The article deals with the problem of Soviet-Turkish relations in 1920-1921. After 1919 the relation between Russia and Turkey was resumed, but in a new format. On the one hand, open confrontation was replaced by cooperation, on the other hand, the Bolsheviks dealed with the Ankara Kemal government. Both of them were in internal systemic crises and were unrecognized state. Bolshevik Russia and Kemalist Turkey had to begin peaceful cooperation. The author emphasizes and proves that Soviet-Turkish alliance was contextual. The period was marked by a veiled rivalry for influence in the Caucasus. Both governments could not openly fight, and therefore they tried to formally cooperate with the solution of the Caucasian question. Moreover, the democracy was declared by the Bolsheviks and Kemalists so that they didn't allow them to be involved in war conflict. The formation of independent states in the South Caucasus without external support was impossible at that moment. For Turkey and Russia, the assumption of independence was the same as concession region to each other or England. Both governments had goals to subordinate the South Caucasus: the Bolsheviks talked about creating a single republic out of three, Kemal government planned forming the Caucasian Federation.

The paper is an attempt to analyze the Polish question and its influence on the development of Soviet-American relations. The revision of the future post-war foreign policy in the USSR and the USA began during World War II. In the United States, the question of the future world system, the return of governments in emigration, the creation of coalition governments of national unity were discussed both in the White House and the State Department, and on the Capitol Hill. One of the most important issues of the postwar world order was the Polish question, which for a long time was a hindrance in the Soviet-British relations, but not Soviet-American relations. In the article, the Polish question is presented as a set of problems (the issue of territory and the question of forming the Government of National Accord) related to the future post-war arrangement of the world. The article demonstrates the evolution of the US attitude as caused not by a change of head of state, as usually believed. It is an attempt to study this issue both from the position of heads of state and diplomatic agencies, and from the position of American legislators, namely: the presence of a large Polish diaspora put pressure on senators and congressmen representing states with a compact residence of Polish Americans.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the policy of the Russian Empire in the North Caucasus in the second half of the 18th century. The struggle for a safe and secure southern frontier forced Petersburg to pay close attention to attracting local people to its side. However, it was not easy to work out an optimal course on cooperation with the North Caucasian societies. Socio-economic, political and cultural characteristics of their lives often contradicted the foundations of the empire. This led to clashes and armed confrontation. But the Russian administration did everything to stop this conflict and settle disputes by peaceful methods. Having no means of the influence local seniors, Russian authorities wanted just formal loyalty. When it produced no effect the imperial administration increased its military and political presence in the foothills. Besides the Cossack villages transferred to new borders, which had to strengthen garrisons. Having repulsed foreign policy rivals attacks, Russia succeeded in gaining authority with the Northern Caucasus inhabitants, having provided the pro-Russian choice of local societies.

The article focuses on the work by G.-M. Amirov «Among the Mountaineers of Northern Dagestan» (from the diary of a schoolboy), which is a representative example of the perception by educated person from the mountain environment of the views, customs, traditions, etc. of his society with the eyes of a person who has familiarized himself with European (Russian) culture. The analysis of the historical source undertaken by the author represents a research attempt to elucidate the ideas about the mountainous world of the educated highlander, that is, to study the view of the community from within. The research was carried out in the imagological key, in which the perceiving subject himself, is the bearer of national self-consciousness, and his own value system, changed by European education, simultaneously. G.-M. Amirov provides valuable information on certain socio-cultural stereotypes of mountain people, through the prism of which they, in turn, looked at the person who was the representative of "Inomir" (Another world) to them. The author of this article, based on the observations of G.-M.Amirov and the experience of other authors of the nineteenth and early 21st centuries (both mountainous and Russian), seeks to show the criteria of «own» and «foreign» for Dagestanian mountaineers in the early 1870s, as well as their moral, religious and psychological assessment in patriarchal-traditional environment.

