«Euroscepticism» is probably the best term to describe the attitude of the United Kingdom towards the European Union in the contemporary history. It is undoubtedly a mul-tifaceted notion connected with many other phenomena of socio-political life. British euroscepticism is tightly related to English nationalism. The English Democrats party combines nationalistic and eurosceptic ideas. Its inception was due to the development and mutual influence of these ideas. The novelty of the study is predetermined by a new subject of research. It is a non-systemic political force which is an appealing ideological platform with a peculiar combination of the principles of English nationalism and British euroscepticism usually not included in the research of recent British history. In addition, the article contains a new approach to the research which is based on identifying the relationship between the concepts of British euroscepticism, British nationalism and English nationalism and characterizing the ideological principles of the English Democrats party through the prism of these concepts. The article provides a brief overview of basic prerequisites for the formation of English nationalism in the second half of the 20th century, detects its relationship with the course of development of British euroscepticism, gives a description of the English Democrats party, and clarifies its role in the history of British euroscepticism. Particular attention is paid to studying the provisions of the manifesto of the English Democrats party regarding its nationalistic and eurosceptic views.

The territory of the village of Bamut is one of the best-studied areas of Chechnya in terms of archaeology. However, the tragic events of 1995-2000 led to almost complete disappearance of this village, as well as a significant part of collections of archaeological objects identified in various years in the course of the large-scale ield surveys. Information about these objects has been preserved in the scientific archives and publications, often with limited accessibility due to the regional nature of these publications. The surveying studies of the archaeological sites of Chechnya are often too concise. They are mainly presented by brief overview of the core stages of studying of the monuments. The source component is mainly represented with the reference to the general characteristics of the contributions of individual scientists to their research. However, the potential of many of the studied monuments - and irst of all of those belonging to the developed and late Bronze ages and being important milestones in understanding of the stages of development of the territory we study - is still not in full demand. Among the important sources for our research are the manuscript expeditionary ield diaries and the diploma projects of the early 90s of the XX century. So far, information of these documents is only partially presented in the scientific publications. In this regard, there is a need for a holistic assessment of the scientiic results obtained for this territory with reference to the Eneolithic and Bronze ages, and application of the entire data, which we have established in the course of our research. This work is the first comprehensive study on this topic, which poses questions of the new local history of this region on a fundamentally different qualitative basis. The conclusion is that there is a need for such research related to the territories that are the basic for the study of the ancient history of the region. It is based on the published and unpublished results of field research, archival sources stored in the funds of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the personal archives of a number of researchers, and few materials that have been preserved in the Department of Ancient History and Archaeology of the National Museum of the Chechen Republic.

The article examines the policy of two offices of the Italian government led by V. Orlando and F. Nitti regarding the military and economic presence in the Transcaucasia in the irst post-war years. The failure of the British occupation of the Caucasus, aimed at the geopolitical and economic presence of England in the region adjacent to its Middle East and India, prompted the Lloyd George government to look for possible "ways of retreat", one of which was the replacement of British troops with Italian ones. Despite the fact that representatives of Italian commercial associations were extremely interested in penetrating into the oil-bearing region of Azerbaijan, as well as Georgia, rich in manganese ores, coal and wood, oficial Rome could not decide on active military penetration in view of the Bolshevik threat and analyzing the failures of the British, Orlando, and then Nitti preferred to conine themselves to sending economic missions until the issue of the political status of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia was resolved. It was the missions that represented the interests of Rome in the Caucasus. Their tasks were to identify the appropriateness, including the Italian military presence, as well as to determine the stability of local political regimes. The study was based on data provided by the mission of Colonel M. Gabba, as well as the diplomatic department of the Republic of Azerbaijan. It evaluates the activities of both the Vittorio Orlando government and the cabinet of Francesco Nitti. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the interests of two competing inancial groups: the Italian Commercial Bank and the Savings Bank of Ansaldo, which exerted signiicant pressure on oficial Rome, seeking to obtain government orders and provide themselves with resources in the context of reconversion. Based on the positions of the Italian government and commercial groups presented in the article, the author came to the conclusion that the policy of F. Nitti's cabinet turned out to be quite far-sighted, as evidenced by the successful Italian-Soviet cooperation after the establishment of diplomatic relations between Italy and the USSR, which included Transcaucasia.

