The article analyzes the main goals, objectives and mechanisms of Soviet construction in the national environment, taking into account the specifics of the German population of the North-Caucasus region (19241934). This problem remains relevant because it is poorly studied, as well as due to the growth of scientific interest in the history of small ethnic groups. The regional authorities attached particular importance to the Sovieti-zation of the Germans, since economically and culturally it was the most developed ethnic community in the region. The article highlights the main directions of Soviet construction among the Germans of the region, the most important of which was the formation of a large network of national village councils, which, according to the Bolsheviks, were able to meet the economic and cultural needs of the German population. It is emphasized that within the framework of the Soviet construction the main task was the class differentiation of the German community and the increase of the political role of its poor farm laborers. The factors that hindered the processes of Soviet construction among the German population of the region are highlighted. Among them: the dispersion of the German colonies, their small number, the conservative way of life of German colonists, high level of their religiosity, the lack of qualified specialists. In addition, rural gatherings and assemblies continued to operate along with village councils. It violated the power monopoly of the Soviet authorities. The new stage of Soviet construction coincided with the beginning of collectivization, which resulted in social and economic transformations leading to complete sovietization of the German population.

The audit materials of the Nakhichevan district of the Taganrog city administration were not published and thus received minimal reflection in the scientific literature. They were introduced by Zhemchuzhnikov to the Senate along with the translation of the Armenian (Astrakhan) Judicial code. A copy of the report consisting of one hundred and ten pages was sent to the Minister of the Internal Affairs V. N. Panin. Zhemchuzhnikov points out that Judicial Code is a compilation of Roman laws and the customs of the Persians. Having been brought to Nakhichevan from Astrakhan in 1782, it cannot be considered a legal monument of Crimean Armenians. Many of its rules are not applied, some of them have been canceled, and most cases are considered under Russian laws. Therefore, it should be completely abandoned in favor of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, which would be consistent with the general policy of the state. The report describes the states of the Armenian Magistrate, approved by the Yekaterinoslav vicegerency in 1784, its status and functions. The mixing of heterogeneous parts of the management is noted in it. For the first time, the text of the verdict of the Nakhichevan society is given about the establishment of the Orphan's Court, the selection of its first judges and the procedure for its work. The council of twenty-four trustees, formed according to the project of I. Argutinsky, is only briefly mentioned in the report, which reflects its actual decline by the middle of the 19th century. The audit results served as the basis for M. N. Zhemchuzhnikov's proposal for a radical reform of Nakhichevan self-government in order to bring it in line with Russian orders. It was planned to create, instead of the magistrate, the six-deputies council (four representatives from the city and two representatives from the villages), a new police unit (the head and two assessors, one from the city and from the villages, to which another eleven people were given to help), a new Orphan's Court (court president - the city mayor, two assessors and the city foreman). The action of the Armenian Judicial code should have been terminated and fully guided by Russian laws.

The article deals with issues related to the state of the health care system in the territories of the former republics of the Soviet Union - the Ukrainian SSR, the Belarusian SSR and a part of the territory of the RSFSR, which were subject to Nazi occupation during the Great Patriotic War. Despite initial plans to discontinue the provision of medical care to the population of the occupied territories, the German authorities, aware of the failure of the blitzkrieg and the principle of expediency, worrying, primarily about the health of their soldiers, were forced to create local health authorities and maintain the health of the civilian population. To provide medical services to residents of the occupied territories, the occupiers used medical institutions that functioned in the Soviet era, as well as the staff who worked in them. At the same time, the German command used part of the medical institutions for hospitals and infirmaries for soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht, for quartering troops and other needs. In the medical institutions that continued their work, services for the population during the occupation were provided on a paid basis. A number of medical institutions that previously provided specialized types of care, by the decision of the occupation authorities, stopped their work. The reduction in the number of health facilities, inadequate funding and supplies, the introduction of fees for the provision of services observed in many areas the shortage of medical personnel has determined the almost universal reduced availability and worsening quality of medical care during the occupation. At the same time, in a number of cases, certain features were noted related to the policy pursued by the occupiers in the field of health in various regions of the enemy-occupied part of the USSR. The result of the occupation was the destruction of a large number of medical institutions by the enemy, annihilation of millions of civilians, and the infliction of huge harm to the health of the local population.

