Introduction. The article characterizes the research problem associated with the systemic assessment of the source base, allowing to reconstruct the forced deportation of “Eastern workers” from the occupied territory of the Rostov region to the Third Reich. A significant volume of retrospective documentary information characterizing the problems in focus is located in regional archives and is consistently introduced into scientific circulation. At present, a relevant task is a comprehensive generalization of heuristic results that determine the possible prospects of epistemological practice.

Materials and Methods. The empirical foundation of the study was formed by documentary complexes of the State Archives of the Rostov Region, including the Taganrog branch, the Center for Documentation of Contemporary History of the Rostov Region, the Center for Storage of Archival Documents in Shakhty, Rostov Region. The methodological basis of the research practice was determined by traditional heuristic approaches focused on a systemic search for retrospective documentary information.

Analysis. The research allowed clarifying the general composition and substantive characteristics of differentiated documents reflecting significant events of total

genocide of the peaceful Soviet population during the Great Patriotic War. In regional archives of the Rostov region there are documentary complexes characterizing various aspects of the targeted deportation of local residents for forced labor in Germany and used in the research practice of domestic and foreign historians.

Results. The analysis allowed forming a holistic idea of the epistemological potential of the sources under consideration, determined by both the actual number and the species diversity of the presented documents. The modern trend of scientific study of selected documentary complexes is determined by a kind of microhistorical turn, allowing focusing on specific images of individuals who became innocent victims of the criminal policy of the Nazi occupation authorities.

Introduction. The work reveals the importance of trade exchange for the highlanders of the North Caucasus at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries. Such economic contacts were sustainable and made it possible to build communication ties both within the region and beyond. In Caucasian studies, this part of the life of local peoples traditionally receives attention from researchers who analyze what and how the inhabitants of the region exchanged and bought. An assessment is made of the impact of trade on the political situation in the region and its sociocultural consequences.

Materials and Methods. The article uses various types of sources both those already introduced into scientific circulation and those identified by the author in the State Archive of the Krasnodar Krai. Narrative materials are used to evaluate the phenomenon being studied through the eyes of contemporaries. In the course of the study, the author relied on the principles of historicism and objectivity, which made it possible to consider the phenomenon under study in connection with the political, socio-economic and cultural processes that took place both in the region and in adjacent territories. Both general scientific research methods, in particular analysis and synthesis, and special ones historical-comparative, historical-typological – were used. All this made it possible to analyze the external vector of trade priorities of the peoples of the North Caucasus, showing its importance for the life support system of local societies.

Analysis. Without questioning the very fact of the existence of trade among the North Caucasian peoples, we must state its primary orientation towards external relations. The Russian direction should be considered separately, since in the end it will become dominant in the commercial contacts of the autochthonous population. But besides it, there were and had well-established traditions of barter relations with other peoples who were ready to purchase the goods of the North Caucasian highlanders and offered them their products. Results. Trade contacts played an important role in the life support system of the population of the North Caucasus. There was an exchange of agricultural and livestock products for various handicrafts. The promising markets that North Caucasian societies were oriented towards were Eastern Georgia, Persia, and the Ottoman Empire. The level of local trade did not go beyond exchange, but even on such a scale, commercial activity led to the gradual integration of the highlanders into the orbit of the cultural and political paradigms of their trading partners and contributed to integration rapprochement

Introduction. In historiography, there is a concept that the last ruler of the unified Roman Empire was Theodosius I the Great, and after his death, in the early 395 AD, the Roman State never again became united under one ruler. However, during the 5th century AD, several Eastern Roman emperors gained power over both halves of the Roman Empire, including Theodosius II. This fact is reflected in numismatic and written sources, which created in Western and Eastern part of Roman State. The author also emphasizes the importance of monetary propaganda and its mass character in the Roman Empire. Materials and Methods. The work used general scientific research methods such as analysis, synthesis and deduction. The inductive and historicalgenetic methods were applied. The historical-typological method allowed identifying consular images on the coins of Theodosius II and Valentinian III. Within the framework of the historicalcomparative  method,  a  comparison  of  images  and  symbols in coin minting was made. It is also worth noting that within the framework of the article, a comparison of numismatic data with written historical sources was made.

Analysis. The article notes that a number of coins minted in the name of Theodosius II and Valentinian III, in both the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire, are a clear reflection of the brief | “reunification” of the two halves of the Empire under Theodosius II's leadership, who became sole augustus of the entire Roman world for a few months. The author also points out that Theodosius was portrayed as a sole leader in the chronicles of the Western Roman historian Hydatius in the 5th century AD.

