The paper features the analysis of early medical studies of UK coastal zone climate. The author focuses on such aspects as the healing properties of water, air and other natural elements of the seaside. The paper demonstrates the data of medical surveys on the impact of climatic factors on treatment of certain diseases. These data determined the therapeutic specialization of the seaside areas. The author concludes that medical studies had decisive inluence on the development of the UK seaside resorts in the XIX century.

This article covers the initial period of the history of St.-Petersburg Naval Academy, as well as the role of count A. Matveev in its formation. Special attention is paid to the legal basis of activities of these educational institutions, its structure, features of selection of teaching staff and of the disciplines in the context of the objectives of the Peter's reforms. In addition, the interpersonal relations, developed in the leadership of the Academy, and their impact on the educational process analyses in this article.

The sources of personal origin are among the most important documents in the study of the experience of Soviet citizens at forced labor in Germany during Great Patriotic war. The article features the source analysis of perhaps the most representative on the territory of Russia collection of Crimea citizens' letters deported to forced labor on the territory of the Third Reich. The collection is kept at the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea in 1986, and to date has not been systematically described. The letters of Eastern workers - natives of the Crimea -helps recreate the moral character of a person in captivity, as no other source provides insights into his inner world, to show moral values. At the same time, being the product of individual mental activity the letters are reveal typical attitudes and moods of Eastern workers. In the letters one can find a wide range of material about the reflection of the perception of space-time and activity situations, fixing attention and selective memory at certain events of life in Germany; a reflection of the value-motivational sphere, principles and beliefs, needs and interests of the inhabitants of the Crimea caught up in forced labor in the Reich.

The article analyzes the activity of the Russian State authority aimed at trade development in the conditions of the North Caucasus. The historical circumstances of gradual involvement of local peoples in the economic sphere of the Empire are shown. The political factors, which hampered the process, were assessed. The mechanisms of the Russian authority, trying to involve merchants in the economic development of the region, where retraced. The features of goods, dominated at the local market, were analyzed. The article clears up political interests promoted trade relations or on the contrary-limited them. It is shown that legal trade contacts and informal methods of exchange based on smuggle took place.

The article, which is based predominantly on the legislative sources, deals with the ways of administration and police within Anglo-Saxon society which was inherited from the barbarian age and then used by a nascent medieval state. There are patronage and hundredal organization among them. Both were coercive obligations put on the subjects by the kings. The land-lords were made king's agents which were warrantors for their men. All free people were made members of the hundreds and the tithings which formed the so called «frankpledge system».

The article is devoted to the process of establishment of police and Emergency Committee's organs in the Stavropol region in a challenging historical period. Local peculiarities and general tendencies were detected. Author remarks events connected with the revolutionary past of our country that is relevant because of an approaching centennial anniversary of the 1917 Revolution. Powers, goals and formation order was displayed on the base of regional and federal archives and regional press. Special attention is drawn to an analysis of professional activity of people who were heads of authority structures.

The article examines the main factors that determine the complex genesis and subsequent transformation of the professional identity of the Soviet and Russian managerial elite. The authors demonstrate the real impact of the power structures in the formation of the system of identification characteristics of the relevant political and ideological dominants of a particular historical era. Special attention is focused on the real role of the educational models implemented by public institutions in a consistent evolution of the professional identity of certain categories of managerial elite. A separate area is targeted to demonstrate the continuity of identification with Soviet and Russian ruling class, which is based not only on the consecutive career path, but also the mental broadcast of value stereotypes.

The article describes some of the features of formation of higher education system in the 1920s in Russia and Germany. The article highlights the premises for the establishment of higher education system, the structure of departments, teaching staff, training of scientific personnel. Comparative analysis was conducted in the following directions: the historical background of high school establishment, the structure of universities, teaching staff and training of researchers. The author concludes that the liquidation of the classical universities in Russia in the 1920s was the reason for interruption of German traditions and education influence.