The article studies the history and features of the development of socio-economic life of a southern Russian city by the example of Nakhichevan-on-Don. It was founded by Armenian immigrants from the Crimea by decree of Empress Catherine II in 1779. The emergence of new immigrants revived the economy of the Don, in the first half of the XIX century. Nakhichevan-on-Don has become one of the important trade and craft centers in the South of Russia. The source base of the study is the documents of the Nakhichevan City Council, the Chancellery of the Yekaterinoslav province, the Chancellery of the Region of the Don Army, documents of the 2nd Division - on the construction and repair of buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Ingushetia, city plans of Ingushetia. The author shows the features of the layout of the city in the second half of the XIX - early. XX century, its changes associated with the changes in the area of the city, the emergence of new objects. The number of houses, both stone and wooden, is given. The population growth of the city, which has two sources, is shown: low natural growth of the local population and migration of Russian and Little Russian migrants. The geographical location of the city at the intersection of important trade routes, which had an impact on the socioeconomic development of the city, is considered. Various activities of Nakhichevan merchants are shown. Data on the number of plants and factories in the city of Nakhi-chevan-on-Don are given. The author gives information about the bourgeois self-government regulated by the City Regulation of 1870. The analysis of the main features of the socio-economic development of the city of Nakhichevan-on-Don allows to conclude that as a result of the transition of Nakhichevan entrepreneurs to factory-industrial production, such industries as handicraft production disappear. Urban bourgeoisie switches to small business, urban population grows at the expense of those who come to work, the city grows and builds up, large plants and factories, which belong not only to local, but also to nonresident and foreign entrepreneurs, appear.

The article discusses the policy of the government of the Russian Empire in relation to Catholics of the Kingdom of Poland and the Caucasus in the first half of the 19th century. Due to the fact that the Catholic element in the social structure of Russian statehood had a tendency to constant growth during the territorial expansion of the imperial space, it was necessary to develop optimal parameters in cooperation with the Catholic clergy, to determine their attitude to its activities. The Caucasus region had long remained the territory of attraction of imperial expansion, accompanied by military action against local non-peaceful highlanders. In addition, the Caucasus had long been used by the authorities as a kind of imperial penitentiary system designed to admonish and curb restless characters and minds that can produce ideological and value confusion in the heads of young people, undermine public morality and threaten the existing state foundations. After the events of 1830 - 1831, they began to send to the Caucasus people, who did not want to come to terms with the trampling of their national pride, from the Kingdom of Poland, and were ready to defend it with weapons in their hands, i.e. the most irreconcilable to the Russian Polish patriots or those whom the authorities considered the most dangerous and influential. The Catholic priesthood played an important role in maintaining among the Poles the spirit of Polish national solidarity and adherence to the Polish national tradition, which prevented the rooting of their loyalty to the Russian authorities. After the negative consequences of the influence of the priests on the Polish flock became apparent to the Caucasian authorities, the Russian authorities tried to use the Caucasian Catholics, primarily Armenians, who owed much to Russia, as an alternative to the Polish Catholic clergy. They did not have the spirit of "Polacism" and would not support in the Poles exiled to the Caucasus, the spirit of Polish nationality and intransigence to Russia

Everyday life history (Alltagsgeschichte, histoire de la vie quotidienne) is a relatively new field in historical science, the subject of which is the everyday life of a person in various historical and cultural, political, ethnic and confessional contexts. The core of the research consists of a comprehensive analysis of the normal, familiar way of life of different social strata of the population. The relevance of studying the everyday life of Vienna's citizens in World War I is determined by the lack of research on this topic in the Russian scientific community. Therefore, the analysis of socio-political and economic problems of the rear in the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire on the basis of the works of German and English authors is of practical importance. The article deals with various aspects of everyday life in Vienna society in the period from 1914 to 1918 -the period of World War I, when the European continent was engulfed in fear and chaos caused by military actions. Through an analysis of the internal policies of the Austro-Hungarian government, in particular the introduction of a military dictatorship, and through the identification of public reactions to the changes, a general picture of the transformation of the lives of ordinary citizens in Vienna is formed. The author investigates how the everyday reality of women in the rear has changed when most working age men were drafted to the front. "Home Front Soldiers", as the women of military Vienna are called by A. Pfoser and A. Weigl in their work "In the Epicenter of the Breakup: Vienna in World War I", were forced to take up male jobs in factories, raising their children in conditions of hunger, social tension and constantly rising housing prices. The author draws attention to the fact that internal political problems in the Austro-Hungarian Empire have created a conflict between the government and the army leadership. Soldiers dissatisfied with the living conditions of their relatives and the loved ones in Vienna, what they learned about through personal letters, refused to fight. The unrest on the front and in the rear forced the Austro-Hungarian government to take extreme measures - a brutal suppression of uprisings. However, social tensions and difficult living conditions for the inhabitants of Vienna remained until the end of the war and had a direct impact on the further collapse of the empire.