The article is dedicated to comprehension of German influence on Russian-British foreign policy relations in 1910 - the first half of 1914 - the period, which preceded the beginning of the First World War. Under conditions of continuously increasing confrontation between Russia and countries of the West during the last three years, which is associated with events in the Crimea and which entailed antirussian sanctions, it seems appropriate to analyze the nature of foreign policy relations of Russian empire with the largest powers of the Western world in key moments of history -in this case, at the beginning of the 20-ieth century which largely caused the outbreak of the First World War.The causes of rapprochement of Russia and Britain against the backdrop of the threat from German empire are analyzed in the article. Besides, the key factors, which did not allow German diplomacy to destroy Russian-British alliance are identiied. The study offers a comparison between foreign policy strategy of Saint-Petersburg and London. Signiicant attention is paid to the study of personality factor: the role of Nicholas II, S. D. Sazonov, George V, E. Grey, Wilhelm II, T. von Batman Holweg in the period under consideration and the level of their subjective inluence on the course of events. The article considers specific features of the co-called dynastic (or marriage) diplomacy which had been still actively referred to in the beginning of the 20-ieth century in international relationships taking into account close family ties between monarchic houses of great powers. The comprehension of this aspect allows to come to a certain conclusion: London derived the greatest beneit from the dynastic (or marriage) diplomacy as it managed to prevent restoring partnerships between Saint-Petersburg and Berlin. Besides, the study highlights some features of Russian foreign policy under conditions of maneuvering between two then leaders of the West for each of which the alliance with Russia was of primary importance.

A series of articles deals with various forms of historical knowledge in the intercultural space of the North Caucasus in the XIX - early XX centuries. Article 2 features formation of an academic model of research in the history of the region. It was due to the activities of St.Petersburg Academy of science, which was arranging expeditions from the mid - XIX to the early XX centuries. The expeditions accumulated bulk of knowledge about the history and culture of local peoples. The main centers for regional studies were located in Russian capitals: Imperial Russian Geographic Society, Imperial Society of Devotees of Science, Anthropology and Ethnography, Imperial Moscow Archaeological Society and Imperial Archaeological Commission. Their research programs on history, archaeology and ethnography of the North Caucasus as well as the research methods prompted the revival of academic studies of the historic heritage of the region, consolidation of local researchers' efforts and development of the regional Historiographical traditions. The V (Tiflis) Archaeological congress (1881) became the starting point to systematic studies of the region by local researchers. The congress also defined objectives and directions of development of region studies, which are valid up to the present time. To conclude, the interaction of metropolitan and local academic institutions, societies and particular researchers determined the process of formation of the academic tradition of the North Caucasus historical studies.

Based on pre-revolutionary legislation the article comprehensively considers the process of Siberian police bureaucracy development. The growing interest in the history of local government connected not only with the aspiration of historians to look more deeply into the past but also with practical needs. Researching of the forgotten traditions of public administration allows to take greater account of historical experience that has been accumulated over the centuries. We also need to take a look at already known facts and events in the light of today's realities. This approach may overcome the old myths and misconceptions and also prevent the birth of new ones. Theoretical and methodological basis of the research were such principles of historical knowledge as objectivity, historicism, alternativeness and social approach which are assuming an unbiased approach to the analysis of the researched problems, as well as a critical attitude to sources. The author concludes that the powers of the administrative and police authorities in the region had their own features and were much wider than in the central provinces of the Russian Em- pire. Moreover, the absence of the nobility and noble self-government exempted police officers from control by noble corporate organization. Other features of the region were its peripheral status and role of hard labor. A characteristic feature of the Siberian administration was its militarized organization. Siberian administrators had poor theoretical training, and often they did not even have any systematic education. This lowered the professional level of the employees of the Siberian administrative police bodies. A vast territory, underdeveloped communications and weak intensity of socio-economic and political ties generated uncontrolled autonomy in the actions of local police bodies, which were poorly provided with an appropriate legal base. The remoteness and huge size of Siberia generated unheard-of arbitrariness from the local police bureaucracy. The history of the Siberian local management in the XIX century is an almost continuous series of service abuses.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the process of urbanization of the Central Chernozemny region from the late XVI century to the beginning of the XVIII centuries. The work was carried out in the framework of the project to study the urbanization process of the Central Chernozemny region of Russia. This article concludes a series of works in this direction. Having studied a wide range of historical sources, the author identifies several stages of this process. The main events of the history of the urbanization process are examined. At the end of the XVI century, in an effort to protect its borders, Russia erects on the vast expanses of the South Russian borderland, about 10 military fortresses. By 1615, around them formed counties, and the fortresses began to gradually become full-fledged cities. This process was delayed and, due to various factors, was completed only at the beginning of the XVIII century, when the number of the population of the population exceeded the service level. Some cities became commercial and artisan centers, and then capitals of provinces (Kursk, Voronezh, Belgorod, Tambov). Studying the process of urbanization allows us to move to a different, qualitatively different level of understanding of this process. From the data of social and demographic history, in the future it is necessary to proceed to the study of changes in the organization of everyday life, norms and values. It is important to understand how servicemen became merchants and petty bourgeois.