This article raises a poorly developed question from the historical point of view regarding recruitment of women for the hardest military construction work including battle performance during the Great Patriotic War. With the reference to materials of the south of Russia the activity of road-exploitation and defense-building military regiments women contingent, their department subordination, volumes and problems of building work realization in region, mechanisms of female civil population resources use are analyzed. The aspects of functionality, women-builders service conditions are discussed and some examples of military biographies are presented. The article presents new archive data about female population of North-Caucasus fronts' construction columns.

The article is dedicated to the Russian spies activities in the Northern Caucasus in the period of armed opposition of the Empire to "unpeasful" highlanders. As an example of one of them, circumstances of the fight of opposing sides were shown. Among all means they used, the reconnaissance was very important. The unique character of spies' activities is in its rare mention in sources. The majority of contacts with this group of people were secret both for contemporaries and for descendants. The reasons for the activities were different. Some saw the possibility to have a material reward; others took a risk for moral opinions. The character researched in the article wanted to deserve the Russian authorities, forgiveness because he left his unit in his youth for highlanders. In the environment of Magommet Amin people the spy let the Caucasian authorities know valuable information of hostile intentions of the enemy.

The initial stages of formation of the Ancient Russian state was marked by active military-political contacts with Byzantium and the countries of the Caucasus, Rus campaigns on Constantinople and the Caspian sea region. Analysis of Eastern and ancient sources allows to conclude that most large-scale campaigns of the Rus in the Caspian sea was a planned follow-up to the Prince's campaigns to Byzantium.

The article highlights the history of the organization and implementation of the first tour of the Japanese Kabuki theater in the Soviet Union on the basis of the sources of personal origin and periodicals. It describes the dificulties encountered by the organizers of the tour. The article analyzes various aspects of the stay of Japanese artists in the country of the Soviets. Special attention is paid to the perception of the Japanese theatrical art by Soviet theater audience.

The article reveals the peculiarities of implementing «neo-Ottoman» Imperial model of modernization and development in the Republic of Turkey. The article highlights such trends as the growth of centralization and authoritarianism in the system of state power, the desecularization of public life, expansionism in foreign policy. Paying close attention to the inal claim the author seeks to show mostly the extroverted nature of the Turkish model of modernization, including the achievement of success through the mobilization of the resource base of states and regions once the part of the Ottoman Empire.

The article analyzes the forms of organization and the scale of international tourism in the Stavropol region. The author defines the role of such organizations as Trade Unions and BIYT in the development of youth international tourism, the characteristic features of international tourism as a form of recreation. The author has determined that every trip gave impetus to the youth' reflection and the comparisons of differences in behavior, thinking and experience.

This article deals with the participation of representatives of public organizations in the social and cultural life of Stavropol in the second half of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. The article presents biographies of public figures, the analysis of some social organizations of Stavropol, the role of personality in the work of public organizations and the history of Stavropol. It is shown how the activities of public organizations affected the expansion in the number of schools, developed the museum business, and other cultural and educational institutions. Different published sources and archival documents are referred to in order to confirm the conclusions.

The article touches upon the preconditions, general course and the outcome of the second stage of combat operations in Marukh direction during the battle for the Caucasus of 1942-1943, the composition and size of Soviet and German forces as well as the specifics of warfare in mountainous terrain. Due to generalship of soldiers and officers of the troop of forces of Marukh direction plans of the enemy to break through the Chkhalta river valley and farther to Sukhum was failed. According to the author the failure of the German offensive in this alpine front sector was an important tactical success of the Soviet command and largely contributed to the total failure of the Operation Edelweiss.

The article is dedicated to the development of the folk trades on the Chechen and Ingush territory in the 60-80s of the XIX century. The ways and variants of adaptation of traditional home-industries are traced to the market trade, which gradually spread in the mountain environment after North Caucasus joined the Russian Empire. Small productions oriented on market demand appeared in Chechen and Ingush. They laid the foundation for enterprises of the capitalist type, used the hired labour. Home industries, which adapted themselves to the market trade were forced to be transformed, to have chance of existence.

