesses declined as Mexicans nearly stopped crossing the border for shopping because American goods became available at reasonable prices in Mexico. The border region has lots of popular tourist destinations. Since the early XX-th century, it has become infamous for vice tourism, which was based on differences in law relating to alcohol, drugs and gambling in the two countries. The most urgent issues which are in the centre of heated public and political debates in the USA are illegal immigration and drug traficking. The US government has two approaches towards the problems: immigration law and strengthening the border through its militarization and the construction of the wall.

This article is devoted to the development of cities in Stavropol in the 1960s. The underlying factor that influenced the social and cultural development of the urban population was urbanization, which was the result of a set of interrelated migration, urban planning processes, changes in the social structure of society, urban culture and lifestyle. Due to its agricultural speciics, the Stavropol Krai in this chronological period only took the path of modernization and urbanization, which resulted in sociocultural changes. On the all-Russian background of the mid-twentieth century, the cities of Stavropol were poorly urbanized, despite the rapid growth of the urban population and the high concentration of new industrial construction in them. At the same time, albeit slowly, with great dificulty, the process of changing the economic activities of the townspeople began - the proportion of the population engaged in management, culture, and maintenance increased, and signs of a shift to industrial work appeared. On the territory of the region, large-scale work was carried out to consolidate the enterprises of the chemical, gas, oil and electrical industries. Light industry enterprises were not left without attention either. This could not have a signiicant impact on the structure of migration processes. The process of urbanization featured interpenetration of urban and rural space, the gradual integration and mixing of household and cultural boundaries, the uniication of leisure time of urban and rural inhabitants in the framework of the social policy of the Soviet government. The city, in the context of urban transition, retains and multiplies its potential in organizing the life activity of the whole society and becomes not only a carrier of new ideas and opportunities that unite residents, a spokesman for social needs, but also a means of transition to a historically new state. The problem raised in this article is relevant, as the historical experience of the formation of a new socio-cultural image of a person in different social levels of the late Soviet society allows us to see and deine many important aspects of the organization of modern society, which is at the stage of transition to new forms of social and cultural integration.

The study features practices of constructing the image of a new man by Soviet mass weekly Ogoniok in the 1920s. Modern researchers nominate the period of the 1920s as the beginning of Soviet modernization, aimed at a radical transformation of the cultural, social, economic and institutional space of society. The Soviet leadership was developing new ideology, constructed a new model of interpersonal relations and disseminated new moral values via periodicals. Ogoniok was one of the first weekly magazines which developed various ways of representating the image of a Soviet man in the print media, which conformed to the bolshevic doctrine. One of these forms of presentation was the quiz game "The Hero of Our Time", a series featured in issues 2-15 in of 1929. The article analyzes twelve game series - quizzes, which made it possible to consider the process of formation and reflection of the image of a "new man" in Ogoniok. A series of quiz games was presented in the magazine in various visual and textual forms. "The Hero of our Time" quiz was aimed at formation of new character- istic features of the Soviet man and dissemination of a new representation of moral values such as social optimism, industriousness, patriotism, international socialist solidarity and atheism. They were necessary for the creation of a new society on a new value-semantic, economic, political and spiritual basis. Those values were the core of the Soviet man's mindset, Soviet ideology and a new social system. They conformed to the political strategy of the Soviet power at that time. Propaganda instilled a psychologically positive attitude towards the reforms that took place, promoted moral encouragement of the working people for hard work and exemplary life, created the basis for the introduction of Soviet value orientations and a new culture. All these aspects created the conditions for the formation of the Soviet identity.

