The article analyzes the problem of organizing work among the female population in the ethnic environment in the Don, Kuban and Stavropol regions. In modern historiography, in the study of women’s issue in the South Russian macroregion in the 1920s-1930s the main attention is paid to the national autonomies of the North Caucasus, while the ethnic minorities living outside them (dispersed ethnic groups) still remain outside research attention. The relevance of studying the experience of work among the female part of the population of these ethnic communities, scattered throughout the South of Russia, is due to the fact that it allows us to highlight many issues of state policy in a dispersed ethnic environment from a new angle. It is emphasized that the work among the representatives of ethnic minorities had a double dimension, being part of the women’s issue in the Soviet state and an integral part of national policy. On the basis of a wide range of archival documents, the main tasks, directions and mechanisms of women’s work in an ethnic environment have been identified. The study shows its specificity and features of the Don, Kuban and Stavropol Territories as a sub-region of the South of Russia, or the South-East in the terminology of the 1920-1930s. The system and structure of the leadership of women’s work at the all-Union and regional levels has been reconstructed, including the key role of party bodies in this process. The factors that made it difficult for the female population to work were identified, taking into account the dispersed nature of the settlement of ethnic minorities in the Don, Kuban and Stavropol regions, the peculiarities of their social, cultural and economic development. The mechanisms that compensated for the shortcomings of female work among ethnic groups in the specified region have been identified. 

The article is devoted to the study of the views of the representatives of the Italian Renaissance: G. Cavalcanti, F. Petrarch, L. Bruni, F. Biondo, A. Beccadelli, L. Valla, C. Raimondi, and J. Vanini. The philosophers of the present epoch, who stood on the positions of Epicureanism, considered the teaching of Epicurus to be the basis of humanistic philosophy. The humanistic and historical-cultural views of the Italian philosophers allowed to revive the interest in ancient philosophy, drawing the most significant ideas, in which the categories of «public ideal», «public good», and «civic identity «were revealed. In the course of the study, we consider the essence of the Epicurean school of philosophy and its evolution in the works of the brightest representatives of the Italian Epicurean philosophers of the Renaissance. When analyzing the concepts of the representatives of the Epicurean school of the Renaissance, attention is focused on the evolution of the teachings of Epicurus and its adaptation to the specifics of Italian society. Analyzing the historical, cultural and humanistic views of a group of Italian philosophers who developed the ideas of Epicurus and Philodemus, we analyze their reflection in the concept of «Studia humanitatis». Assessing the development of epicureanism in historical and historical-cultural aspects, it is possible to establish the relationship between the essence of the humanistic philosophy of the Renaissance and the nature of the socio-legal philosophy of the Enlightenment. The philosophy of G. Cavalcanti and F. Petrarch laid the foundation for a new perception of ancient culture. Since these philosophers first proposed to contrast the «Studia humanitatis» with medieval scholasticism, they can be called the first Italian Epicureans. The Biondos considered significant social problems, they brought many new ideas to the classical teaching of Epicurus. A. Beccadelli and L. Valla fully formed the idea of the revived teaching of Epicurus and adapted this teaching in accordance with the humanistic concept. K. Raimondi integrated humanism from the philosophical discourse into the political, legal and historical directions. Vanini completed the process of transforming ancient epicureanism into a humanistic concept of the Renaissance. 

Foreign policy of Spain has acquired a stable multivector character. Spain is actively trying, with account of available resources and ambitions, to take a proper place in Europe, Latin America and the world as a whole. The article reveals the goals of foreign policy of Spain: substantiate foreign policy vectors; to show territorial dimension of foreign policy; to uncover strategy of external actions; to substantiate multilevel action line between Spain and the USA. Much attention is paid to Ibero-American relations. The foreign policy triad of Spain is issued: European, NorthAmerican and Latin-American. Considerable attention is paid to the issue of the interaction of the country under consideration with NATO, the formation of a European missile defense system. The article analyzes the situation in the disputed territories, in particular, in Gibraltar. A new direction of Spanish foreign policy is its relations with the States of East Asia. The growth of investments in Vietnam and Malaysia is considered. Spain continues to focus on North Africa. The article describes special Spanish-Moroccan relations. The status of Western Sahara and the ownership of the Canary Islands also contribute to concerns of Madrid in the South. The special connection with the countries of the Mediterranean basin within the framework of the Barsolon process is emphasized. The article analyzes the internal party debates in the state about military actions with NATO allies. A feature of Spanish foreign policy is the wideranging hearings on the country’s further military doctrine. It is argued that the country seeks to realize its national interests through participation in organizations in which it is far from the key. 