The article discusses the models of socio-political structure among the highlanders of the North Caucasus and the development of feudal relations in mountain societies of the irst half of the XIX century. The author emphasizes the complex and ambiguous nature of the processes that often took the form of a transitional stage of development with the simultaneous coexistence of new and archaic foundations. Everywhere it was possible to observe both the forward movement and the return movement on the path to the formation of new socio-political structures. By the example of local societies of Kabarda, Balkaria and Chechnya, the features of the formation of the feudal structure among the highlanders are also traced. The author emphasizes that the diversity of local incarnations of the uniied tendency of the formation of feudalism was the result of the synthesis of a local slow-moving and variably developing early class structure and external ethnic, political, economic and ideological factors. The insuficient development of feudal relations contributed to the preservation of the practice of the slave trade in the region. Such a product brought tangible proits and contributed to the accumulation of wealth in that part of the population, which sought to stand out from among its tribesmen and claimed to become an elite. Raids with the aim of capturing captives and their further sale led to civil strife, the growth of mutual hostility, the war of all against all. The author pays much attention to the study of the situation in the mountain community. With external egalitarianism, the process of property stratiication in the community environment inevitably led to profound changes in land use practice, and after that to social changes. Attention is also drawn to the establishment and functioning of the institution of princely power in the mountainous environment, especially among Kabardians and Balkars, simultaneously revealing its social and economic sources, as well as the role of the foreign policy factor, which was the Russian Empire. Studying the Chechen societies, the author focuses on the decisive socio-political and economic role of the typs, which have become an insurmountable obstacle to the assertion of princely power among Chechens. The social structure prevailing in Chechen societies was diverse and flexible. Each social group had its rights and obligations, which were enshrined in customary law. The Chechen Taip communities, in a stubborn struggle against the feudalized aristocracy, managed to limit its claims and largely preserve their freedom and community structure in public life.

The presented article, dedicated to the sanctuary of the nyThe article is devoted to the image of the army of the Russian Empire on the pages of the Scottish literary and critical magazine The Edinburgh Review. The Contributors of the magazine paid attention to reports regarding the Russian armed forces while reviewing travelogues, memoirs, historical and military writings. The equipment, training of officer staff, successes on the battlefields of the ally's army was aroused undisguised interest by British readers of newspapers and magazines during the years of the Napoleonic Wars and the occupation of France. British publicists were worried about the military power of the empire, the presence of a latent threat to former ally in the Coalition. Perception of the Russian troops by the Scottish critics of The Edinburgh Review was broadcast to the British as well as to the European readers, complementing both emerging and already existing stereotypes and images. Analysing the power of Russian weapons from the time of Peter the Great to the period of the wars with Bonaparte, contributors raised questions about the potential of the ally, the specifics of the state structure, the limits and levels of civilization, which was one of the indicators of military power. The image of the Russian army was not static. It was influenced by political collisions during the years of the Napoleonic Wars. Treaties of Tilsit and the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 were significant events that changed the perception of Russia and its troops by the British public opinion. Infantrymen, cavalrymen and artillerymen could appear in journal articles as poorly trained and unsuitable soldiers until a certain moment. The reasons for this was could be seen not only in the poor training of soldiers and officers, but also in the semi-civilized nature of the Russian Empire. This image changed after the French invasion of Russia and victories of the Sixth Coalition. Soldiers and oficers become a model of training after these events. Their attitude towards the civilian population of occupied France evoked only approval and praise. According to contributors of The Edinburgh Review, all this testifies to the outstanding progress made by the country in a short period.