Results. The unification of the entire Roman Empire under Theodosius is confirmed by several sources, allowing us to revise some existing concepts about the political history of the Roman state in the 5th AD.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the memorable date of the 160th anniversary of the Judicial Reform of 1864. It should be noted that the reform of the modern judicial system is associated with the Judicial Reform of Alexander II, as it had a great impact on the transformation process in the field of criminal and civil proceedings. The introduction of the institution of compulsory enforcement in the person of bailiffs led to the fact that the service contributed to the implementation of one of the main principles of justice – making the execution of court decisions mandatory.

Materials and Methods. Materials such as pre-revolutionary normative legal acts reflecting the principles of the organization and activity of the institute of bailiffs at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries were used in the study of the topic.

Analysis. With the reference to the establishment of judicial institutions, the article presents a detailed analysis of the results of the structure and work of bailiffs.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the creation of a postreform law enforcement structure in the second half of the XIX early XX centuries, both for Russia as a whole and for the region in particular, becomes the core of the executive mechanism of the judicial system.

Introduction. The article examines the decline in the number of the Greek ethnic minority in the Ottoman Empire and in the territory of modern Turkiye at the beginning of the 20th century, which is reflected in the census materials. Even though republican Turkiye recognizes “non-Muslim minorities” living on its territory, its official documents do not allow us to talk about the nationality of citizens, however, the population censuses of 1927 and 1935 allow us to estimate the change in the number of Greeks in the country in the early period of its existence using indirect indicators.

Materials and Methods. The study was conducted to base on an analysis of Russian, Turkish and English sources of various formats devoted both to the attitude of Turkiye towards ethnic minorities living on its territory in general and to the Greeks in particular. First, it is necessary to highlight the legislative acts of the Republic of Turkiye, namely its Constitutions of different years of publication. In addition, the most important source of this study is the censuses of the Turkish Republic of 1927 and 1935, which allow us to estimate the number of the Greek population of the country in its provinces, as well as to identify the attitude of the authorities to their own population, paying attention to the methodology of their conduct and inconsistencies. By using statistical analysis as a research method, it is possible to identify patterns between the results of the censuses of the Republic of Turkiye in 1927 and 1935.

 Analysis. The data from the population censuses of the Ottoman Empire and the first two censuses of republican Turkiye show a serious change in the number of Greeks living in Asia Minor, amounting to more than 1.5 million people. The policy of Ankara in terms of non-recognition of ethnic minorities, which can be traced in many official documents of the republic, extends to the first population census of 1927 and 1935, in which the nationality of the respondents is not recorded. However, thanks to census data from sections devoted to the native language and religion, it is possible to track the dynamics of Greeks living in Turkiye. In addition, the study covers a detailed study of data on the above-mentioned metrics in 13 provinces of the state, when comparing which inaccuracies and, in many ways, the lack of a clear correlation was found, which may indicate data falsification, to designate as many Turkish residents as possible as Turks.

Results. Despite the policy of non-recognition by Republican Turkiye of ethnic minorities living on its territory in official documents, the censuses of 1927 and 1935. They allow us to estimate the total number of ethnic Greeks in accordance with two indicators of ethnicity – native language and religion. However, in the 13 provinces of Turkiye that our study covers, there are discrepancies between the number of Orthodox and Greek speakers, which, in our opinion, could be due to falsification of local data by regional officials, inaccuracies in data processing by representatives of the central government of the country, as well as self-identification of the population.

Introduction. The article marks a significant period in the history of Azerbaijani Turkic literature, in which, under the influence of Western European and Russian enlighteners, new literary forms began were established the novel, satire, prose. The activity of Azerbaijani educators in the organization of literary societies schools, creating dictionaries, textbooks, training manuals is considered. Children’s literature was developing, as well as immigrant literature, which was engaged inpromotion of national roots, all-Turkic and all-Islamic Traditions in Azerbaijani art and culture.

Materials and Methods. The article uses and analyzes the works as Azerbaijani, as well as Russian authors. Periodicals were also used, reflecting the activities of Azerbaijani writers, poets and educators

Analysis. The role in the work is revealed, the significance and contribution of outstanding figures of literature and education to the rich Azerbaijani culture of the modernization period in the history of the Azerbaijani people of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Results. The article draws conclusions that thanks to the active work of Azerbaijan teachers, writers and public figures children's literature developed further. It made a great contribution to the education of the young generation, exerting its beneficial influence on readers, raising their cultural level and introducing them to the masterpieces of European literature. With their works, they showed how and what to strive for, described the life and customs of Azerbaijani society, and the position of women in it, preached goodness and called for a fight against the remnants of the past, for education and for the purity of the Azerbaijani language, opened new schools and newspapers. This was the time of awakening of national self-consciousness, the formation of its own national ideology – Turkification, which led to the creation of Azerbaijani statehood in the person of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and its efforts for integration into the international community.

Introduction. The article deals with the basic principles of the formation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Habsburg Empire, including the process of training professional staff in special educational institutions, social, national composition of the diplomatic and consular service, and their structure.