The paper features the involvement of British alpinists in the exploration of the Caucasus in the late XIX - early XX centuries, which has not been a subject of research in Russian historiography. Mountaineering gained high popularity in mid-Victorian England, which was stipulated by the development of middle class identity, based on the idea of masculinity, and the construction of imperial culture. Mountaineering was considered as a perfect embodiment of masculinity, imperial expansion and conquest. British mountaineering started in the Alps. During 1850s - 1860s all major Alpine peaks were ascended and explored by the British. By that time mountaineering developed into an organized activity under the leadership of the Alpine Club founded in 1857. A growing demand for new climbs sparked an interest in the Caucasus. In the late 1860s British alpinists headed for the Caucasian mountains, which they considered as a new playground for leisure and sport as well as a field for exploration. Until then the Caucasus was an uncharted territory for Europeans since there were no reliable maps of the region or scientific data. Members of the Alpine Club made a considerable contribution to the exploration of the Caucasus. They collected specimens of plants, fossils and rocks. They compiled topographical notes and recorded detailed information valuable for further research and travel: lists of the chief peaks and passes, the heights of the peaks and passes. The results of their expeditions were published in the Alpine Journal or English academic periodicals. The accounts of their ascents, detailed summaries of climbs and bright descriptions of peaks, valleys and glaciers were instrumental in creating a scientific map of the Caucasus. Many alpinists contributed to literature by their Caucasian travelogues. By the late 1890s all the major peaks in the central Caucasus except Ushba had been scaled by the English. The British mountaineering activities in the Caucasus decreased in the early XXth century. The major new routes were put up by German expeditions.

The author considers the tools of «soft power» in the process of forming a positive image of countries by the example of efforts of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Modern international relations are characterized by dichotomy: priority of the national state / growing influence of international institutions; cooperation / confrontation; unipolarity / polycentricity; power and traditional methods / «soft» and «smart» power. In this context, the author attends to the using of consensus and dialogue methods to promote the country's national brand. Azerbaijan takes measures to reduce reputation losses from the status of an authoritarian state with a non-diversification economy, especially after the events of the Four-Day War in April 2016, when Western media and analysts, in fact, accused the Azerbaijani side of escalating the conflict. The activities of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation since 2004, the Baku international humanitarian forum since 2011, the World Forum on Intercultural Dialogue within the framework of the Baku process on intercultural dialogue since 2011, the Nizami Ganjavi International cener since 2012, and the Baku Global forum of open societies since 2013 are aimed at promoting the positive image of the country in the international arena. Through dialogue with influential representatives of the world community, Nobel prize winners, media, analysts and experts, current politicians and retired statesmen on issues of sustainable and stable global development, the political elite of Azerbaijan promotes the image of a secular and tolerant state, an economically prosperous Muslim nation that has both regional and global aspirations. These events also have an economic goal - to increase the country's investment attractiveness, raise the country in the ratings of business management, freedom of entrepreneurship, and attract the international community to the Karabakh conflict.