The article covers the activities of public organizations in the Don and the North Caucasus during the second half of XIX - beginning of XX centuries, aimed at the provision of charitable support mostly to the people of average, elderly and senile age. The practice of establishing and maintenance of charitable in-stitutions-dosshouses, nursing homes, canteens and hospitals for the poor has become widespread in the region. However, it was the prerogative of public organizations that have significant cash. Common types of charitable aid were issuing one-time and monthly allowances, loans for various purposes. By the examples of the activities of the various public organizations in the Don and the North Caucasus regions, the author reveals the role and importance of self-organised public in the provision of social assistance to the population. The comparative analysis of the activity of public organizations in the North Caucasus and Don army region revealed that the inancial condition of philanthropic public organizations in the Don army region was more consistent than the one of similar societies in the North Caucasus. The focus is on the work of social organizations in towns and villages in the region It is noted that their activities was not various and could be broken up due to the lack of funds. Public organizations of the region are presented as an integral part of the daily life of the population.

The article studies some documents concerning qualification of Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire during World War I: the joint declaration of powers of the Entente of May 24, 1915, the official reply of the Ottoman government of May 27 on a Declaration of powers of the Entente, and also the law of the Ottoman Empire "About deportation" of May 30. The author analyzes the speciied documents and compares them with historic facts. On the basis of the comparative analysis of contents of these documents the author comes to a conclusion that that adoption of the temporary law «On Deportation» and publication of the official response to the charges and threats, which are contained in the joint declaration of Entente powers, Turkish government sought «to legalize» the criminal actions against Armenians and to present mass destruction of the Armenian population to the world community as the measures taken «from requirements of the law and the need to protect public peace». As for the joint declaration of Entente powers which was adopted щт the initiative of Russia, this document even in the years of World War I, at the time of Armenian Genocide, the objective political and legal treatment is given to this crime, which formulations as a precedent were used subsequently when developing UN convention on genocide of 1948.

In 1843 the Caucasus diocese, one of the biggest in the Russian Empire, began its history. The opening coincided with the beginning of active hostilities undertaken by the new Caucasian Viceroy in the coming decades, the Caucasian war. The development of the new diocese under these conditions was particularly acute, and it became necessary to attract additional funds for their permission. The peculiarities of the region and the high cost of living were not taken into account by the Government and the Synod as regards the funding, which further aggravated the shortage of funds. On the one hand. it was covered with additional funds, requiring extensive negotiation and clariication, largely not inding support with authorities. A more important source of funds at this stage, for the development of Church life, was the assistance of individuals from the local population, who tried in any way to boost the authority of the Russian Orthodox Church in the North Caucasus.

The article deals with the catering in the North Caucasus in the midst of the Great Patriotic war. The study highlights the organization of catering during the war years, the principles of its combination with existing rationing system. On the basis of statistic data the expansion of catering, covering the majority of employees in enterprises and institutions, as well as socially vulnerable segments of the population, is proved. It analyses the main problems of catering during the war: limited assortment of dishes and cooking equipment, poor culture of the staff. In this context, the applications of citizens to the authorities and critical articles in various periodicals are given. The author examines the attempts to improve catering from local authorities, aimed at increasing the level of responsibility and executive discipline of the authorities, strengthening of control by the trade inspection. The article highlights severe effects of the occupation on the catering activities in the North Caucasus: the decline of material-technical base, critical lack of food, etc., as well as the measures taken bylocal authorities to tackle the situation. The study provides information on the work of the factory and urban canteens, preferential service categories of the population: the pioneers production, war invalids, sick people and children. Attention is drawn to the limited capacity of public catering in the coverage of needy citizens. Along with that, the important role of public catering enterprises in solving the food problem in wartime conditions in the Northern Caucasus is emphasized .