The article deals with the process of reaction of evangelical churches in Germany to the November Revolution and the subsequent establishment of the republican system. At the beginning of the article the processes taking place in the church environment in Germany against the background of political and social changes caused by the defeat in the First World War and the revolutionary events of 1918 – 1919 are revealed. The Church loses its former position in the state system of the country. The secularization policy pursued by the Social Democratic government separates church and state. In response, the Evangelical churches hold several church congresses, at which the German Evangelical Church Union is formed to defend the interests of 28 regional Protestant churches. The article examines the main directions of anti-republican and antidemocratic activities of Protestant clergy. Attention is paid to descriptions of the realities of the Weimar Republic in the works of Protestant theologians and functionaries of evangelical churches. The importance of separation from state structures for church organizations and the ideological justification of this process are considered. The views of Protestant pastor and theologian Otto Dibelius on the goals and tasks of building an independent, united evangelical church are revealed. The main causes and nature of resistance to democratic processes within the church are highlighted. The article also examines the attitude towards the republic on the part of the liberal circles of evangelical Christians in Germany. The peculiarities of the perception of the democratic transformation in Germany by the Protestant population are characterized. The author makes a conclusion about the anti-republican and anti-democratic activities of the Evangelical churches, which largely influenced the right-wing turn in the political life of Weimar Germany in the second half of the 1920s. 

With the reference to a wide range of military and diplomatic sources, the author shows the connection between the existence of a direct military threat and the Yugoslav approach to the Balkan Pact. The work contains an overview of the military-strategic situation. The article also analyzes the threats to the national security of Yugoslavia and their impact on the creation of a militarypolitical alliance on the real military situation in the Balkans.

For the first time, relying on archival sources, the author investigates in detail the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict, which is placed in the broader context of international relations that developed around the Balkans.

The Soviet-Yugoslav confrontation grew out of an inter-party clash and turned into an inter-state conflict. One of the main problems of the article is the question of preparing the Soviet aggression against Yugoslavia. The plans of the USSR are analyzed in detail by the author using the intelligence data of the Yugoslav headquarters. It was planned to compensate for the weakness and poor technical equipment of the Yugoslav army with a partisan war. However, this was not enough. The authorities of Yugoslavia had to enter into negotiations with the United States, which planned to use the republic in the fight against the USSR. After the negotiations, Yugoslavia was provided with significant assistance - military and economic. In the context of these same events, the Balkan Pact was created, which led to an increase in military supplies from the West for the Yugoslav, Greek and Turkish armies so that they could withstand a possible attack by the Soviet Union and its allies. 

The paper is performed in the view of the concept of the historical biography of “less prominent people”. We study the Caucasus life time and investigator activity of the General D. I. Romanovsky with the reference to the biography studies method. Based on contemporary memoirs and archive documents the study intends to show the role of the Caucasus in his evaluation as a military activist and a scientist. We pay specific attention to his historical and literature manuscripts analysis dedicated to the Caucasus issues. We show their impact on the foundation of narratives collections together with the history studies of the Caucasus studies.

Romanovsky’s service in the Caucasus Military Corpus together with his talents and literature gifts determined his contribution into the complex process of the Caucasus studies and its popularisation for the whole Russian society. He tried to interpret the reasons of some historical events he participated in and explain them to the public. He could be hardly marked as a professional historian consider his main papers. Then again the results of his activity and his main book “Caucasus and the Caucasus War” were the first example on generalisation and introduction to the public the data on ethnic and cultural diversity and geopolitical significance of the region. They showed the historical events when the region became an integrated part of the Russian state together with making a reader acquainted with the main participants of the process. The ideas told by Romanovsky about the starting point of the Caucasus War, reasons for the clash and civilisation mission of Russia influenced the foundation of the Imperial concept of Russian-Caucasus attitudes and their assumptions in the official narrative at the turn of XIX–XX cc. 