Materials and Methods. In the process of working on the topic the works of foreign and domestic authors and historical sources were utilized, including materials   from the collections of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, memoirs of O. Chernin, W. von Bulow and the study of O. Yasi.  

Analysis. The article notes that since the 18th century, the Balkans and the Middle East have become the focus of the foreign policy activities of the Austrian Empire. In 1720, in response to the prevailing circumstances, the empire established a state institution to coordinate foreign policy and an academy of Oriental languages. This initiative aimed to address the shortage of professional staff within foreign policy department of Austria. Until the mid-19th century, the diplomatic and consular services were under the jurisdiction of different departments, after which the consulates were transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The diplomatic and consular services were established on the principles inherent in the state apparatus of the Habsburg Empire as a whole: supra-national and supra-estate nature, loyalty to the Habsburg dynasty. The aristocracy, nobility and bourgeoisie regarded diplomatic and consular service as a prestigious form of professional activity. While there was formal equality of service in the foreign policy department of the Habsburg Empire, it was dominated by members of the aristocracy and nobility. During the period of dualism Hungary achieved an increase in the number of its citizens in embassies, consulates of the Empire abroad and in the central apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, a significant reform of the staff training system for the Austro-Hungarian foreign policy department was initiated by A. Goluchowski. This reform aimed to enhance students’ practical knowledge and increase the specialization of disciplines. By the First World War, the Habsburg Empire created an extensive network of embassies and consulates to expand its influence in various regions of the world.

Results. By 1914 Austria-Hungary was able to create a professional foreign policy department, which, through training in specialized educational institutions and passing the appropriate examination, attracted to its ranks representatives of various nations and social groups, with the aristocracy and nobility dominating. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Habsburg Empire consistently defended the interests of the dynasty and the Empire, seeking to maintain its status as a “great power”.

Introduction. The Russian Ethnographic Museum (then the State Museum of Ethnography) in the late 1930s, as a resultofthecreationofahistoricaldepartmentinit, approachedthe status of a national museum. This change, which was very shortlived, is little known and continues to raise questions.

Materials and Methods. The main method of research is the study and introduction into scientific circulation of information contained in the documents of the archive of the Russian Ethnographic Museum. Based on the analysis of archival documents and publications in scientific periodicals, the relationship between the logic of development of a particular scientific institution and the results of the influence of elements of state policy on it is revealed.

Analysis. The analysis is carried out on the basis of an assessment of the changes that occurred at the State Museum of Ethnography in the second half of the 1930s.

Results. During this period, the museum, having survived the reforms associated with its separation into a “Soviet” type institution, returned to scientific standards of work. A personal style of expedition trips was developed, a new type of exhibition was tested in practice, . and a concept for studying the ethnography of modern times was formed. A special event was the creation of a historical department in the museum for a short period, to support the work of which the collection of the former Historical and Household Department of the Russian Museum was used.

Introduction. This article examines the economic development of Finland in the late 19th – early 20th centuries and the impact on this process of the growing crisis in relations between the Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Finland after Emperor Nicholas II came to power.

Materials and methods. This article is written within the framework of an interdisciplinary approach using scientific approaches of historical science and economics.

Analysis. In the last third of the 19th century, the national economy of Finland achieved significant results in its development. The article emphasizes that Russian capital played an important role in this process, especially in the creation of heavy industry enterprises. By the beginning of the 20th century, due to changes in the economic situation, the role of Russian capital in the industrial development of the principality was declining, which was partly due to the policy of limiting the acquisition of Finnish citizenship by Russians. The material emphasizes the importance of the Russian domestic market for the industry of the principality, especially pulp and paper. At the same time, the author emphasizes the growing role of Germany and Great Britain in Finland's foreign trade, which caused concern among the ruling circles of Russia. The desire to limit Finland's autonomy, in the opinion of Russian conservatives and some representatives of the ruling class, was bound to affect the economic sphere. First of all, this policy affected the railways connecting Russia and Finland, means of communication, and the pilot service. The material notes the special role of the customs autonomy of the principality in its economic development, including the introduction of protectionist duties and other restrictions on trade between Russia and Finland. In St. Petersburg, there was no complete unity of opinion regarding the liquidation of the customs autonomy of the principality, since many representatives of the country's trade and industrial circles and representatives of the state apparatus feared that the influx of goods from Finland could negatively affect the development of a number of sectors of the Russian national economy.

Results. By 1914, the Grand Duchy of Finland had achieved significant results in the development of industry, transport infrastructure, and means of communication. Russia contributed to the achievements of the Finnish economy. Initially, Russian capital occupied important positions in the country's economy, but then its role significantly decreased. With Russia's dominance in Finland's foreign trade, its share gradually began to decline, in favor of Germany, Great Britain and other European countries.