The article reflects the specifics of the Apostolic service of the Franciscan Order in the early years of their appearance in England in 1224, in comparison with the apostolate of the brothers in other parts of Europe. It reveals the linguistic, social, material and other dificulties faced by the brothers during the mission, covers the causes of initial negative perceptions of the laity and clergy activity of the Minorites, studies the factors that led to the rising popularity of brothers in the future. The focus is on such aspects of the service as scientiic and educational activities in the Franciscan schools of Studium Generale and the theological faculties of medieval universities, to patient care and the leper, mediation in the settlement of conlicts. The study describes a complex process of incorporation of the Minorites into medieval urban structure, the peculiarities of the appearance of the Order's property in English cities, which led to a con-lict within the Order between the following rules of the Charter - poverty, and the active participation of brothers in urban life. The author reveals interesting biographical facts from life and work of famous Franciscan monks, which contributed to the development of science and education, of the Order of the Roman Catholic Church and Christianity in general.

With the reference to the data of the «Theodosian Code» and the writings of late Roman historiansthe article studies the competence comes sacrarum largitionum, the head of the central financial department in the Late Roman Empire. The source of the work is the tenth title of the first book of the «Theo-dosian Code», which contains a number of imperial edicts that give an idea of the rights and duties of the head of the treasury, his position in the system of the late Roman power vertical. In addition to duties directly related to inance, comes sacrarum largitio-num was given a number of supervisory duties, and could interfere with the judicial process. The head of the financial department had the right to use violence and coercion against any oficial, if this was necessary in order to ensure inancial and iscal discipline. In general, the competence comes sacrarum largi-tionum and the central inancial department in the period of the Dominate was composed of two key elements. This, irst, inancial administration and, secondly, the provision of financial discipline. In addition to the authority comes sacrarum largitionum, the article examines the features of the functioning of the inancial system, draws conclusions regarding the content and nature of inancial management in the Roman empire of the period of the Dominate. The article examines the problems of ensuring inancial discipline, maintaining law and order in the ield of taxation and inance.

The article examines the question whether the political practice of the Hellenistic monarchy had a profound influence on the policy of the Roman triumvir Marc Antony. In search of the answer the numismatic data is referred to - issues of Antony coins, dating back to the time of his stay in the Orient, inscriptions in his honor, data on his religious policy. All this set of materials shows that, in general, Antony remained within the framework of Roman political traditions. There is no reason to talk about his "monarchismi", he was a mere Roman traditionalist like other leaders of the Roman political groups of the time.

The attitude of the leading Moscow liberal periodical «Russkaya mysl» that was closely connected with the party of cadets towards the events on the Balkan Peninsula in winter - autumn in 1908 is considered in the article. The author shows contradictory attitude of the periodical towards Austrian - Russian agreement in 1897. Originally the edition admitted its positivity, as the treaty of 1897 permitted to stabilize the situation on the Balkan Peninsula, but then it became a cover for aggressive policy of Germany and Austria-Hungary on the Balkans that resulted in 1908.The complete suddenness of the beginning of Austria-Hungarian active policy on the Balkan Peninsula for European society including the editorial office of the periodical is marked in the article. The «Russkaya Mysl» didn't doubt the German supporting of aggressive actions of the Habsburg Empire. The author emphasizes the recognition of the periodical of an opportunity to create a broad anti-Austrian coalition on the Balkans in order to struggle against aggressive policy of Vienna. It is considered in the conclusion of the article that the holding of an international conference on the conflict resolution on the Balkans and reconsideration of decisions of the Berlin congress were necessary. On the whole «Russkaya mysl» supported the policy of the Foreign Secretary A. P. Izvolskiy calling him for sequential protection of the national interests of Russia and Southern Slavs at the same time.

The article considers the preparation of the 1958 Reform on the reorganization of the machine and tractor service stations - the most radical agrarian project in the USSR during the post-war period, as well as the development of its main directions. The novelty of the research is in involving of the unpublished documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU stored in the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History in the scientific circulation, in stating the question of the expediency of the destruction of the production system "MTSS - collective farms". Production system "MTSS - collective farms" one of the basic structures of the Soviet economy. Мachine and tractor service stations was a mechanism of state management of the collective farm of the village and its inclusion in the uniied planning system. MTSS played a major role in the introduction of industrial methods in the agricultural sector of economy; they automated the most time-consuming ieldwork. The state redistributed a signiicant part of the produced farm products through MTSS. The need of reforming relations between the state and collective farms in the postwar period intensiied. However, the country's leadership takes a decision on reorganization of MTSS and the virtual elimination of the production system "MTSS - collective farms". It was the government's attempt to distract the population from the failures of the agrarian policy. In the end, unsuccessful reform of the food problem in the Soviet Union reached such a scale that the country could not do without purchases of grain abroad. The relevance of the article is determined by the tasks of modernizing the agrarian sector of economy and the need of taking into account the historical experience when solving the problem of food security in modern Russia.