The author focuses on the events of the Copper Riot of 1662. The author shows the reasons for this event, rejecting the concept of the Copper Riot as not objective. Describing the events, he concludes that the main reason for what happened was the requirement to punish the traitors from the king's entourage. In their demands, the rebels did not demand the abolition of copper money. The author analyzes the origins of the Copper Riot myth and shows that it appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. This myth was then entrenched in Soviet science. Historians mistakenly considered it a term of the 17th century. Unfortunately, in modern historiography this term continues to be used. He greatly distorts real events. In addition, this term refers to a major uprising, which is also not true, since the uprising is directed against the highest authority. The rioters did not oppose Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. They demanded to punish the traitors in power, whom they considered guilty of secret ties with Poland. As a result, the author concludes that the rebellion had the following reasons: a spontaneous desire of the gathered crowd to get rid of the "traitors" surrounded by the tsar and representations of the ordinary population that they have the right to interfere in the affairs of public administration.

The myths of mass historical consciousness have recently become one of the most important objects of scientiic historical research. Such interest is determined by the fact that historical thinking is largely based on myths about the past, and this applies essentially to all historical periods, from the "dark" Middle Ages to the very "enlightened" epochs. Therefore, an understanding of what constitutes a myth and what the structure of mythological thinking is largely determines the possibility of achieving such a research goal as understanding the nature and characteristics of the historical consciousness of different communities and cultures. The myth as a cultural-historical and psychological phenomenon and as a scientiic-theoretical concept of historical science and modern philosophy it is not always understood in the same way. It has a number of signs: it is an expression of this reality in its fantastic form, the concept of the unity of the past, present and future, the manifestation of conservative features of research in myths, and the connection with various forms of religious consciousness. Mythological thinking has its own logic. Therefore, in the studies of historians, historical myths of mass consciousness can be reproduced, broadcast and receive additional reinforcement with references to the authority of science. In the culture of modern and new times, the source of historical myth may not even be mass consciousness, but the work of a historian.

He article is devoted to the study of the French imperial discourse of the last third of the XIX century in correlation with the imperial space. The special role of the imperial discourse in the representation and organization of North African space is emphasized. We used the following sources: first, the article "The Inland Sea in Algeria" by the French engineer, geographer, and topographer F.-E. Roudaire, published in 1874, as well as his reports to government commissions. These sources are irst introduced into the scientiic circulation in Russian historiography. The texts of F.-E. Roudaire will be regarded as an integral part of the imperial discourse, which is inseparable from the imperial space. The interrelation of F.-E. Roudaire 's ideas with the ideas of the French civilization mission, the economic feasibility of colonization, and the political necessity of colonization popular among French propagandists will be studied. The texts of F.-E. Roudaire help understand how imperial ambitions were connected with the scientiic practices, and the discourse of imperialism with the space of the empire. Special attention is paid to the representation of the Chott Basin (salty drying lakes), where the inland sea was planned. The Chotts were presented to readers as a "hostile" space. According to the author of the project, it was necessary to soften and civilize the Chotts. It was possible to do this through their complete transformation. F.-E. Roudaire believed that the inland sea in place of the Chots would improve the climate, open up new trade routes, enhance the prestige of France and prevent the threat of militant tribal rebellions. The Inland Sea project would have entailed a transformation of the natural spatial environment and historical landscapes, with the consequent appropriation of this space by Europeans, but it has never been implemented. Nevertheless, F.-E. Roudaire's ideas illustrate how engineers, scientists used and constructed the discourse of imperialism, contributed to the formation of colonial ideology, and the "hostile" space of the empire helped them justify the idea of European domination.

According to Trianon Peace Treaty in 1920, the entire territory of historical Transylvania that belonged to Hungary became a part of Greater Romania. This area was inhabited by a big amount of Hungarian people, the Hungarian national minority in Romania numbered approximately 1,5 million people. The issue is aimed to present the process of isolation of Hungarians in state life and local governments in Transylvania within the framework of Romanian efforts for creating a homogenic state. The irst half of the 1930s was a period of economic crisis and the position of the Hungarians was shaken even more. From 1938 to 1940, in order to protect against revanchist aspirations, the implementation of which in the international arena became more and more real, discriminatory measures against Hungarians continued in the ield of labor law, the use of language and economy.