The article studies the problem of forming the system of distribution of personnel potential of the party and state nomenclature, which is relevant for history studies. The article considers the process of developing the system of distribution of party and state apparatus representatives on the basis of the analysis of decisions taken at party congresses and conferences. In addition, through the analysis of archival documents introduced for the irst time in scientific circulation, the issue of distribution of employees of the administration of the North Caucasus region at the expense of nominees for leadership of representatives of the local ethnic group is traced. In order to strengthen its position in the national regions, the Central government tried to involve representatives of the local population in the public administration of the national areas. The sources allowed the author to reveal that the centralized nature of the personnel distribution mechanism. The Central government, through the system of personnel distribution, placed its personnel potential in leading positions in the party and Soviet institutions in the center and in the regions, ensured the implementation of the party's policy in Soviet society. The functions of the party apparatus in the ield of personnel distribution were the backbone element of the party-state model of the Soviet state.

In the context of the development of digital technologies with the effective use of distance learning it is possible to improve the quality of training and retraining of lawyers. Russia's accession to the Bologna Declaration requires the fulillment of its respective obligations and means the inclusion of Russia in the process of forming a single European educational process. In order to improve the quality of legal education, competent adaptation of Bologna provisions is necessary with the account of already accumulated European experience and domestic scientiic, pedagogical and cultural traditions. It is doubtful whether the period of study for a bachelor degree is suficient. The introduction of a compulsory distance course in the educational process of bachelor studies would be an ideal solution for the forma- tion of practical skills of a lawyer. As part of this distance learning course, it is advisable to use public information and legal systems such as Consultant Plus and Garant. The functionality of "contract designer" and "legal document designer" available in the software can serve as "simulators" for students in the preparation of legal documents. The use of remote technologies will allow minimizing the cost of training, while increasing the level of professional training. In contrast to the training of lawyers, retraining of legal personnel is possible only through distance learning.

The paper presents the author's vision of the theory of the social state as a model of an effective legal state. An effective state is considered as a societal system in which the process of changing relations and processes at the level of society is actively underway. The positions of domestic and foreign lawyers are given (Robert von Mol and Lorentz von Stein, S. S. Alekseev, P. P. Glushchenko, O. V. Rodionova, V. G. Baeva, M. A. Reisner, B. N. Chicherin, etc.) The authors emphasize the idea that society, the state and citizens are interested in the grounded impact of the right on social processes. In the legal sphere, the general perspective is the formation of a new social concept of law. However, at present, it is not possible to ensure the personal influence of people on the processes of lawmaking and law enforcement and to overcome such a negative phenomenon as alienation from the law. The authors suggest that the main result of the functioning of an effective state as a model of a social state is the lack of citizens' need for state aid to meet their minimum needs (natural, physiological, security needs). The goal of any state model, as an organization of political power, in particular, an effective social state model, is to ensure the unity and integrity of society, implemented through the state mechanism for managing the affairs of society, sovereign public power, giving the right a universally binding value guaranteeing the rights and freedoms to citizens, law and order, where efficiency is viewed through the prism of social efficiency. When implementing it, it is necessary to take into account the readiness of the governing bodies as a system, the subjects of its management and the state apparatus for its understanding, execution and implementation of adequate time, historical and evolutionary parameters. The interaction of elements of a legal social state is considered by the authors through the prism of synergistic fluctuation processes responsible for the adaptation of the modern social policy of the legal state to new legal realities.

The process of spending the country's budget is inextricably linked to the implementation of inancial controls on their effective and targeted use. To a considerable degree, the inancial control affects the implementation of the budget holders of purchasing procedures to ensure its activities and the performance of its functions. The greater part of the state budget is spent through the contract system in the ield of procurement. The legislation on the contract system in accordance with part 1 of article 2 of the Law №44-FZ is based on the provisions of the Budget code of the Russian Federation and during the procurement procedures of goods, works and services customers use budget funds in order to implement quality and comprehensive financial control, in the audit in the ield of procurement the control and accounting bodies of the Russian Federation cover issues on the effective use of budget funds by customers in procurement. The study reveals the content, problems and direction of development of audit in the ield of procurement, mechanisms of eficiency audit conducted by the control and accounting bodies of the Russian Federation as a necessary condition for the implementation of external inancial control of procurement in order to improve the eficiency of budget spending in the contract system. At the same time, the article classiies the types of the most common violations of the legislation on the contract system in the ield of procurement and the practice of control bodies to identify and prevent them in the future, and also proposes measures to improve the results of procurement procedures in terms of quality, effectiveness and achievement of the necessary tasks defined by Law No. 44-FZ, including the improvement of activities carried out in the framework of procurement audit. As a part of the implementation of procurement audit activities, it is necessary to fo cus the issues of audit activities mainly on the identiication of facts that link the identiied violation with the ineficient spending of budgetary funds and the failure to achieve the results of procurement determined by the legislation on the contract system and the budget legislation of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the above mentioned, as well as the relationship between budget relations and the implementation of audit in the ield of procurement by control and accounting bodies of the Russian Federation in order to comply with budget legislation and other regulatory legal acts regulating legal relations on the preparation, execution and expenditure of budget funds of the country in the ield of procurement, the relevance of the topic discussed in this article is conirmed.