The article contains the characteristics of the ofi-cial visit of the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru to the Unites States of America in 1949. It is written in English.

One of the directions of contemporary civic initiatives movement in the FRG is characterized in this article. The author of the article considers that the government and parliament political parties were not able to accept a series of crucial challenges related to migration and intensiication of European integration processes at the end of the 20th century. Not having conidence in traditional state and political institutions, the groups of initiative citizens are trying to solve some parts of the problems themselves. In the 1970-1980s the basis for the movement of civil initiatives were left-wing and ecological groups. Now political movement "Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West (PEGIDA)" is the typical ex ample of modern civil protest. At the same time new political power "Alternative for Germany" (AfD) which stands against uniied European currency is making away from image of "one subject party", paying more attention to migration problems and the Islamic terrorism threat. Representatives of AfD win one Landtag after another. In the author' opinion, the tendency of approximation of anti-Islamic and anti-immigrant movements with the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party can lead to serious political system changes in the state.

The article shares the experience of implementing educational programs based the Development Program of the Law Institute of the North Caucasus Federal University, independently established educational standards of the North Caucasus Federal University and the curricula . The experience contributes to the development of competitive advantages of the university at the federal level. At present, a significant number of legal experts in the government and local government, judicial and law enforcement agencies, as well as organizations in the real sector of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, are the graduates of the law institute of the North Caucasus federal university. Competitiveness of graduates of the Institute on the labor market of the region, their profes sional and career growth contributes to the competitiveness of the university in the market of educational services and, ultimately, its economic well-being. The article points out that in the preparation of new educational programs the institute takes into account the changing demands of employers and the changes taking place in the labor market of the region. The article summarizes the conclusions and proposals on improving educational technologies and legal training tools based on the experience of implementing modern educational programs and technologies implemented in the North Caucasus federal university. The article is of scientiic and applied nature and is aimed at solving important problems of the development of modern legal education.

Questions of guilt of the individual, the reasons causing his guilty behavior and also negative consequences of these processes are a subject of consideration not only within the framework of psychological and philosophical science, but in law as well. In the period of the developed Roman Law particular importance was attached to existence of guilt in actions of a person and the position according to which «without guilt there is no responsibility», the representing relevance to this day was approved as an axiom. It is no secret that the research of questions of genesis of guilt reveals the regularity consisting that it (guilt) is inseparably linked with other legal category - responsibility. The question of a concept both civil responsibility, and one of its elements - guilt, is a subject of scientiic discussions in present-day legal sources. Proceeding from this context and also impossibility within one scientific article to reflect all process of genesis, the problem categories stated above, the article studies legal aspects of responsibility and its elements created in civil law of the Soviet period. Within this work opinions of scientists concerning approaches in formulation of responsibility are given, new deinitions as a result of the legal analysis of responsibility as legal category are offered. The work represents further development of single aspects of a dissertation research of the author on the subject «Guilt as a responsibility condition in the Russian civil law».

In the world, the coninement to imprisonment is considered the most severe punishment for crimes. In general the humanization of Russian criminal legislation is proclaimed, namely the exclusion of the courts of the purpose of such punishment as the death penalty, still the practice of punishment in form of imprisonment for a fixed term often suggests that the majority of prisoners leave it «from start to inish». The article discusses the issues of enforcement practice in Russia in general and in the Stavropol region in particular, one of the institutions of criminal law, release from punishment and, in particular, early parole (UDO) from further punishment in form of imprisonment. Judicial practice on granting parole suggests that the courts, despite the rationale of this measure as a manifestation of humanity in relation to the stumbled citizens with the moans of the state, granted by the law for various reasons (even directly specified in the law), do not release the prisoners from the prison. Parole is encouraged by the resolution of Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 8 of April 21, 2009 «On judicial practice of early parole from punishment serving, replacement of the unserved part of punishment by softer kind of punishment» (with subsequent amendments made). Statistics on this type of release from punishment is provided, critical analysis is made.