The article deals with the organization of the work of the trade unions of the Kuban and Stavropol Territories in wartime conditions. The nature of the restructuring of the activities of the trade unions with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War is analyzed, attention is drawn to the strengthening of the centralization of the trade union management system, the inclusion of the latter in the common cause of the struggle against the Nazi invaders. The problems of organizing trade union work associated with the weakening of the democratic foundations of the trade union movement and the violation of the principles of collegiality in discussing current issues are noted. An assessment of the consequences of the occupation of the Kuban and Stavropol Territory for the trade unions of the region is given. The process of restoring the activity of trade unions in the territory of the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories is highlighted. The main attention is paid to strengthening the staff of trade union organizations. The main forms of training trade union workers are considered, positive and negative examples of work organization in individual trade union organizations of the Kuban and Stavropol Territory are given. The role of a trade union asset combining its labor and social activities is emphasized. The article describes the measures taken by the trade union committees to attract new members to the trade unions, as well as to solve the problem of paying membership dues. The study gives assessment of the results achieved by the end of the war in the organizational strengthening of the Kuban and Stavropol trade unions, the expansion of their participation in the industrial and social spheres, and the increase in their role in public and political life

The article examines the ideas of valor in the urban environment of the Italian city-states during the XIV - early XV centuries. The discussion about the position of knights in the social and legal system of city-states, both in classical and modern Italian historiography, is touched upon, an attempt is made to show signiicant changes in social status and mental attitudes and values of urban chivalry. In addition to novels containing judgments about the dualism of the perception of the image of knights among contemporaries, a previously unexplored source is used - the memories of one of the prominent citizens of Florence, Jacopo Salviati, knighted by the commune for successful military actions, which he led, performing at the same time diplomatic missions and staying in judicial and administrative posts in various cities and fortresses subordinate to the Republic of Florence. In Jacopo Salviati's attitude were combined forms of perception of reality: he saw himself as a merchant engaged in entrepreneurial activity, a manager appointed to high positions in Florence and beyond. In the same time, he was aware of himself as a commander who was elevated in the knighthood by means of the magniicent ceremony, which was described in detail by himself what he realized as a raising social status. An autobiographical source allows one to examine "from the inside" in the self-assessments and behavior of the investigated character the interweaving of classical ideas about knightly virtues with the system of values of a "good" merchant and citizen of the commune. This duality in the behavior and mental attitudes of urban chivalry is the main object of this article.

The article deals with one of the major problems of historical science, the activity of the party-state nomenclature of the Soviet state during the period of continuous collectivization. In this paper, based on the decisions of party congresses and the activities of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the process of forming the legislative framework for the successful collectivization of agriculture is analyzed. In addition, based on the study of party documents, we observe the struggle of the official line of the CPSU (b) with the opposition in the bowels of the dominant political force of the state, both in the center and on the ground. Based on archival documents, the mechanism of continuous collectiv- ization of the North-Caucasus region by the party-state nomenclature is presented. Features of activity of the regional party-state administration apparatus are revealed. The article considers the system of training specialists in the field of agriculture, which was the most important condition for the formation and functioning of the personnel potential of the party-state nomenclature and the implementation of a successful continuous collectivization of agriculture.

The article examines a topical scientific problem associated with a comprehensive reconstruction of educational practices that functioned in the Caucasus during the imperial period. Systemic education is studied as the most important mechanism that determines the effective incorporation of the annexed region into the socio-economic, political and cultural space of the Russian Empire. The author's attention is focused on a fundamental issue related to the consistent implementation of the immanent educational rights of an individual. Individual education is considered in a traditional so-cio-cultural context, including social belonging, class dif- ferentiation, prospective self-realization of a particular individual. The involved empirical material, reconstructed from differentiated historical sources and the previous historio-graphic tradition, made it possible to form a consistent system of author's conclusions characterizing the evolutionary development of the Caucasian educational space during the imperial period. The Russian empire initially involved regional elites in systemic education, consistently forming loyal cadres for the local administration. As part of the further development of educational practices, particular importance was attached to primary and secondary schools, focused on the consistent construction of a social majority adapted to the existing system of imperial citizenship. The substantive parameters of the educational process were determined by the central government, taking into account both the basic ideological values and the natural features of the internal mentality of the region in question. The tsarist administration actively used the class, ethnic and confessional differences of local residents, hindering intellectual integration and developing educational practices in isolated enclaves. A significant role in the effective construction of regional education was played by a creative pedagogical cadre, formed both from educated mountaineers and from the teaching community that migrated from the imperial center. In general, it can be stated that during the period under review, the Russian Empire managed to form an integral educational system that made it possible both to exercise personal educational rights and to integrate local societies into the common state space.