Against the background of unceasing journalism generalizations about the perniciousness of Soviet collectivization of agriculture, the real consequences of one of the odious actions of the Stalinist agrarian policy related to the direction of the special L.M. Kaganovich commission in the North-Caucasus region. The novelty of the research undertaken by the author lies in the search for positive historical facts that destroy the negative trends in post-Soviet historiography in relation to collectivization. Hundreds of advanced (or strong, in the terminology of that time) collective farms, although they did not constitute the majority among the agricultural cartels of the North-Caucasus Territory, were able not only to withstand, but also to maintain production potential under the administrative pressure on the «breakdown of kulak sabotages Using the advanced (strong) Kuban collective farm «Khleborob-Lenin No.2» as an example, the article discusses the basic socio-economic indicators of 19321934 of a separate agricultural artel that survived a severe external impact. The relevance of the undertaken research consists in upholding the principle of scientific objectivity in relation to the facts of Soviet history politicized in historiography and journalism, which include collectivization of agriculture. Also, the significance of the work lies in a detailed micro historical analysis of the problem posed with the aim of identifying different vector processes and understanding the positive dynamics of the socio-economic indicators of the above-mentioned advanced (strong) Kuban collective farm as an illustrative example.

The article deals with one of the dramatic events in the history of Russia, the suppression of the uprising of landlord Kalantarov's serfs in the village of Malov Kut, Stavropol province, in January 1853. As a result, more than 160 people were killed and died of wounds.How-ever, this incident is not properly reflected in the literature, apparently based on the fact that in the Stavropol province there were mainly state peasants, not serfs. Peasants of the village of Maslov Kut more than half a century fought against merciless exploitation by landlords, their willfulness, for their freedom, being subjected to cruel punishments. In January 1853, there was the largest performance of peasants of landowners of Kalantarovs. It was suppressed with unprecedented cruelty. By order of the civil Governor, General Volotsky, artillery was usedomen and children. It was essentially the execution of serfs in the village of Maslov Kut. At the provincial Assembly of the nobility G. Kalantarov for the third time was elected the first candidate for the leadership of the nobility. The performance of the peasants caused serious concern in the upper levels of state power. The Emperor Nicholas I in connection with the incident did not approve G. Kalantarov for another term as the leader of the provincial nobility. Outraged by the behavior of the participants of the provincial noble Assembly after it became known about the suppression of the uprising in the estate of Kalantarovs, the Emperor announced the Stavropol nobility the highest reprimand, which was an emergency, which was done by the emperors is extremely rare. But the actions of Governor Volotsky authorities considered correct and no one condemned them. The article also discusses the results of the investigation, the trial of the rebels. At the same time, attention is drawn to the fact that all attempts to resolve the issue of Maslov Kut peasants before the abolition of serfdom were unsuccessful.

The article discusses the practice of representing the image of Soviet power on the pages of the mass Soviet weekly weekly Ogonyok in the 1920s. The approval of the new state model and political power during the study period was fraught with a host of opposing factors. In the conditions of the post-revolutionary situation and the constant struggle for power, the Soviet government faced the need not only for its forceful assertion, but also for the application of ideological dictatorship and myth-making practices. Representation of the image of Soviet power was directly related to the political tasks of the historical period under consideration and represented various aspects of the unified process of the formation of Soviet power. The weekly Ogonyok proposed practices for representing the image of power using a variety of thematic lines, through which it was reflected. Of considerable importance was the construction of the emotional and psychological attractiveness of this image. This was achieved through the selection and presentation of figures of leaders, heroes of the revolution, mythologization of the personality of V. I. Lenin. An important component of the image of power was a positive representation of the image of the party with the help of a broad representation of party congresses. The tool for representing the ideal image of power was the use of forms of visual propaganda. The image of Soviet power was the most personified and mythologized in the weekly, which was associated with the need to broadcast scenarios of a new state and political system, for which certain sociocultural and political conditions in the country had not yet been formed. Working in line with the official ideology, Ogo-nyok did not reflect the negative and problematic elements of government policy, as well as the negative and unattractive features of the events. Thus a positive image of power was formed, a model of political governance, mandatory for the entire vertical of power, and at the same time a model of social behavior of Soviet people, which boiled down to methods of support and approval of any actions of the authorities.