Now a considerable legislative base of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation concerning anti-corruption is created. At the same time the implementation of the legislation in this sphere reveals certain problems of law enforcement and content of standards of the Federal law «On anti-corruption», decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and other regulations. Problems and shortcomings of legal regulation of the separate directions of anti-corruption promote decrease in ef-iciency of the anti-corruption policy pursued by the state in general. The presence of these problems leads to various the practices in forming anti-corruption policy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The article considers this aspect and some practice questions related to the legal regulation of the prevention of corruption offenses in the civil service and municipal service in various regions of the Russian Federation empowered to make their own legislative acts in the sphere of counteraction of corruption. For example, in the Stavropol region six laws of the Stavropol territory, providing separate measures for the prevention of corruption, were adopted. In addition, a signiicant regulatory framework regulations of the Stavropol Krai. In January 2017 the Government of Stavropol Krai approved the Program of counteraction to corruption in Stavropol Krai in 2017-2020. In the present article a number of the amendments to the current legislation of the Russian Federation directed to improvement of legal regulation in the sphere of anti-corruption in system of the public and municipal administration is proposed.

The article is devoted to the consideration of various types of contracts in the ield of use of natural environment sites and their correlation with civil-law and administrative-legal contracts. Property contractual relations that arise depending on the environment or individual objects, rather than civil relations, in its pure form, can not be subject to regulation by administrative law. The treaties in question are of a unique nature, their conclusion, modification and dissolution are governed by the norms of environmental (natural resource) law, the norms of the institution of property ecological relations. This peculiarity lies in the subject of the contract - areas of the natural environment, which are a very peculiar kind of immovable property that leads to the impossibility of applying most of the provisions of civil law. Based on the analysis of regulatory and legal acts of the sectoral legislation, as well as the point of view of various authors, the following conclusion is argued in the article that these contracts can not be unequivocally attributed to either one or the other, since they have a number of features that are characteristic only for «natural resource» contracts. Their conclusion, change and termination must be regulated by the norms of environmental (natural resource) law.

The article studies basic elements of the constitutional design of the administrative responsibility: proportionality of the restriction of citizens' rights and freedoms to the constitutionally signiicant interests and goals; presence of guilt as an element of the subjective side of the offense; presumption of innocence; the certainty of the legal norm establishing liability; the inadmissibility of re-bringing a person to justice for the same offense and invalidating the law establishing or aggravating the responsibility. The author investigates the constitutional norms, which are in direct correlation with types of legal responsibility. Based on the results of the research, he concludes that the constitutional bases of legal responsibility and the administrative one are in a state of constant development, which is conirmed by the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. It is noted that constitutional norms have a regulatory impact on the institution of administrative responsibility. There is an imposition of constitutional norms on the norms of other branches of law in the mechanism of legal regulation. This feature of Russian Constitution can be assessed as one of the manifestations of its direct action, which is aimed at harmonizing public relations and giving them a legal character.

The problem of rehabilitation of people repressed in the Soviet times has not lost its importance up to this day. Until now, the issue of legal rehabilitation of some peoples deported in the 40s from the territory of Transcaucasia remains unresolved.The article examines the problem of rehabilitation of Meskhetian Turks in the context of Russian and Georgian legislation, analyzes some normative legal acts, their significance and the results of practical implementation. The regulatory legal regulation of the issue of the unreached repatriation of Meskhetian Turks to their historical homeland is considered in its development in the conditions of the USSR and in modern times. The politico-legal features of the problem under investigation in Russia are touched upon, as well as Georgia's unwillingness to actively participate in the return of the deported population from its territory.

The article is devoted to the study of French phraseological units, which represent an extensive class of units with its own distinctive features and functions in speech. Particular attention is paid to the problems of the content structure of phraseological units with characterological semantics and their component composition. The semantic component - seme - is used to describe the content structure of phraseological units. Arhiseme is also used to form the differential part of the meaning of phraseological units, as every phraseological unit has its own semantic features, which are expressed by differentiative semes. Differentiative semes of phraseological units are unique semantic components that point out the differences between phraseological units and their synonyms. In this article, we also consider synonymous series of phraseological units that point to all sorts of shades and subtleties of the characteristics of human qualities, and which allow us to use the synonymous substitution of individual components of the word combination. In this research, particular attention is paid to some specific features of French phraseological units: highly developed variation of phraseological units allows us to substitute individual components of the word combination. Differences in meaning of phraseological synonyms are shown explicitly. The categorical feature implicitly expressed in the meaning of phraseological units is «qualitative and evaluative characteristics of individual qualities of the person»; this feature is highly abstract, differences in meaning are demonstrated in speciic conditions.