One of the current trends is the interpenetration of the most successful legal norms and institutions operating in other countries and their introduction into national legal systems. The study of this comparative aspect allows us to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of national legislation, formulate constructive proposals for the legislator, and identify possible ways of bilateral cooperation on legal issues that are understood in the national legislation of two or more countries in a similar way. The closest relationship between Russian legislation can be traced with the CIS countries, since for many years, our countries were part of the USSR, and the approaches to legal regulation of various types of public relations laid down in that period of our joint history are still preserved. Because of the comparative analysis of the environmental and legal institutions of the main environmental laws of the three countries, it is concluded that a significant number of environmental and legal institutions fully or partially coincide. A number of Belarusian and Kazakh environmental legal institutions are of interest for improving Russian environmental legislation (for example, in terms of economic regulation of environmental protection, measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, measures for the development of protected areas, etc.). The main reason for such coincidences or differences is seen in the fact that initially the draft law of the RSFSR "On environmental protection" of December 19, 1991 was prepared on the basis of the provisions of European environmental laws of the second half of the 1980. The concept of this Law of the RSFSR 1991 is the basis of both the current Federal law "On environmental protection" of December 10, 2002, and the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On environmental protection". In Kazakhstan, when preparing the draft Environmental code in the second half of the 2000s, it was based on the environmental laws in force in European countries at that time, which have changed significantly since the late 80s. Therefore, the concept of the EC of the Republic of Kazakhstan is very different from the concepts of the Russian and Belarusian main environmental laws, not so much in terms of the name of the main environmental legal institutions, but in terms of their content.

The article considers the current state of the crimino-logical situation in the North-Caucasus Federal district. The urgency of this problem lies in the fact that despite the obvious positive developments in this direction and the general trends towards stabilization of the situation in the region, the operational situation here continues to be one of the most difficult in the Russian Federation. In addition, there are currently reasons to believe that in the near future, reverse processes in the form of a worsening of the criminal situation in the south of Russia are not excluded. The special signiicance of this topic is that destructive forces with geopolitical ambitions to change the world order are harboring ideas of alienating part of the territories of the Russian Federation and even the collapse of the country. At the same time, the starting point in the implementation of these intentions is the destabilization of the criminal situation in the subjects of the North-Caucasus Federal district. This article discusses the speciics of the main characteristics of crime in the region, their distinctive features from other territorial entities of Russia. At the same time, the main emphasis is placed on the structural features of the state of crime and its causal complex. Priority risks that could complicate the situation in the North-Caucasus are identiied. This involves a retrospective analogy with past events in the region, and also takes into account negative experience of other countries undergoing expansion of international extremist organizations. In this case, it is noted that these examples have a number of similar features in terms of the risk of occurrence of odious phenomena and criminal processes in the North-Caucasus Federal district. In the course of the study, the analysis of information about the state of the criminological situation in the region is based on statistical data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation on the state of crime.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of integration and justification of general approaches to the legal regulation of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection in the EAEU legislation. The need to expand integration processes in the post-Soviet areas has led to the formation of several interstate unions and launch of multilateral integration cooperation projects. Until the present time within the common legal framework of the Union, environmental problems have not been placed among the priorities; the main attention is given to the joint development of the economy. However, the assessment of modern development trends and justiication of the ways to overcome key obstacles for creation of the system of normative legal acts regulating environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is determined by the current state of integration of the acting EAEU legislation as the foundation for the interaction of entrepreneurs, countries and their unions on various aspects of environmental protection and use of natural resources. The study of the provisions of the current Treaty on the Establishment of the EAEU and other documents of the Union, dedicated to the regulation of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection, points at a piecemeal approach in the part of consolidation of legal norms concerning environmental issues. Therefore, in the development of integration processes in heterogeneous spheres of public relations, including environmental one, we observe the increase of importance of legal principles as the means helping to reveal the most effective legal regulation and contributing to ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of all participants of the considered relations. The establishment in the EAEU legislation of common approaches to the legal regulation of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, as well as various aspects of environmental management will contribute to the uniication of national legislation, the application of identical legal mechanisms of impact on environmental relations in the member states of the Union. As a result, it will create conditions for the development of this area of public relations within the boundaries of the common EAEU legal framework.