The article analyzes the novelties of recent years in the ield of tax law, as well as the ideas under discussion through the prism of the implementation of the idea of justice. In this context, their assessment was made, the advantages and disadvantages were identiied. The author notes some problematic aspects that may arise in the process of their implementation and proposed measures to overcome them. It was concluded that it was the proportional scale of taxation that was more consistent with the principle of equity, since it implied equality of legal position of persons in accordance with their economic situation. In this regard, counterarguments were given to the positions of opponents of such a transformation, which are reduced to the growth of the "shadow sector', the complication of tax administration and the decrease in the purchasing power of the population. We also analyzed the modified algorithm of taxation of citizens' property and noted the problems of its practical approbation. Although we approved the idea of calculating this tax on the basis of cadastral value instead of inventory value, since from now on the tax is directly due to the real value based on the commercial properties of the object and the general role in the market infrastructure, in practice, the "fair' implementation of this novel is still problematic due to the unavailability of the uniied real estate cadastre and the unity of methodology, which leads to frequent cases of contesting the value of property. Further, with regard to the resort collection, we concluded that the legislator, following foreign experience, decided to borrow the experience of the introduction of such a collection, but did not take into account the speciics of the "Russian soil", because it does not take into account the contingent of tourists visiting the experimental sites, and will not accept a differentiated approach to the amount of the tax. As a potentially possible consequence, there is a decrease in the tourist flow to the official tourist sector of Russian resorts, which will result in the loss of all taxes from this part. Finally, with regard to the taxation of self-employed, we concluded that this idea, being generally progressive, is unlikely to lead to a massive "way out of the shadow", because even the proposed advantages of such a step are not yet able to outweigh the risks and threats to this category of citizens. In conclusion, the prospects of further development of these ideas and concepts and their impact on strengthening the principle of justice in the tax law of Russia are evaluated.

The study discusses the feasibility and effectiveness of the typology of juvenile offenders. Differentiation (typology) is considered as a tool for forecasting, minimizing and preventing possible criminal attacks in the future. The author proposes a typology of criminals based on psychological and motivational criteria of the crime and identifies two main types of criminals: expansive (instinctive) and consequent criminals, each of which differentiates into subtypes based on the characteristics of the psychological portrait of the person, motivation and ideas as criteria for committing a crime. The author proposes to amend the current version of article 421 of the code of Criminal procedure in the context of imposing the obligation to conduct a comprehensive psychological and psychiatric examination of a minor, due to the existence of many diseases that occur latently and are diagnosed only by a specialist. The author proposes the development of specialized socio-pedagogical rehabilitation programs in the framework of forensic medical examinations, which should be addressed to law enforcement oficers in cooperation with minors, which, according to the author of the study, will contribute to a more effective re-socialization of juvenile offenders. The author also proposed the launch of specialized free courses aimed at psychological and pedagogical correction of convicted minors, which will include the study of internal personal contradictions, children's injuries, complexes and other negative phenomena. These courses can be conducted on the basis of psychiatric hospitals, clinics of border states, and as teachers (coaches) could be students-trainees. Thus, the competent typology of juvenile offenders, the creation of favorable conditions and the adoption of effective measures in the compartment can contribute to the real "recovery" of a person who has embarked on a criminal path.