In the galaxy of heroes and martyrs of the Irish national movement, the personality of Michael Collins, one of the most prominent figures of the Irish Revolution, stands out not only by constant and unflagging attention from historians, political scientists, but also constantly attracts the attention of writers and the media. In fact, from the moment of his tragic death to the present day, the image of Collins both does not leave the pages of special publications and manifests itself in Internet resources, thus expanding the areola of the reading audience. The online community, in addition, allows readers to instantly express their point of view on the representations of the various facets of his personality and the mul-tifaceted activities of the hero. A rather active transformation of the Collins image over time is observed. New generations of authors and the needs and demands of new generations of readers dictate the need to reveal new aspects of Collins' personality. From the Collins's heroization, traditional for the beginning of the 20th century, a transformation is currently observed in the evaluative characteristics of the personality. More and more attention is paid to the purely human characteristics of the character. Such innovations are dictated not only by the expansion of the "ecumenical" standard image of the hero, by the invasion of those areas, for example, his personal life, which were previously either on the periph- ery of interest or were not touched at all. No less influence on the formation of the multifaceted image of Michael Collins has a change in the mental characteristics of modern society, the formation of a new cultural code. This "omnivorous" readers of the new generation indicates that a new historical and cultural paradigm has been created. The transformation of the image of Michael Collins in research literature, in journalism, in popular publications, on the World Wide Web is not called to somehow fundamentally change the reading public's direction in the direction of negative attitude towards the hero, but once again testifies to new "standards" inherent in Western culture. The attention to the characters of the Irish Revolution was expectedly strengthened in connection with the centennial of this most important event in national history, the commemoration of which continues to this day. The proposed topic is, therefore, relevant in several aspects and goes beyond the analysis of only Collins' personality. In domestic historiography there are no studies devoted to the analysis of Collins' representation in the specialized literature, as well as in public opinion and perception.

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The process of spending the country's budget is inextricably linked to the implementation of financial controls on their effective and targeted use. To a considerable degree of financial control affect the implementation of the budget holders of purchasing procedures to ensure its activities and the performance of its functions. Through the contract system in the field of procurement is spending most of the budget of the state. The legislation on the contract system in accordance with part 1 of article 2 of the Law № 44-FZ is based on the provisions of the Budget code of the Russian Federation and during the procurement procedures of goods, works and services customers use budget funds in order to implement quality and comprehensive financial control, in the audit in the field of procurement control and accounting bodies of the Russian Federation cover issues on the effective use of budget funds by customers in procurement. This scientific article reveals the content, problems and direction of development of audit in the field of procurement, mechanisms of efficiency audit conducted by the control and accounting bodies of the Russian Federation as a necessary condition for the implementation of external financial control of procurement in order to improve the efficiency of budget spending in the contract system. At the same time, the article classifies the types of the most common violations of the legislation on the contract system in the field of procurement and the practice of control bodies to identify and prevent them in the future, and also proposes measures to improve the results of procurement procedures in terms of quality, effectiveness and achievement of the necessary tasks defined by Law No. 44-FZ, including the improvement of activities carried out in the framework of procurement audit. As part of the implementation of procurement audit activities, it is necessary to focus the issues of audit activities mainly on the identification of facts that link the identified violation with the inefficient spending of budgetary funds and the failure to achieve the results of procurement determined by the legislation on the contract system and the budget legislation of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the above, as well as the relationship between budget relations and the implementation of audit in the field of procurement by control and accounting bodies of the Russian Federation in order to comply with budget legislation and other regulatory legal acts regulating legal relations on the preparation, execution and expenditure of budget funds of the country in the field of procurement, the relevance of the topic discussed in this article is confirmed.

The relevance of issues related to the legal status of the inheritance fund is predetermined by the following circumstances. First of all, the legislative innovations entered into force relatively recently, namely from September 01, 2018, and to date, there has not yet been a stable practice of applying these rules. Despite the fact that the new legal institution has not yet passed the test of time and has not received a solid practical approbation, in the legal environment, both professional and scientific, there is an urgent need to change it due to the imperfection of some legislative decisions. Against this background, a group of deputies took the initiative to reform the Institute of the inheritance fund. To date, the state Duma of the Russian Federation is discussing a bill on lifetime personal funds. Thus, the problem of the legal status of inheritance funds is particularly relevant in the light of the prospects for updating this institution. The novelty of the work is shown in the scientific methods and methods used by the author to study the peculiarities of the legal status of the inheritance fund. The author used a historical research method that allows the most profound, complete and comprehensive study of the phenomenon of the inheritance fund in both world and domestic legal practice. Retrospective analysis of the legal Institute of the inheritance fund, based on the principle of taking into account the traditions of civil law regulation of public relations, helps to identify trends in legal regulation in the field under consideration. Some of the author's conclusions were the result of using comparative legal tools. The use of the method of comparative law in the study of the legal structure of the inheritance fund seems to us particularly effective, which is due to the novelty of this Institute for the Russian law and order based on rich foreign experience of its application.