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the historical ideas of Russians and Belarusians about the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The author comes to the conclusion that the historical views of the neighboring peoples were of a dual nature. In Russian historical culture, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania acted as one of the centers of gathering Russian lands, and, at the same time, was steadily associated with a foreign invasion from the West. The Belarusians began to form Belarusian identity within the principality, however, a spiritual split took place, and the border of civilizational confrontation did not pass between peoples, but between the nobility and the lower classes. Therefore, folk versions of history, not burdened with the accuracy of the chronicles and the imagery of Sarmatian ideology, largely reflected an alternative view, in which social sympathies and antipathies were refracted in a peculiar way. The article presents a mosaic of images and stable epithets associated with the historical conditions of the coexistence of Russians and Belarusians within the border states. The medieval worldview of the two peoples, who had a common ancient Russian and Orthodox heritage, and opposition to paganism, and subsequently to the Catholicism of Lithuania, brought them closer together. In Russian texts, the author revealed the reflection of dynastic and militarypolitical ties between the Lithuanian and Russian states, the events of the Russian-Lithuanian wars, sympathy for individual allied Lithuanian princes, the consequences of the «Lithuanian ruin» and some characteristics of «cultural heroes» attributed to «Lithuania». In the Belarusian historical culture, the expanded image of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is found only in the written culture of the nobility, who found themselves in the orbit of another civilization and gradually lost their spiritual connection with their people, as well as among the urban population, who defended their status rights. The analysis of the texts made it possible to establish that the glorification of wars and princes is not characteristic of the folk ideas of the Belarusian peasants, historical details are not required, but the experiences of ordinary people, who were exposed to devastating invasions, captivity, and forced separation from their families, are important. Therefore, the content of the Belarusian ballads is largely identical to the Russian songs about the Tatar area. Attempts to «reconstruct» the Belarusian heroic epic in the spirit of fantasy chivalry, based on national mythological falsifications, have little in common with genuine works of folk art. Some Belarusian legends about Prince Vitovt either «ground» his origin, fit him into the expectations of the people’s ruler, or endow him with the role of a «cultural hero» transforming the local landscape. The latter finds analogies in Russian toponymic legends, however, on the other side of the border, the image of Vitovt the enemy, who personified the «Lithuanian ruin», was more important. 

The paper features the US deportation practices aimed to curb illegal Mexican immigration, which has not been a subject of research in Russian historiography. The Acts of 1986-2001 addressing illegal immigration empowered the executive branch in terms of arrest, detention and deportation. The main target of deportation policy is illegal immigrants of Mexican origin who make up the largest segment of unauthorized population in the USA. Millions of them are longterm US residents with mixed-citizenship families (a spouse and children with US citizenship). The paper highlights social, legal, and economic consequences for deportees’ families posed by deportations. These include family separation, substantial economic disadvantages for remaining family members, damaging impact on children’ mental and physical health. At the same time, some measures have been taken to protect undocumented immigrant youth, the most vulnerable segment of illegal immigrant population. The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program of 2012 provides temporary relief from deportation, Social Security numbers and two-year work authorization to immigrants who were brought to the USA as children. Another program – Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act – has been discussed in the Congress since 2001. It has been designed to provide undocumented young people who came to the USA as children with a pathway to US citizenship. Up to now, the bill has not become a law. 