The article highlights such important aspect of the First World War as charity. The authors analyzed the process of creation and functioning of departmental and «hybrid» charity model combining bureaucratic, private and proprietary and public basis. Revealed activities of the Office of Communications in the process of providing assistance to the Russian military personnel. The authors analyzed a variety of activities of the Main Committee to assist people affected by military action: the organization of sanitary trains, train-baths, hospitals, infirmaries, material assistance. This article underlines the importance of women's committees, working on a voluntary basis.

The article deals with the historical background and process of formation of Red Cross in the USA. Chronologically it covers the initial stage of the society's history. Humanitarian field operations of American Red Cross under conditions of natural disasters are examined. The authors focus their attention on the activities of Clara Barton, who was the founder and leader of the society throughout given period of time.

The article discloses peculiarities of professional activities of judicial investigators in Stavropol province as representatives of the judicial officials of the second half of XIX - early XX centuries on the basis of everyday life history approaches. The article analyzes professional quality and level of training of investigators, the impact of social and material conditions in the official daily life. For example, pre-revolutionary activities of investigators showing peculiarities of the legal system of Stavropol.

The article reveals the genesis, the origins of the formation and evolution of the history of everyday life and the livelihoods of the society as an independent direction in history. Shows the attitude to the problem of foreign and domestic researchers, are determined by its differences from the related branches of historical knowledge. The authors emphasize the significance of studying this problem in historical perspective at the most challenging, critical stages of social evolution. The paper presents a detailed analysis of approaches to the problems of everyday life of German researchers, whose experience influenced the attitude of the representatives of the national historical school to the history of everyday life. This emphasizes the regionalization process research practices in the direction in question in the Russian context. According to the authors, this trend is due to the peculiarities of life of local communities.

The article examines the materials published in 1929 in Paris and dedicated to the seventieth birthday of Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov. The materials of the publication are distributed into some sections, from which special attention is attracted to the following ones: "Milyukov as a Politician", "Milyukov as a Teacher", "Milyukov and the National Question", etc. They are made by his colleagues, supporters and even opponents who knew the major milestones of Milyukov's political and professional activities (A. F. Kerensky, N. I. Astrov, E. D. Kuskova, M. V. Vishnyak, etc.). Some evidences of P. B. Struve, V. M. Chernov, etc., related to this period, are used. The analysis allowed to conclude that in immigration being separated from the Motherland, Milyukov continued working on social doctrine and political programme of its future revival, while remaining faithful to the principles and moral values of the Russian Liberal and Democrat.

This article discusses the mechanisms of anti-corruption education and their implementation as a way of improving the legal culture and legal awareness of various categories of the population, the impact of the measures of anti-corruption education, training and the promotion of the formation of anticorruption outlook. An attempt to analyze the total federal and regional anti-corruption education for youth programs. Allocated directions of formation of anticorruption outlook of students. It was determined that the awareness-raising work on formation of anticorruption outlook and anti-corruption culture, as part of the legal culture in society contributes to the formation of intolerance to manifestations of corruption.

The author substantiates the proposition that as a result of legislative changes that the majority of the jurists characterize as corporate reform, the issue of understanding the essence of the mechanism of regulation of corporate relations is topical, as well as the question about the sources of its regulation of the relationship between the norms of civil law and corporate law.

The article attempts to explore the category of «monitoring» as a form of state financial control. Currently, the state financial control is undergoing a new legislative and subordinate regulation connected with introduction of new forms in practice. The scope of monitoring as a form of public financial control is expanding. It is primarily concerned with fiscal, budgetary, monetary and other spheres of financial regulation. Implementation of new forms of the state financial control in practice is preconditioned by changes in social relations and development of economic instruments, appropriate to modern realities.