The identity of a minor criminal has always been the object of close attention from criminologists, psychologists, teachers and representatives of criminal law science. What is the determining factor in the context of its formation and formation-a set of inherited factors or the influence of society? Or is the identity of a juvenile delinquent the result of a multi-factorial determination - the interaction of biological and social? In the framework of this research, the author has attempted to analyze and systematize various doctrinal concepts and views on this subject, and formed a subjective opinion. The author offers a classiication of causes and conditions that contribute to the criminalization of the personality of an imperfect criminal. At the same time, he dwells on the most relevant, in his opinion, determinants of crime, which include the family, which acts as a determinant of the microenvironment. This study also reveals the types of dysfunctional families, provides scientiic concepts on this issue, and oficial statistics on divorce in Russia. The author dwells in detail on victimization as a possible determinant of crime, cites the positions of domestic and foreign researchers on this issue, and concludes that there is a direct causal relationship between the fact of victimization committed against a minor and his subsequent delinquent behavior. The next signiicant determinant, according to the author, is psychophysiological pathologies. The study examines in detail psychogenically determined border states in the context of possible favorable conditions for the subsequent criminalization of a minor. At the same time, the author discusses the paradoxical nature of the determinants of crime in the context of determining the subsequent behavior of a potential criminal, and concludes that the human personality, in this case, is the main mechanism that determines the choice of an individual. The study of the identity of a minor criminal is of great importance in the context of preventive measures for the subsequent minimization of juvenile delinquency, in this regard, the author, with the reference to the analysis of current legislation, offers speciic ways to improve the existing legal norms.

The article discusses the features of the content, normative regulation and practical consolidation of the principle of ensuring food security of the Russian Federation, as a fundamental principle that determines the focus and essence of modern agrarian and legal regulation. The need to consolidate this principle and clarify its content is indicated by the adoption in January 2020 of the new Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, according to which the state of food security is now considered not only from an economic, but also from a social point of view - by improving the conditions of citizens' actual access to quality food, improving living standards in rural areas. The amendments to Chapter 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted in July 2020 at a popular vote, proclaiming additional social obligations of the state, also require their reflection and reflection, including in the framework of agricultural legislation. The influence of the goals and principles of sustainable development of rural territories in UN acts implemented in the domestic legal system through the adoption of a special Concept, necessitates the consideration of environmental requirements in agricultural activities, the relationship of environmental and food security. The conclusion is made about the difference between the principles of ensuring food security of the country and the participation of the state in ensuring global and regional food security. The legislative implementation of the principle in agricultural legal acts consists in updating existing and adopting new regulatory and support measures for agriculture, in accordance with the main priorities outlined in the new Doctrine of Food Security - providing the population with high-quality food products, achieving self-suficiency of the national food market through domestic production, as well as expanding agricultural exports. In the context of the general process of modernization of the agro-industrial complex and management processes, speciic measures are expressed to improve support for small agricultural enterprises, as well as to use modern information technologies in agriculture and their legal regulation.