The article studies the question of the legality of a literary term «historical-revolutionary novel», the necessity of studying the works of the genre in terms of their functioning in the «big time» (Bakhtin). The criteria of the modern reading of novels of historical and revolutionary perspective in the literatures of the peoples of the North Caucasus 1950-1980, providing the possibility of a new interpretation of the works of A. Keshokov, A. Bokova, etc. Details interpreted poorly understood novel A. Ohtov «Milky Way» as a special kind of historical-revolutionary novel. The documentary sources of Okhtov's historical narrative are revealed, the originality of the choice of the protagonist - Tugan Shauhoutov, a man from the people who came to the revolution in their own special way, is emphasized. The main story lines of the novel are analyzed, the lyrical romanticization of the depicted is revealed (the extensive legendary exposition, the role of the silver belt of his great-great-grandfather and the Milky Way symbols inherited by Tugan).

By the examples of publications in Stavropol Social-Political newspaper «Severnii Kavkaz», the article specifies genre-theme specifics of publications of a famous Russian writer and playwright I. D. Sur-guchev in the period of pre-revolutionaty events in Russia of 1905-1906. Based on analysis of published cycles «Dela» (from 20 texts) and «Pisma iz Peterburga» an assumption is made that author was for reformation of government establishment of Russia, welcomed the inception of civic self-consciousness, including provinces, highly graded the role of culture in saving the nation, outlined the achievement of honest periodicals in serving the society. The reference to the form of a cycle allowed Surguchev to include singular negative instance of social practices in broader context, giving a multi-facet view and showing speciic tendencies of societal-political life of Russia. It is defined that the main parts of Surguchev's publicistic style were the construction of mediareality with the help of semantic oppositions and using contrasts, combination of factological accuracy and generalizations, the use of different expressive means and intertextuality. Research of Surguchev's texts, published in «Severnii Kavkaz» newspaper, published by Feniks in 1905-1906, showed the domination in this block of material of genres of pamphlet and feuilleton, which was logical, since the publicist saw exposing the old regime and its defenders as his main objective, and the main target of his critique was the government.

The article is devoted to the current direction in literary criticism - geopoetics. Geopoetics as a scientific method allows us to analyze a work of art as a system of geopoetic images and symbols. This article examines the phenomenon of the Ural text in the novel by A. Ivanov «The Heart of Parma, or Cherdyn is the Princess of the mountains». Within this approach, first of all, we consider the cultural and geographical space of the Urals and its interaction with the characters of the work. The work by A. Ivanov is not studied in isolation, but in the context of the previous prose about the Urals. The main sources are the tales of P.P. Bazhova and «The Word of the Life and Teaching of the Holy Father of Our Stephen, Bishop of Perm» Epiphanius the Wise. Thanks to this, it be comes possible to isolate the structural elements of the Urals text. In the article, the main typological features of the Uralic text are singled out: the deification of nature, the motive for testing the character with a mysterious mystical force, the motives for destiny, milestones, conquest and development of the Urals, images of land, animal images (swan, falcon, etc.), stone mountains and rivers, the image of the system of oppositions (center/boundary, terrestrial/heavenly, good /evil, one's own/alien), the opposition of Russian and Ural cultures, the cult of chthonic deities that personify the wild nature of the Urals.

The article studies Aesopian language as a special model of the speech behavior typical of Soviet intelligentsia of postwar period and founded on the complex ideologically forbidden meanings and senses. It studies essential ways of coding necessary information in dramatic text, reveales the most important features of text actualization, reconstructs the most effective strategies of suggestive worldoutlook. The main purpose of the study is the comprehension of basic rules of transforming Aesopian language from the most important communication register of the above-mentioned time in mean-style of whole generations, and the role, which was played bythe dramatic art in this process. The most signiicant plays of the considered period, created in 1950-1980-s by M. M. Roschin, L. G. Zorin, A. V. Vampilov and etc served the material for the analysis. As the most relevant source of the theoretical comprehension of Soviet postwar drama to this investigation were attracted data of detailed choice, namely notes, essays and diary books of the above-mentioned authors, which were characterized by autometadescriptive features. The article is addressed to students, post-graduate students and teachers of philological faculties interested in the reflection of Soviet ideology in the art of the second half of XX century.