He article analyzes the administrative and legal basis for regulating the activities of executive authorities in the digital reality. The authors note that the process of formation of a democratic legal state in Russia is in a di-chotomous relationship with the constantly developing and evolving information society. As you know, the development of the information society is currently associated with the implementation of projects for the development of the digital economy. In this regard, the term dig-italization is more common than in the legal literature. Digital technologies allow to expand opportunities of citizens in the sphere of realization of the most important constitutional right-the right to access to information. At the same time, it imposes an obligation on the state to ensure this right. Thus, the use of digital technologies in the activities of public authorities can increase the transparency of their activities, make them more open and at the same time accessible to citizens. In this context, the right of access to information acquires new content related to the possibility of access to information Процесс формирования в России демократического правового государства, находится through digital technologies and the obligation of public authorities to ensure access to such information. The authors conclude that administrative and legal regulation in the studied area allows to modernize the process of internal management in order to increase its transparency, efficiency, etc. Digital transformation changes the approach to the organization of public administration, as there is a qualitative change. However, digital technologies in public administration can be used not only for the purposes of providing public services. Their scope is much wider. Taking into account the experience of foreign countries, such technologies as "big data", blockchain, artificial intelligence, etc., can be used in public administration. It is clear that the use of digital technologies in public administration will not only increase its efficiency, but will also contribute to the optimization of public spending.

In the Russian Federation, more attention is paid to the development of single-industry municipalities, including through the creation of territories of advanced social and economic development (TASED) in them. The creation of the TASED implies the establishment of a special regime for doing business, including the provision of tax benefits to residents. Since land tax benefits are not fixed by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, such a duty by law rests with the representative bodies of municipalities, since the agreement on the establishment of the TASED provides for the obligation of the executive-administrative body of the municipal formation to develop and introduce the corresponding legal act into the representative body of the municipal formation. The article discusses the features of establishing land tax benefits by representative bodies of municipalities. By the example of a number of single-industry towns (analysis of municipal legal acts), differences are shown in the moment of establishment and expiration of the tax benefit, as well as the period for which it is granted. The conclusion is drawn about the need to consolidate the tax privilege on land tax for residents of TASED in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The tax incentive can be called stimulating for residents of TASED, since the funds released from the payment of land tax can be used to develop investment projects. On the other hand, for municipalities burdened with the obligation of the federal legislator to provide benefits, compensation for shortfalls is necessary, especially for those municipalities where the land tax makes up a significant share in the revenues of local budgets. Ways to resolve this issue are proposed.

The author underlines that the formation of the legal concept of «war crimes» is connected with the formation of international humanitarian law from the middle of the 19th century. It is now generally recognized that the fundamental international documents defining the formal legal nature of war crimes are: the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of the War (1949) and their Additional Protocols (1977); a number of conventions banning the use of certain methods and means of warfare; «establishing» documents of modern bodies of international criminal justice. Decisions of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals, as well as international tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, are also of particular importance for understanding war crimes. According to the author, in modern Russian doctrine, despite the terminological difference, there is a certain semantic unity in the understanding of the term «war crimes». At the same time, the principles of international humanitarian law are proposed as the basis for the definition of this term (humanity, limiting the warring parties in choosing means and methods of conducting military operations, protecting civilians and civil objects during armed conflicts of an international and non-international nature). However, as most Russian authors emphasize, a war crime, which was initially a violation of international humanitarian law, implies the individual criminal responsibility of the person who committed it. The modern foreign doctrine also states that the term «war crimes» is often used in different and conflicting meanings. However, foreign authors are increasingly using a «narrow» definition: a war crime is a violation of international humanitarian law, entailing criminal liability. The author notes that the question of the applicability of the international legal definition of «war crimes» in the national criminal law system is debated in Russian and foreign doctrine. This thesis is especially important for states not participating in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, but for which the rules of customary international law are binding. As a result, the author concludes that the modern Russian and foreign doctrine is characterized by a fundamentally similar understanding of the term «war crime» in international criminal law.