The article analyzes the problem of resettlement of Czechs to the Russian capital in the pre-revolutionary period. On the basis of published sources and archival materials, the author shows the process of formation of the Czech diaspora in St. Petersburg and its place among other immigrant communities. The study shows a gradual and steady growth of this diaspora, which from 1869 to 1910 got 5.5 times bigger. On the eve of the First World War, every fourth Austro-Hungarian citizen who lived in this city was Czech. Most of the immigrants stayed there for a long time, which shows the permanent composition of the resettlement community. For the first time, the demographic, gender and socio-professional structure of the Czech resettlement community in the city on the Neva is considered in detail. The predominance of people of working age among the migrants, mainly young, was established, which indicated the labor nature of Czech immigration. This was also evidenced by gender disparities, which consisted in a noticeable excess of the number of men over the number of women. On the basis of population censuses, the socioprofessional composition of the Czech community in St. Petersburg was determined. Czechs acted primarily as qualified specialists and skilled workers. Most of them were employed in industrial and craft enterprises - as technicians, engineers, qualified specialists and office workers, some Czechs were owners and managers of those enterprises. A number of Czechs were employed in trade and services. Separate groups of immigrants were teachers, musicians and artists. The permanent nature of the residence of Czechs in St. Petersburg and the steady growth of their number testified to their successful adaptation. This was also facilitated by the activities of the Czech Auxiliary Union, which played the role of the organizational center of the Czech diaspora. The successful integration of Czechs into Russian society was evidenced by numerous facts of their transfer to Russian citizenship and the acceptance of Orthodoxy. However, the majority of immigrants, for various reasons, retained their former citizenship and religion. 

This article is devoted to an episode in the history of Russian Social Democrats in emigration, little studied in domestic and foreign historiography - the participation of the Foreign Delegation of the RSDLP in attempts to create a single center for Russian emigration in the early post-war years (1945-1951). On the basis of the minutes of the meetings of the Foreign Delegation and materials from the periodicals, the author analyzes the discussion that the Mensheviks had on their participation in such an association. The author focuses special attention on the work on the discussions between the Mensheviks from the Foreign Delegation about the «defectors» and the former «Vlasovites» who made up a significant part of the second wave of emigration. A detailed analysis of the views of the members of the Foreign Delegation on this part of the emigration is given, the disagreements that arose within the Foreign Delegation on the issue of joint participation with the former «Vlasovites» and «defectors» in the work of emigrant organizations are considered. The article reveals how this discussion reflected the disagreements that existed among the Mensheviks on the further tactics of the struggle for the establishment of a democratic regime in the USSR and what role these contradictions played in the final self-dissolution of the Foreign Delegation. 

The paper explores the ethnography and region studies foundation in the Caucasus in the case of G.S. Gordeev. It shows the evaluation of choosing the scientific plot and practical activities of a typical representative of the military survey branch of the Caucasus studies. Gordeev belonged to the sort of a common nobleman who made his carer via military and civil service in Transcaucasia.

Based on the archive primary sources, published papers of the investigator and a lot his articles taken from the periodical newspapers of the early XIX c. the author shows the input of G.S. Gordeev into the foundation of the ethnographical descriptions of the Ossetians, Chevsurians, Tushines and people of the Highland Dagestan together with studying of the region from the point of military topography. The paper emphasises the genuine unity of geographical and ethnographical studies with the military and political demands of the Imperial power that structed the direction of collecting data by the researcher. The materials collected by Gordeev for the commanding stuff of the Caucasus either show some evaluation of the insight on Caucasus people from Romanticism to serious scientific studies.

The article highlights that at the case of Gordeev’s scientific heritage one can see the base ideas of the Orientalism: the statements of the Caucasus people backwardness, the urge to study ancient history and ethnic cultural traditions together with the idea of the Christian religious priority against the Islam in the Caucasus.

The author concludes that the whole life of Gordeev, killed in his final scout expedition in the Highland Dagestan, was dedicated to the intellectual exploration of the Caucasus and its inclusion into the Russian Empire. 

The year 2020 became a special year both for our country and for the world community as a whole. The world is facing the threat of extinction due to the large-scale spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19. The pandemic of a new coronavirus infection that has engulfed most countries of the world has become a modern challenge and has required states to take decisive steps in various areas, including optimizing the educational process in the face of the need to comply with restrictive measures. At the federal level, regulations were quickly adopted that served as the basis for the implementation of the educational process in the so-called remote mode, including the Order of the Ministry of Education of 17.03.2020 No. 103, which regulated the procedure for supporting the implementation of educational programs using e-learning and distance learning technologies. Russian education was forced to switch to online mode, after which the contact work of the teacher and the student became possible only in the electronic educational environment. The experience of teaching legal disciplines remotely, which has been formed by Russian teachers for several months, has brought to the surface a number of important issues and problems that require reflection and solution. Here are just a few of them: the lack of an optimal material and technical base for the participants of the educational process, both the student and the teacher; the lack of adequate methodological support for disciplines that would be designed for distance or at least for hybrid training. Many questions arise around the practical component of training, including how to most effectively organize practical classes for students when using e-learning and distance learning technologies; how ready the teacher is to teach remotely. The article presents the experience of teaching civil law in online education. 