Recently the Russian legal doctrine began to focus on the retrospective analysis of legal institutions, thus facilitating a deeper and more comprehensive study. The article investigates the issues of legal regulation of inheritance by will in Russia in the medieval period. The contents of testamentary law is analyzed on the basis of normative sources (Pskov judicial Charter, the Novgorod judicial Charter), which operated in the feudal period. The article studies the features of testamentary law during the period under consideration.

The article considers the problems of ensuring national interests of the Russian Federation in the conditions of post-bipolar world and Informatization policy. The authors define the possibilities of international humanitarian law to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens in the regions of wars and armed conflicts. It identifies the transformation of this branch of law, which reduce the ability of the international humanitarian law to effectively discharge their functions. The conclusion about the relationship between the process of Informatization policies and the reduced role of humanitarian law in the system of international relations. Offers recommendations for resolving the problems of application of humanitarian law as a tool of protection of national interests of Russia.

The article studies the markers of tolerant/ intolerant communication as a means to create emotional background of a literary work. Along with communicative-pragmatic potential of these units which are verbalized at different layers of a language system the ways to adequately convey the intentional purpose in translation are studied as well. Tolerant communication markedness within the original literary text serves as a basic element of decoding and re-incoding adequate communicative-pragmatic effect within translation text.

The article studies one of the complex units of word-formation system of modern Russian -word-formation type as a system characterized by complex organization of vertical and horizontal microfields. Word-formation type is a two-facet unit comprising the expression and the content. Word-formation type reveals the connections of word-formation with morphology, onomasiology, syntax and lexical system.

The article deals with grammatical peculiarities of the participles in modern Ossetian in comparison to the Russian language. The focus of the article is on the future tense participles, having no equivalent in modern Russian. The meaning of the participles, their grammatical peculiarities and ability to be grammatically homonymous with other parts of speech is defined. The question of unreal modality expression by the participles in the Ossetian and Russian languages has been examined as well.

The article deals both with the functional interaction of the verb grammatical category of aspect and other grammatical categories (time, voice, mood, person, number, gender) and interaction of the verb grammatical category of aspect with the semantic category of taxis. The research has showed that various functional interactions of the aspect with other grammatical verbal categories lead to a more emphatic, expressive functioning of aspect forms.

The article deals with the formation of prefixes pod- and nad- attenuative meaning in the Russian language of the 11th-17th centuries and defines the functional and stylistic coloring of the verbs with this meaning and their origin on the basis of certain criteria. It has been found out that primary meaning of prefixes pod- and nad- is the spatial one, which later developed into secondary intensive meaning via rethinking, metaphorizing of the primary meaning as a result of interaction with verbs of producing base.

The present article is focused on the representation of chronotopic (space-time) categories in the lyrical-psychological novel by M. Y. Lermontov «A Hero of Our Time». Individually-author's presentations about the space and time form an original model of the novelist's artistic reality. The vast variety of the novel's spatio-temporal relations takes a form of the theoretical and ideological self-awareness by main characters which try to find their own place and purpose in the world.

The article represents the results of analysis of linguistic pragmatic properties of utterances in their interaction within literary narrative as well as within educational scientific texts. Interdependence between referential parameters, propositional content and pragmatics of relevance of utterances in modern Russian narrative are also considered. The way in which pragmatics of relevance conditions the contents and specifics of cognitive semantic structures within the actual discourse of an utterance is defined. The aforementioned considerations are mostly related to propositional contents of an utterance and referential characteristics of nominal groups contained in it.