The article deals with topical issues of legal regulation of alcohol turnover in the conditions of martial law. The current legislation of Russia and a number of former Soviet countries regulating the procedure for the introduction and implementation of this legal regime contains a provision on special turnover of alcoholic beverages on the list of measures. To date, Russia has developed both an official and unofficial market for the production of alcohol and its consumption, and a certain balance has been formed between the amount of alcohol produced and its sales, which is unlikely to be changed by limiting its production or consumption without financial, economic and social consequences. A possible ban on official production and its implementation will provoke an increase in moonshine and other negative consequences, which are demonstrated in the article. This conclusion raises the question of whether it is appropriate to include on the list of events held under martial law "a special regime of alcohol trafficking", as it does not reflect not only the objective realities of the current state of affairs, but also the experience of the historical past of Russia and a number of other European countries. Within the framework of the current legal regulation, there are enough flexible and effective measures aimed at limiting the use of alcoholic beverages, which do not need to be fixed in the relevant Federal constitutional law. A comparative analysis of similar legislation in European countries does not contain such restrictions. A historical study of restrictions on the turnover of alcoholic beverages during the First World War showed both positive and, to a greater extent, its negative consequences for Russia. The legal regulation of alcohol consumption during the Second World War is fundamentally different from the restrictions that took place in the period 1914-1918. The state took into account mistakes and their consequences for society and the army and avoided the introduction of "prohibition" during the war. Areas of public relations for which the alcohol ban has had a positive effect are demonstrated. The negative results of restricting the turnover of alcoholic beverages for the economy and social sphere, both in conditions of martial law and in peacetime, are revealed. Conclusions are formulated about the inexpediency of the ban on alcohol trafficking in the conditions of the martial law regime.

State interests are conditioned by historical necessity and always occupy a special place in complex social relations. State interest in land and other natural resources in the Russian Empire in the XVIII century is realized by the legislator in the form of application of the principle of restriction by the state of private land ownership in various spheres of activity. The relevance of the topic of this article is due to the problems that arose in the state in the XVIII century in connection with the formation of state rights and state tasks in relation to land ownership and natural resources, when using the main economic resource - land. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that for the first time the influence of some legal acts expressing, in the author's opinion, state interests on the land policy of the Russian Empire is considered. Some legal acts were just institutions necessary for the state and society as a whole, while the implementation of other legal acts that did not meet the economic interests of the landlords failed. In the XVIII century, in the formation of land policy, the state pursues the goals of settling issues of private land ownership and establishing the order of land disposal. At the same time, the features of the land policy of the state are influenced by areas related to land relations, such as mining and forestry. Ensuring the state interests of the Russian Empire in the XVIII century by the legislator is not stable, which is expressed in the initial establishment of restrictions or prohibitions in order to implement the state interest. Further, on the part of the state, there is a concession to the private interests of landowners, expressed in the subsequent issuance of a legal act that contradicts the objectives of the previously established prohibitions or cancels restrictions. Then prohibitions and restrictions were established again, which indicates the confrontation of private and public interests and the inability to cooperate with the privileged strata of society and the legislator.

The authors substantiate the expediency of forming a new branch of law-security law as a timely response of the state to the need to streamline the existing security relations. Based on the analysis of Russian legal sources, it is proved that the methodological premise of the subject of the studied branch is the concept of «protection», the content of which consists in the Commission of actual actions by subjects aimed at protecting objects from illegal encroachments and carried out on the basis of legal means. Giving the content elements of the named concept public or private legal properties allows you to claim the possession of similar properties of both the subject and the industry itself. Material and legal preconditions of security legal relations are revealed, their brief characteristic at the present stage of social development is given. This approach allows us to consider these relations as ordered by legal norms of public relations, which are formed in the form of a legal relationship between the subjects arising about the protection of objects, manifested through the rights and obligations of subjects and provided by state enforcement measures. Being the subject of legal regulation, the presented relations allow us to define security law as a system of legal norms regulating public and private security relations. The complex methodology of legal regulation of these relations, which is a combination of the method of power-subordination and the method of equality, is revealed, and the principles of the studied industry are determined. It is proved that the security law acts not only as an industry identified by its subject, methods and principles, but it is a science and educational course that is rapidly developing and is in demand at the current stage of development of the state.