The article discusses the peculiarities of legal regulation of investment activities of international companies that are members of special administrative regions. The relevance of this problem is determined by the need for increasing the investment attractiveness of the national economy, in such ways as improving the legal regulation of investments made by corporations with the status of international companies on the territory of Russia.

The goals of creating an investment-friendly environment have found their legal basis in the creation of special administrative regions. The achievement of these goals is inextricably linked with the establishment of a competitive legal investment regime for residents of special administrative regions called international companies. The novelty of the Institute of international companies and its «exoticism» for the Russian legal system determined the scientific interest in the problems of legal regulation of their investments.

The article compares the legal regime of investment activities of participants in special administrative regions and residents of other special economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation, and highlights the difference in the territorial nature of investments due to the targeted nature of the rules on international companies. The author draws attention to the problem of mixing different legal regimes for investment activities on the territory of the special administrative region on Russky island and related issues of competition legal norms.

The article also analyzes the problem of discrepancy between the size of investments of international companies and public expenditures related to the creation and operation of special administrative regions. In this regard, the author justifies the need to establish an annual registration fee for international companies in the tax legislation as soon as possible. Fixing this type of fee will give the opportunity to compensate for the part of the budget expenditures on the creation of infrastructure for special administrative regions. 

The article examines the criteria for distinguishing between the concepts of «legal aid» and «legal service» (in the context of disclosing the essence of the legal nature of the professional assistance of a lawyer). The main attention is paid to the study of the peculiarities of the nature of the activity in which professional legal assistance is implemented, as well as the essence of focus on achieving results as the main criteria for distinguishing the above concepts.

To achieve this goal, the methods of scientific research characteristic of legal science were applied. The study was carried out using the dialectical method of cognition of legal reality, which made it possible to analyze various positions of scientists regarding the perception of the concepts of «legal aid» and «legal service», including for characterizing the essence of advocacy. The use of the systemic-structural method made it possible to determine the general structure of the work, which contributed to the proper disclosure of the research objectives. The method of systems analysis, which is one of the main methods of this work, provided an opportunity to achieve the goals and objectives of the study, and the synthesis method – to determine the criteria for distinguishing the above concepts and reveal their content.

The position is argued according to which such criteria, in particular, include the focus on achieving the result (a lawyer, when providing legal assistance, can only foresee a certain result, but in no case has the ability to guarantee its occurrence) and the nature of the activity in which they are implemented (advocacy is an independent professional activity, which by its nature is not an entrepreneurial activity and lacks a commercial component). The conclusion is made about the possibility of differentiating the concepts of «legal aid» and «legal service» also by the subject of receipt and the subject of provision; the implementation mechanism and the scope of legal regulation. 

The article provides an overview of violations of the current legislation regulating the sphere of pharmaceutical activity, identified by the results of the Supervisory work of the Prosecutor’s office in the period 2019-2020. The author emphasizes that these violations make it impossible to implement the right to health protection and medical care guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

In the area of revealed violations of the legislation, the author included the following entities that enter into legal relations in the sphere of drug turnover: medical organizations, pharmacy organizations, Executive authorities that control pharmaceutical activities, as well as some other entities.

From the author’s point of view, the activity of subjects of legal relations in the pharmaceutical field should be considered as an object of Prosecutor’s supervision, both those who have authority and those who do not, since both conditional groups are obliged to observe and maintain the legal regime of drug turnover.