The processes connected with globalization, projecting onto the space of world culture, actualized the problem of studying numerous diachronic and synchronic intertextual links. A resonant response to this phenomenon of «globalization of culture» was the formation of a whole scientiic and terminological system that includes the innovative concepts of «prototext», «hypertext», «architext», «intertext», «intext», «intertexteme» etc. By the example of the work of two North Caucasus poets - Rasul Gamza-tov and Mukhamed Oguzov - the essential features of the «prototext» - a text-predecessor, capable of generating new cultural meanings in the works of subsequent literary generations are examined. The comparative analysis allowed to discover a wide range of intertextual references based on stylization, reminiscence, allusion, direct and indirect citation, igurative parallels, creative processing of themes and subjects, the student's dedication to his teacher, etc. Of all the intertexts considered, the most meaningful effect has Gamzatov's ornithogenic image of the «cranes», repeatedly reinterpreted by the young Abazin poet in various discursive-semiotic ields. An important place in the work of M. Oguzov is also the practice of literary «deconstruction» of Gamzatov's «mountaineer's constitution», conditioned by the needs of a new historical time. The analysis shows the law of literary dialectics, which provides for continuity of the cyclic process with updating repeats.

The article deals with linguocultural features of de-monological vocabulary functioning in the context of the Slavic folklore tradition on the material of the fantastic novel by V. Orlov «Violist Danilov». Demono-logical vocabulary refers to lexical units that nominate «otherworldly» characters, realities and phenomena associated with them and which also have to do with harming a person. The functional and pragmatic potential and the textual significance of a special class of demonological vocabulary - demonologem performing text and meaning-forming functions, which acquire this status as part of the strong positions of the work, are noted. In the course of the analysis, linguopragmatic and linguocultural features of de-monological units, which are most common in the novel, are identified. It is specified that they perform nominative, characterological, attractive, emotive, informative, evaluative and aesthetic-artistic functions at the textual level. The appeal to the classiication of this vocabulary in both structural and semantic terms attests to its linguocultural specifics, reflecting the author's worldview - addressing both traditional folklore personal types and cosmic «super-beings». Most monolexes representing demonological characters are formed from different parts of speech due to a motivated attribute and through metaphorical and metonymic transfer. Individual-author's nominative units are given, features of functioning in terms of creating a ictional world are explained.

The article deals with the literary and genre peculiarities of «Nizhny Novgorod legends» of D. G. Bulga-kovskij. D. G. Bulgakovskij was a priest, writer, ethnographer and educator. His work was very popular at the turn of XIX-XX centuries. The research urgency is caused by necessity to fill the existing gap in science. Literary analysis of literary works of the writer was not carried out, and even his name was long forgotten. Literary work «Nizhny Novgorod legends» was created on the basis of detailed study of folklore sources, they are written in the traditions of Russian literature of the XIX century. The writer skillfully combines artistic iction with historical events, pictures of the past. «Nizhny Novgorod legends» of D. G. Bulga kovskij are of great interest, both in philological and in historical and ethnographic terms. «Nizhny Novgorod legends» consist of seven legendary stories dedicated to the glorious past of Nizhny Novgorod land. D. G. Bulgakovsky used folklore subjects, images and stylistics to dissociate the legend from everyday life and the entertaining fairy tale habitual for the reader, to focus his attention on ontological problems, to appeal to categories of mercy, repentance, forgiveness. «Nizhny Novgorod legends» can rightfully be considered outstanding works of the writer.

The article is devoted to the verbs of the mode of action in which excessiveness and duration are combined with negative consequences. This combination of excessiveness and duration with negative result of the action is characteristic of a number of pre-fixed-postfixed and purely prefixed modes of action. The article studies functioning of these verbs in ictional texts, contextual and situational conditions of their realization are analyzed as well. It is speciied that in some modes of action the semantics of negative consequences is expressed more explicitly, markedly, while in others it is implicit, covert. The semantics of negative action consequences is mostly expressed by conixal verbs which concentrating the action on the sphere of subject mean excessive activity of the subject in performing actions resulting in negative consequences. Verbs meaning negative result of the action are very expressive and stylistically colored, as a rule. They often have one aspect - perfective, though imperfective forms are also possible if they express multiplicity. Such verbs are drawn to perfective forms because semantics of excessiveness, satiety and extremity of action is mostly associated with perfective aspect which points out the fact of the action, not its process . The analysis of the above mentioned modes of action bearing a complex of meanings allows us to draw some conclusions about the peculiarities of the Russian vision of the world, Russian character and outlook.