This study offers a view on a comprehensive pho-nosemantic analysis of modal units, which was performed using the VAAL 2000 system as well as the Praat application (Version 6.0.33), functioning in political speeches. The analysis is carried out from beyond the context and within the context, while the most perlocu-tionally loaded units are the modal verbs must, can and may due to their phonosemantic component, which is defined as a grade scale for the level of effect and the frequency of their use within the framework of speeches delivered by each of the political figures. The analysis suggests that, in the framework of their public speeches, political figures can intentionally use certain modal constructions employed in order to increase their influence on the audience. This is required to convey the speaker's intention to the recipients in the most efficient way, having an impact on their perception of the subjective axiological component of the delivered information. The semantics of modal units can be modified by incrementing additional, hidden semes, the analysis and detection of which helps identify the level of influence and intent of the utterance producer. Politicians' speech usually abounds in functionally loaded modal operators, which is explained by unique phonosemantic potencies. Using them in speeches of such political figures like V. Putin, B. Obama and J. Biden is for a reason. The nuclear and peripheral semantic components of these operators, as well as intonation, and logical stress, help achieve the highest degree of the impact worked on the recipient, while the audience's attention is maintained, and the statement acquires more of information load. It is the presence and functioning of modal operators in the speeches of eminent political figures, associated with the use of a certain intonation, pause and change through the pace of speech, that reveals the use of neurolinguistic programming techniques and, respectively, an attempt to increase the level of impact on the audience.

He article analyzes the basic techniques of em-phatizing marginal overtones of the meaning hierarchy, which develop based on the peripheral components of the socio-cultural concept and value space within the framework of grotesque verbalization forms. The grotesque actualization is viewed as an effective tactic for psycho-emotive intellective implementation of absurd value and normative space. The author proves the relevance for hermeneutic, socio-cultural, historical and noe-matic analysis through the process of identifying and describing the essential and phenomenological components of the value and orientation space in the representation of extremely reflexive texts of prison prose. These processes are taken as specific schemes for marking controversial experiences that are different from the conventional, stereotyped, "rule-shaped" models that explicate the individual concept snd value system. There is also an analysis of the views on the ways of marking the creative and the alternative in the virtual socio-cultural space in the grotesque forms of mental images explication in modern prison literature. The specifics of marginal ideas concerning experiences are ana- lyzed depending on the features of the moral values pertaining to a particular sub-community. The author points at the internal ambivalence of personal representations, as well as their dependence on the complexity of socio-cultural and individual-subcultural relations. The article stresses the importance of exaggeration, hyperbolic explication of the categorical features of the described object, the phenomenon as an inevitable condition for proper implementation of the perlocutionary effect in case of a grotesque type of description. In terms of representing the marginal component as a peripheral area within the linguistic-cultural concept and value system, aesthetic stereotyping of grotesque (somatic and sensory) forms of marking the author's mental constructs, hyperbolization techniques, parody, and allegory, trigger - within intended perception (active reading) - the development of special models of thinking in general, as well transform the concept and value community system.

The article studies the identification and description of the ways the linguocultural overtones of generalized meaning are expressed in the process of conveying everyday realities. Various methods of ensuring the adequacy of the perception of the foreign cultural component lead to the reconstruction of the objective and artistic world of the original work and ethnos. Within the framework of a stylized narrative the intertextual elements and allusions expand the artistic space of the original text, which causes certain difficulties in transferring a pseudo-fairytale narrative to a different linguistic culture. The article analyzes the strong positions of the text of a modern Turkish fairy tale, containing everyday realities that allow us to identify the ethnic specifics of the East. The repeated traditional archaic realities in line with modern globalized reality in the description create modern precedent pseudo-discourse representing the conceptual-valency system of the new Turkic-speaking linguistic culture. The reconstruction of this ambiguity in the process of translation into Russian is challenged by translation of allusive components, which, being interpreted through the translator's individual worldview, can lead to the introduction of additional components. At the same time, the transfer of the exotic component to the target language culture is intended not only to nominate referents and denotations with a sufficient degree of equivalence, but also to mark the precedent of cultural art space.