Every year, the Prosecutor’s office checks about 4 thousand entities that carry out their activities in the field of drug trafficking, which on average can be estimated as 15% of all participants in the pharmaceutical market. The insufficiency of the number of Prosecutor’s checks carried out and their inconsistency with objective reality were clearly proved in March – April 2020. The author emphasizes that the ongoing epidemic of viral infection has made it obvious that there is a need for a conceptual rethinking of both the system for organizing the provision of citizens with medicines and other medical products, and the system for monitoring the legality of the activities of pharmaceutical market entities. With an appropriate level of state forecasting, planning and control, the organization of the sphere of drug turnover should be able to provide safe and high-quality medicines to all categories of Russian citizens, as well as withstand any epidemiological threat, both by creating an inviolable Fund of medicines in the event of similar epidemics, and by complying with pharmacy organizations requirements for the minimum set of medicines approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, and other regulatory requirements. 

The study of violence as a method of committing a socially dangerous act is of great importance in criminal law, where the subject of scientific discourse is the issues of distinguishing criminal violence from non-criminal, types and methods of violence.

This article is a continuation of the criminal law study of criminal violence, undertaken by its authors on the pages of one of the previous issues of the journal. In contrast to the previous publication, which was mainly devoted to the theory of the issue, they provide an overview of the forms and methods of accounting for criminally punishable violence by the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Having previously considered the features of violence in crimes against the life and health of the individual, in the reviewed article the authors identify the role of violence (both in its physical and mental forms) in crimes against freedom, against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual, against the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen, against the family and minors. In all these cases, they differentiate not only the legal formulation of criminal violence, but also its forms, the severity of the consequences, as well as the characteristics of the qualification.

In the same way, the legal analysis of the authors was also subject to the acts provided for in the remaining sections and chapters of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation – from crimes against property to «international» crimes. At the same time, the article notes that the criminalization of violent crimes is by no means complete, since new articles appear in the criminal law of the country every year, containing constitutive and qualifying features that can be attributed to violent ones.

Based on a brief review of the criminal law literature of recent years, the authors come to a reasonable conclusion about the lack of attention that the criminal law doctrine pays to issues of a general theoretical nature, devoted to the generalization of forms and types and the actualization of a unified theory of criminal violence. 

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that this article examines the issue of the relationship between legal culture and other fundamental legal concepts, and also considers the main approaches to defining the concept of legal culture. As one of the areas of research. a comparative analysis of this category is carried out in various approaches to this legal phenomenon.

 The axiological, activity-based, semiotic approaches to the concept and characteristics of legal culture are analyzed.

The relationship between legal culture and general social culture and its elements such as material, spiritual, political and other types of culture has been studied. The influence of the general legal culture on the development of legal culture is considered. This problem is poorly studied, which indicates its relevance.

The correlation of legal culture with legal consciousness is investigated, recognizing that its development is due to the fact that legal culture is based on the legal consciousness of society as a whole and the individual legal consciousness of citizens.

The article reveals the structure of legal culture, notes the ambiguity of its elements. The existence of such concepts as regional or local legal culture is noted. The study indicates the importance of legal culture, which is due to the fact that on its basis, the basic, generally recognized in any state, patterns of behavior are formatted.

The relationship between legal culture and legal behavior is analyzed. It is only thanks to such a connection that a stable provision of social order in society is created.

The main features of legal culture, such as normativity and progressiveness, are revealed, which make it possible to single out this concept from among other legal phenomena.

The scientific novelty of the research was due to the fact that the article studied the problems of improving legal culture. The importance of increasing the legal culture is due to the fact that this is the basis for the formation of the rule of law. Within the framework of improving the legal culture, such a direction as legal education, aimed at various age categories, with an emphasis on the legal education ofyoung people, is highlighted. The hanging of legal culture is not possible without raising the general culture of society and taking into account the mentality of the people, as well as raising the level of legal awareness.

The article concludes that legal culture is the basis for the development and formation of many other legal phenomena, it is noted that it is impossible to speak without increasing the legal culture of the population and the individual about the formation of legal consciousness, legal relations and the development of law at the present stage of development of society, development civil society and the rule of law. 