Ther article substantiates the need for the identification of modern drama relative to the previous literary tradition as a special aesthetic phenomenon that is a catalyst for a fundamental renewal in the arts. The influence of a literary text by Anton Chekhov on the theatrical reality of the XX century is considered. Aesthetic polyphony of A. Chekhov's drama (drama and epic pairing, dominant realist writing, working out the principles of modernist drama, the use of art techniques of impressionism) is the main reason for continuous reference of contemporary theater to the heritage of the great writer. Special attention is paid to the reception -the transformation of A. Chekhov's poetics code in Russian «new new drama» abroad XX-XXI centuries at the level of semantic dominants of the text (the trivialization of death as a phenomenon of everyday life, a sense of extinction of life, turning into the illusory nature of existence), the organization of psychological world of the characters, becoming carriers of the collective unconscious, the specifics of conflict relations with the substantial, open character, genre conditionality.

The article investigates J. R. R. Tolken, C. S. Lewis and U. Le Guin's novels in the original and Russian translations as a whole discourse space forming hypertext. It may be of great importance in organization of all fantasy proper names on the basis of field approach and points out toponyms as the core of this structure, and the rest of the names as near-and far-periphery. Space onomasticon of fantasy genre has meaning and text-forming potential in the paradigm Proper name - onomasticon -hypertext onyms are classified as the items in the virtual picture of the world, functioning in the texts and is able to express the aesthetic essence.

Ructure in journalistic newspaper narrative and the axiological assessment of the event described. The empirical data provide the conclusion that the direct speech marks cooperative interaction in representing factual information, while bringing to the forefront the emotional component of the narrative. Both the axiological consonance and the polyphony can be observed. Indirect speech reveals neutral axiological tone, free indirect speech expresses the unity in axiological assessment made by two subjects of the communicative act - the author of the text and the character of the narrative.

The article studies the role of modern ethnomedia (other-ethnic media) in the process of rapid and successful integration of immigrants in the target society with the reference to practices in Germany and Russia. The factors contributing to actualization of integrative function by other-ethnic media are highlighted. Ethnomedia content is analyzed as regards its functional purpose. Integrative potential of certain information units on different public spheres - from politics and education to healthcare - as provided by journalists is revealed.

The article discusses the concept of «scientists' code of conduct», «scientific ethics», «tolerance», «principles of tolerance» as marks of harmonious scientiic communication. The focus is on the comparative analysis of linguistic marks of tolerance by the example of scientific articles of economic and humanitarian ields of knowledge. In order to elucidate the ethic standards and the manifestations of tolerance in different spheres of scientific communication. The author refers to «Declaration of principles of tolerance», the «Scientists' code of conduct» which highlight such important functions as regulating, ideological, gnoseological, and communicative, generalizing the principles, rules and norms that contribute to the improvement and support of specialist's professional activity.

Tolerance development is of great current interest in the modern world. It is important not only for indulgence enhancement of different social groups to each other, but also for signiicant increase of eficiency of the modern economy. The article highlights the issue of tolerant skills formation as student-journalists and linguists' competent component to achieve effective communication in professional sphere on the basis of economic texts. The main principle of studying is to develop skills and abilities to recognize lexico-grammatical structures, stylistic means, which are used in the text to gain harmonious communication or which lead to a communicative failure.

The paper considers main approaches, differential features and criteria of specifying the "verbal scenery" in the drama. The role and functions of the scenery in the acting space are presented and the general classiication of the scenery is described. Despite the activity of studying theatrical space, outside the ield of view are important elements, which are, at irst glance, weightless, minor category. They are quite difficult to correctly determine, so these elements are presented in the categories of «note», a «framework text», «metatext expressions», «the author's speech,» etc. Verbal decoration refers to such speciic and multifaceted phenomena.

The paper considers main approaches, dIn the preface to his mock-heroic poem «The Stolen fur coats» A. A. Shakhovskoy determined the parameters of this genre form, in this paper we study the works of the text by reference to the poems of German poet K. Wieland «Oberon», the English theorist of classicism A. Poup «Rape of the Lock» mock-heroic V. Maykov's «Elisha, or irritable Bacchus» and «ancient tale» I. Bogdanovich «Dushen'ka» -for compliance with the theoretical postulates of practical embodiment in their rare for Russian poetry genre form.