The article deals with substantial thematic features of emigration literature, its conceptual unity is proved. The hypotheses and theoretical parcels are illustrated by examples from English-language works by M. D. Shrayer «Waiting for America» and J. Kwok «Girl in translation», the emphasis at the same time is put on the analysis of cognitive and pragmatic phenomena of different linguocultures (the source and the target ones) in their interaction and interference. Some typological and ethnic-cultural features of modern American novels texts written in an autobiographical format by emigrant writers are marked out in the analysis. The specified interpretation of the concept "migration literature" is given in the article, its key conceptually significant concepts and lexical features are described. The following typological features were distinguished in the research as the key features of the works of migration literature characterized by a high degree of autobiographical character: the existence of "multicultural reality" in the text where the bicultural protagonist emigrant is placed. The development of an image of emigrant as the main character in the course of his sociocultural adaptation in other country acts as a key subject of the novel. The main thematic, conceptual and significant features of this type of works are described. The study allows making a conclusion about a high degree of pragmatism of various linguistic and cultural (source and target) phenomena presented in texts.

The paper investigates the colour terms in the translation perspective. Poetic material presented by the works of the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley (The Revolt of Islam, The Sensitive Plant, Ginevra, Marenghi, The Cloud, To the Jane: The Recollection, The Cenci: A Tragedy in Five Acts. Dedication, to Leigh Hunt Esquire, Arethusa, England in 1819, A Vision of The Sea, Ode to The West Wind) served as a resource for sampling colouristic vocabulary in English, and translations of these works by K. D. Balmont in Russian. For the irst time, a complex description of colour terms in the poetic texts of P. B. Shelley is presented, their classiication is performed, and the features of their functioning are described. Theoretical and practical conclusions about the quantitative prevalence of chromatic units over the achromatic, nominative over the colorators, unmotivat-ed colouristic vocabulary over the motivated, main colour namings over the mixed, complex and referential, means that the linguocolour world view of the poet mostly consists of bright, and at the same time simple, easily comprehen- sible language units. This study extends knowledge about the linguocolour world view of Shelley and expands the idea about the aesthetics of the vocabulary of colour terms in poetic texts. The small number of individual author colour namings casts doubt on the soundness of their main status. The quantitative data of a comparative analysis of creative approaches and translatological solutions of the colour designation class by K. D. Balmont revealed the tools of translation transformations: literal translation, omission and remetaphorization/metaphorization. It must be noted that the texts created by the author of the translation have had a similar effect on the addressee, as it had on the original one. It means that a communicative-functional equivalence has been achieved when creating texts in Russian. With this in mind a translator can save his time and concentrate on solving non-trivial tasks.

This article describes the phenomenon of uniication as a value-strategic entity in political discourse based on the analysis of surveys of different groups of respondents on a number of issues regarding various forms of political communication. The purpose of this work is to identify and characterize the dispositions of addressees on the basis of the analysis and synthesis of answers to the questions referenced to the topic "Politics". The object of study is the dispositions of the subjects of communication; the subject is their verbalization. The novelty of the approach lies in the application of the polling method as an effective means of isolating and characterizing the basic attitudes in the political subject-subject communication; in the interpretation of the phenomenon of association. The results of the study showed the presence of four types of installations in general - positive, negative, neutral, ambivalent, characterizing the recipients vs addressees. It is noted that an ambivalent attitude has a controversial update, at the same time taking into account the positive and negative dispositions. It is proved that, on the whole, positive and negative dispositions in the discourse of respondents actualize the relevant sides of the synergistic process as a dynamic phenomenon of overcoming imbalance. It is revealed that the neutral disposition is expressed in a contradictory way like an ambivalent disposition. At the same time, explicit ("neutral") and implicit neutrality differ. In most cases, positioned neutrality inconsistently reviews the arguments that, in reality, justify a positive and negative attitude. Thus, it is proved that the discourse of respondents is a response to the questions posed in the dialogical mode, characterizing the feedback as addresser vs addressee communication and does not represent the ubiquitous expression of the result of inluence from the addressees (agents) of political discourse; it is formed during the actualization of the processes of differentiation and integration, forming the phenomenon of uniication, expressed in the unity of value-based (universal, general cultural, personal) meanings and strategic (dispositional) orientation.