This article offers an analysis of the main dilemmas that the translator has to face while working with texts that explicate the virtual fiction world based on the socio-cultural specifiers of the original language culture. There is a view offered on various methods of translating texts within the aesthetic and pragmatic aspects; there have been certain factors identified, which complicate work with a text, as well as some solutions analyzed that related to translation dilemmas, based on the example of translated excerpts taken from well-known fantasy works. The authors raise the issue of the reason for cultural adaptation of the original text in view of the recipient’s realities, namely, the translation and adaptation of proper names in the target language is viewed.

This article is an overview of the basic dilemmas that an inexperienced translator may face through their professional activities, while having no sufficient level of respective competencies that would allow resolving the communication issue successfully. The examples are based on excerpts from well-known works belonging to the genre of fantasy, which represent a fictional virtual world that features no historic relation to the real one, which fact, however, does not exclude the need for sociocultural background knowledge; there is also a view on wordplay offered as well as on ways to translate it; besides, there is specifics of proper names translation examined; representative examples are employed to analyze stylistic, lexical and grammatical transformations in translation.

The stylistic aspect in the translation of virtual fiction worlds is considered to be basic within the framework of preserving the original perlocutionary effect. Translation of stylistic means of expression when creating a virtual world is performed through descriptive translation, which entailscomplication of the syntactic constructions of the target text. The most effective technique in this case is to preserve the themу-rheme connections of the source text, which leads to the neutralization of stylistic components. As a technique to deliver the author’s individual onyms, which create a virtual space, the process of implementing due perlocutionary effect employs transcription and transliteration, at the same time preserving the author’s specifics, while the proper level of adequacy is reached through translation loans, provided the outer form of the onym and its emphatic features are preserved. 

The article reviews ways of maintaining the pragmatic aspect of stylistic means in the process of translating popular scientific texts from English into Russian. The material for the study were articles from modern English-language publications The Economist and Scientific American. The article focuses on the role of popular scientific texts in contemporary linguistic discourse and provides an analysis of the translation techniques used in the translation of the selected texts.Works of I. S. Alekseeva, I. V. Arnold, V. N. Komissarov, S. V. Tyulenev, etc. on the translation studies theory served the theoretic and methodological basis of the study.Preliminary linguostylistic analysis of the texts revealed the following most productive means of expression: epithet, metaphor, comparison. The analysis also revealed a large number of idioms and other stylistic means, which allow to maintain a captivating narration in the popular scientific article. In most cases, the translation of the selected lexical units required a complex transformation using the following methods of translation: addition, omission, meaning exchange, replacement, and others. Currently, popular scientific texts are in high demand among readers, which makes the problem of translating such texts into a target language a topical issue in the modern translation discourse. 

The development of new media and their interaction with traditional media creates unique opportunities for creolizing discourse and supplementing the information flow. It also contributes to the formation of cultural artifacts, references to them and new forms / types of precedence that require scientific understanding. The aim of the research is to analyze the peculiarities and features of the actualization of precedence in semiotically complicated texts of the present-day media space.

The article provides a brief overview of the main research approaches to the interpretation of the properties of the media text, precedence and types of precedent phenomena. According to the author, the media text, mediated by electronic resources and the technical capabilities of the transmission channel, functions as a polymodal phenomenon that reveals the potential for convergence of verbal, auditory and visual codes. Integration and polycode character determine the mass media intertextuality, which is directly related to the problem of precedence.

It is substantiated that in the context of a semiotically complicated polycode text, the semiotic interpretation of polymodal units in the media space can serve as a mechanism for overcoming the limitations associated with the classical theory of studying textual reality and the forms of precedence. Based on the material of the English language discourse space, the author analyzes the features of precedence actualization in some media genres and media formats, the functioning of which is largely determined by the format properties of the transmission channel, namely, by an interactive electronic platform, application or media resource. A conclusion is made about the complex nature of a semiotically complicated text, within the framework of which various forms of verbal and non-verbal (iconic, index, auditory) precedence can be actualized. 