The relevance of the article is related to its theoretical and practical signiicance. The theoretical signiicance of the study of the legal regulation of academic titles in Germany is due to the fact that the modernization of higher education is one of the priorities of state policy, but the modern Russian model of awarding academic titles and their accounting in the algorithm of career growth of teachers does not provide the necessary incentives for the scientiic and creative development of the teaching staff of higher education institutions, what dictates the appeal to foreign experience in the legal regulation of awarding academic titles in order to ind new theoretical structures for their assignment and accounting or optimization of existing ones. The practical value of the analysis of legal regulation of academic titles in Germany is because of the rigorous scientiic study of this question depends on the further development of the Russian legislation on education and science as optimization of approach to the award of academic titles, due to the need to ensure progressive development of education and science, can contribute to the implementation of further regulatory innovation in the legislation. This paper identiied the decentralized state of legal regulation of higher education with the deinition at the Federal level, the General principles of regulation of educational relations in higher education and detailed regulation in the legislation of the Federal States, where the establishment of scientiic (academic) ranks depends on the discretion of the legislator and embedded algorithm development career teacher through the gradual replacement of positions in the University and ful-illing the necessary qualiication requirements for their replacement. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that based on the analysis of the legislation of Germany and its Federal territories on public service, remuneration and higher education, scientiic titles, their relationship with the positions of the teaching staff, the features of their assignment and preservation after the termination of employment relations with the University, ideas about them are formed, conclusions are drawn about their secondary status in relation to the corresponding positions and the absence of special qualiication requirements for obtaining them, this can contribute to further research in this area.

Globalization processes are an objective phenomenon of the modern world. Starting with economic relations, globalization processes have embraced other areas of public life, including relations to protect the environment. In order to minimize their risks in these conditions, states must competently build their international legal policy in international relations. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new approaches to the participation of states in such relations and new means of implementing their international legal policy. Thus, the processes of globalization in international relations cause the emergence of new phenomena, which include environmental or "green diplomacy". The urgency of considering the problems of implementing "green diplomacy" stems from the fact that at present, it is beginning to be increasingly used by states as a means of implementing their international legal policies in the environmental sphere. At the same time, in the legal literature there is no consensus on the content of this concept and its essence. In addition, there is no consensus on the term itself. The term "green diplomacy" is most commonly used, less commonly, "environmental diplomacy". The novelty of this work is that it analyzes the essence of this phenomenon, its features in the international legal policy of various states, the relationship with other related concepts. To study these aspects of the implementation of "green diplomacy" the comparative legal method, methods of analysis and synthesis were used. Because of the study, such concepts as international legal policy in the environmental sphere, environmental or "green diplomacy" were formulated. The content, fundamentals and practice of implementing "green diplomacy" by states of different regions are analyzed. The author identiies the subjects involved in the implementation of "green diplomacy" and substantiates its relationship with international legal policy and the processes of globalization and global regionalization.

The article analyzes particular qualities of the lexical semantics development of phoenix nomination borrowed from the Greek language with the direct meaning "fantastic bird" in the Russian linguistic picture of the world. The purpose of this article is to study the main change directions of the direct meaning of the phoenix nomination included in the lexico-semantic group "Fantastic Birds", and to show the specifics, including national, of semantic increments of the lexeme in the corresponding contexts of being related to the XVIII-XXI centuries. The study offers relevant componenti and contextual analysis of the seme component expressions of the considered lexeme phoenix in the Russian linguistic culture. The author provides a fundamentally new analysis of the semantic structure changes of borrowed nominations related to the lexico-semantic group "fantastic birds" in the Russian language. The article concludes that the initial meaning of phoenix nomination "mythological bird" which continues to influence the semantic structure of the direct and figurative word meanings was transformed into the meaning "fantastic bird", which gradually loses its connection with mythology in the Russian linguoculture. The author notes that the direct meaning is characterized by both the keeping of the mythological anthropocentrism manifestations and their loss. Based on the contexts of existence of lexeme phoenix which were obtained using the sampling method through the National Corpus of the Russian language, the author speciies that the development of occasional semantic components in the structure of its meaning are connected with the gender of the bird, its qualitative and functional characteristics, description of appearance and abilities in the Russian language. The research materials were obtained during the work with different types of Russian dictionaries (encyclopedic, mythological, ethnolinguistic, etymological, historical, explanatory ones, dictionaries of foreign words) and the National Corpus of the Russian language.