The article analyzes and systematizes the mixed signs of death, presented in 250 Russian folk tales collected by A. N. Afanasyev (index + icon; index + symbol; symbol + index; symbol + index + icon). The systematization of signs was carryied out in accordance with the classification proposed by C. S. Pierce. The study of the signs of death allows us to characterize the ancient fundamental ideas of Russians about the world order, identify the sources of ideas about death, enshrined in the Russian language picture of the world, and analyze the attitude to death as one of the main phenomena. Despite the careful description of the constants of the Russian language picture of the world, the presence of several monographs about its components, the phenomenon of death, which determines the development of the spiritual and moral culture of the people, is not given sufficient attention in domestic linguistics. This fact determines the relevance of this study. The article attempts to characterize the mean- ing of the sign of death in folk tales collected by A. N. Afa-nasyev. Rich folk material allowed the author to describe the development of ideas about death. The linguosemiotic approach used in the study makes it possible to study the structure of the signs of death, their sources (mythological, scientiic, religious, everyday), the frequency of references to a particular sign in the text of fairy tales. The scientific novelty of the work is justified by the formulation of the problem: for the irst time in the domestic linguistics, an analysis of the signs of death is carried out based on a folk material; a linguo-semiotic classiication of these signs has given. The results of the study can be applied to further study the phenomenon of death in linguistics, linguistic culturology, linguosemiotics (or the study of life as a phenomenon closely related to the death).

The article is devoted to understanding and describing of the phenomenon of linguistic absurdity from the perspective of pragmalinguistics and translation theory. The author focuses special attention on the dificulties of translating a literary text in terms of transmitting the pragmatics of linguistic absurdity. Since the absurdity presupposes the preservation of the author's intention, it is important for a translator to explain to a reader of the target language the incomprehensible cultural realities, speech stereotypes, word-play, etc., using standard and common vocabulary of the language to be translated. The main content of the study is an analysis of the stories "In His Own Write" (1964) and "Spaniard in the Works" (1965), authored by John Lennon, from the point of view of language absurdity and its main functions. A detailed study of this phenomenon has shown that linguistic absurdity performs mainly a gaming function, which is determined by the author's intention, based on the main tasks of the literary type of texts and created mainly with the help of a wordplay. The main goal of the gaming absurdity (found in 67 % of examples of our empirical material) is to create a certain aesthetic effect. To preserve the pragmatics of the source text, the translator A. A. Kurbanovsky often resorts to the use of occasional conformity with elements of additions, being guided by the principle of sound similarity. Analysis of examples of functioning in the text of destructive language absurdity (the second most frequent function of the absurdity, identified in the analyzed texts, is 33%) and their translation allowed us to conclude that this type of absurdity is created mainly with the help of semantic substitution, less often by means of semantic contamination. It is evident that in order to preserve the pragmatics of the source text, translational transformations are applied based on both the linguistic and extra-linguistic context, and the preservation and transmission of the pragmatic potential of statements is achieved by means of zero transformation, sometimes translation techniques of addition or omission are used.

Review «General Kuropatkin is a state and military leader of the Russian Empire. To the 170th anniversary of birth / Ed. by V. P. Sal'nikov, O. A. Belozerov, I. V. Belokon', O. A. Gokov, N. V. Grigor'ev, S. V. Moiseev, N. Yu. Nikolaev, Yu. G. Popov, R. Yu. Pochekaev, V. P. Sal'nikov. - St. Petersburg: Found "University", 2018»