The article is devoted to the description of the semantic characteristics and valences of nuclear predicates as part of semantic-syntactic frames, and also the construction of a predicate model of frames, which display modifications of the components of the values of these predicates in the literary narrative. Its purpose is the semantic and syntactic description of frames in literary narrative, the study of semantic characteristics and valences of their nuclear predicates in comparison with the lexicographic description of these predicates. The study of nuclear predicates undertaken by us is intended to supplement the understanding of the semantics of frames as the structural and semantic basis of the literary narrative. The obtained data allow us to determine to what extent the lexicographic description of the predicate corresponds to its frame representation in the narrative, and also in the future, they can be used to supplement the RussianFrameBunk system (the Russian-language equivalent of the FrameNet resource) and develop computer programs for deep understanding of the text. The expansion of the range of meanings of some verbs – the nuclear predicates of the frame is observed mainly in figurative, indirect meanings, which can be explained by the structural and semantic stability of the main vocabulary of the language and the mobility of its peripheral areas. The material of the study was Russian prose of the XX century, in particular the collection of S. D. Dovlatov «Suitcase». As part of the study, we found that the frame representation in the text of the valence properties of the predicate is wider than those presented in the dictionary, despite the fact that we did not consider all the values of the predicates, but only relevant ones within the framework of the expansion of a particular frame. The lexicographic description of the components of a particular frame can be useful in the study and classification of semantic-syntactic models of other frames (provided that the base of such frames, i.e. dictionaries, is used for the work). 

This article studies the detective text as an important component of mass literature, reflecting stable models of mass consciousness. The article considers the characteristic features of mass culture society, which form the image of modern recipient and influence the character of the texts of modern culture. The detective is studied as a text space that implements the message of mass culture society, with an emphasis on German detective literature and its specific features. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the field modeling of the basic concept for a police detective «VERBRECHEN» («CRIME») taking into account the factors of influence on the recipient, in identifying the linguistic and cognitive features of its representation on the material of the popular German detective «Die Lebenden und die Toten» (2014), written by Nele Neuhaus. Illustrative examples show that the nuclear zone of the concept «VERBRECHEN» consists of semantically related categories of the act itself: Kapitalverbrechen, Mord, Mordfall, Straftat, Totschlag, Tötungsdelikt, Tötung, menschliche Verfehlung, supplemented by the criminal designations: Verbrecher, Mörder, Täter. The peripheral layers of this concept are implemented in such local concepts as «Schuld» (guilt), «Eitelkeit» (vanity), «Unsittlichkeit» (immorality), «Rache» (revenge), the emotive components of the concept «VERBRECHEN» «Angst» (fear), «Zorn» (anger), «Schmerz» (pain). The concept «ERMITTLUNG» (investigation) is connected with the backbone concept «VERBRECHEN» in a meaningful and procedural way, the semantic content of which is characterized in the author’s evaluative understanding both different aspects of the crime and the personality of the criminal. 

This article is devoted to the analysis of argumentation in the perspective of its axiological grounds. As part of the review, different interpretations of argumentation as a polyaspectual notion are considered. Traditionally, logical, rhetorical and cognitive models of argumentation are distinguished. A systematic model presents argumentation as an integral system in which logical, cognitive, rhetorical and axiological constituents coexist. Specificity of argumentation and methods of its structuring are connected with the discursive situation and determined by the parameters of the discourse. We define the discourse of health psychology as hybrid as it combines characteristics of institutional and personal discourses. The analysis of argumentation in the discourse of health psychology indicates that the axiological constituent of argumentation is represented at the level of determinants (axiological dissonance), at the level of the participants of argumentative action (axiological image of the author, axiological image of the recipient) and in the schemes (models) of argumentation. Argumentative impact which takes the forms of persuasion and motivation provides conditions to maneuver the actors of argumentative process. Application of a logic and axiological model based on the language of judgement logic and inference reconstruction made it possible to conclude that both the assumptions and the conclusion contain values as abstract notions. This fact demonstrates that argumentation is based on values. In the rhetorical perspective of argumentation values are integrated into the structure of a value judgement and are represented in the epideictic type of argumentation by means of the argument “model and antimodel” and the argument of ascension. The study outcomes specify positions of values as basic elements in the argumentation structure and offer prospects to research argumentation in different types of discourse.