This item dwells on the specific verbalization of reflection determined by proto texts in view of advanced ideas regarding the cognitive mechanisms of rationalization, perception and data secondary representation, as well as reflexive self-control. There is also a view presented on the speciics of the translator's professional awareness along with a certain focus on the importance of accumulating and rethinking the accumulated speech experience and relection concerning the linguistic status of the target text in the host culture. It is noted that the translation text is secondary both to the original and to the previously performed translations implemented by the same translator: through accumulating the experience of making translation decisions, it acquires ready-made formulas he or she uses in similar text situations with a certain degree of automatism (which does not always have a positive effect on the result). Besides, there is a stress offered on the role of the translator's in- dividual cognitive arrangement, memory and professional experience as well as the role of extra-linguistic factors in terms of affecting translation decisions and ensuring the effectiveness of post-translation editing. Finally, the point of formal requirements for the translation, seen as a secondarily represented text, and its inevitable linguistic differences from the primary represented text due to the activation of inter-language interference and transference mechanisms, as well as the competence of an interpreter, who is able to make informed professional decisions based on a rational assessment measure of the valid violation of the original text autonomy are touched upon.

The article discusses approaches to determine peculiarities of linguistic examination of the target text, the purpose of which, in addition to assessing the quality of a translation, is to establish a translation task and to reveal probable pragmatically determined reasons for discrepancies with the source text. The article describes the tools available to the translator to conduct translation expertise. The most developed and demanded is the practice of detecting mistakes by comparing the source text and the target text. The material of the study is the English-language memoir-autobiographical text of H.E. Verolme (1930), which tells about life in the concentration camps. It was translated into German by M. Pressler (1940 - 2019). Mistakes were revealed in the transmission of cognitive and emotional information that relate to the dominants of the translation of memoir-autobiographical texts of Holocaust survivors. Units that carry cognitive information: anthroponyms, names of concentration camps, the name of the organization, stylistically colored lexical units are omitted or pragmatically adapted. It was revealed that these deviations from the source text are due to the recipient factor, i.e. German-speaking recipient, and have pragmatic reasons. It is shown that the translation complies with the European standard EN15038: 2006 in force in Germany, according to which the translation must comply with the client's recommendations regarding the received translation task. Such a client in our case is a publishing house, which indicated that the editor had collaborated with the author, and the text was shortened for the German-speaking reader, although the author of the original does not confirm her participation in the translation process.

The article explores the features of actualization of metaphorical potential in a work of world signiicance in a translation interpretation. Based on indications of interdisciplinary connections between the sciences of the humanities, among which are linguoculturology, cognitive linguistics, including the theory of metaphor; translation studies, which make up a single space of research on the theory of language, the work identiies criteria for describing the mechanism of actualization of metaphor in the process of foreign cultural interpretation. In the analyzed work, the metaphor is considered as an author's, by virtue of igurativeness, occasionality characterizing the idiocy of the writer, which presents certain dificulties in the process of foreign cultural interpretation. It has been established that the implementation of the author's metaphor during the translation from the source language to the target language is interpreted in three stages: identiication (revealing the presence of the metaphor itself), decoding (isolating the elements of the metaphoric mechanism, consisting in hidden comparison), materialization (the actual verbal embodiment of the original metaphor in a foreign cultural pattern). This process, carried out by a foreign culture translator, is designed to provide an adequate full-valued perception by a foreign culture reader of the original work laid down in the text by the author. The work explores vital metaphors that are organic in the pictorial description of the landscape, including urban, as well as various natural phenomena. It is established that, due to the frequency and speciic imagery, metaphors in the analyzed text have the status of a discourse-forming marker and are positioned as author's metaphors. As a result of a comparative analysis of two variants of the foreign cultural interpretation of the novel, the causes of discrepancies in the source text in the analysis of metaphors are revealed, the interpretation of vital metaphors representing linguocultural concepts is problematic.