Introduction. The The history of the city of Nakhichevan-on-Don is a little-studied topic, the active study of which for the most part began only in the late 20th early 21st centuries. There are practically no special studies on the history of the activities of the city public administration on sanitary conditions in Nakhichevan-on-Don.

Materials and Methods. The study was conducted within the framework of urban studies. Historicism as a fundamental principle of any scientific research in the field of history shows cause-and-effect relationships and the social context of all social processes. When analyzing the materials, such scientific methods of historical research as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological and structural-functional ones were used.

Analysis. The work is devoted to the study of the activities of the city public administration to improve the sanitary condition of the city. In the pre-reform period, the city fathers practically did not observe sanitary standards. In 1888, a decision was made to establish a medical and police commission for the cities of Rostov and Nakhichevan-onDon under the leadership of sanitary doctors of Rostov-on-Don. On the initiative of the city Duma member I.M. Kelle-Shaginov, a Sanitary Committee was created. It was obliged to monitor the cleanliness of the city, monitored the removal of city garbage, and ensured sanitary conditions at the city enterprises. In 1901, a project for a sanitary executive committee was drawn up under the Nakhichevan city. In connection with this, in 1901, the Nakhichevan City Administration held a meeting on the issue of taking sanitary measures in the city to prevent highly contagious diseases. On the initiative of the city mayor M.I. Balabanov, a sanitary council was created in 1904.

 Results. As a result of the study, it can be concluded that the city public administration, approved in 1870, took care of the sanitary condition of the city, cleanliness on the streets, in craft and industrial establishments, and created conditions for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Introduction. On a global scale, the African continent was of exceptional economic and political value to the European metropolises. For the UK, the South African region has traditionally been particularly attractive, providing British capital with monopoly sales markets, the main sources of raw materials for the development of strategic industries and the most profitable areas for investment. The intention of Britain to strengthen both its economic and military-political presence in traditional zones of influence across the continent and, above all, in the most industrially developed Union of South Africa, determined the direction of its foreign policy strategy and contributed to the establishment of strong bilateral relations between the countries. At the same time, they have been developing for a long time in the context of a historically established approach. The main aspects of political and economic activities of the Southern Administrative District were formed with account of interests of the metropolis. The nature of foreign policy relations was significantly influenced by both the apartheid system, which has been developing in South Africa since 1948, and the system of racial discrimination in general, which arose in South Africa back in the 17th century.

Materials and Methods. The main sources for writing the article are the transcripts of the sessions of the House of Lords and the House of Commons, legal acts of the South African Republic, Great Britain and the UN. Both general scientific methods, such as analysis and comparison, and special methods, like problemchronological and historical-comparative, were used in writing the article.

Analysis. The article examines the main stages of the development of relations between Great Britain and the South African Republic from the late 1940s to the early 1970s. It analyzes the reasons for the gradual change in the policy vectors of both countries after South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations. The article also tracks the trends of the decline in the economic influence of the UK in the region.

Results. The image and position of Great Britain on the African continent were largely ensured by the Commonwealth member countries, including South Africa. After the country left the Commonwealth in 1961, Great Britain at the international level, firstly, resisted the sanctions imposed on South Africa, and secondly, pressured the Republic's political and economic decision-making processes in the interests of London. Nevertheless, by the mid-1970s, the domestic political situation in South Africa had changed and the fact of the withdrawal of the Republic from the influence of Great Britain became quite obvious. This led to a weakening of the strategic positions of the United Kingdom in the South African region.

Introduction. Antioch occupies a significant part of Hellenistic history. Located in the Middle East, it became the cradle of one of the oldest Christian churches Antioch. This article analyzes the history of Antioch in the period from 40 to 46 AD, when Barnabas and Paul actively conducted their apostolic activities in the country according to the Christian religion and the church in Antioch.

Materials and Methods. The main historical source for this period is the Christian Bible, as well as canonical texts that reveal the life and work of the apostles Barnabas and Paul. First of all, the Gospel of Barnabas and the Epistle of Barnabas should be noted. The last work is non-canonical, as it freely and allegorically interprets biblical texts. However, Clement of Alexandria and Origen addressed this treatise (Epistle), and Eusebius of Caesarea, despite doubts about authenticity, left it among the readers. It is important to note that the historicity of biblical events in terms of coverage of church construction and the spread of Christianity is beyond doubt. The article uses the historical and genetic method, the biographical method, as well as the methodology of the history of religions.

Analysis. Based on the sources and historiography of the issue, the article analyzes the activities of Barnabas and Paul in the organization of the Church of Antioch, as well as the role of this church and its traditions in the general history of Christianity. Against the background of a weakening trend towards Christianization in Jerusalem, Antioch, through the efforts of the apostles Barnabas and Paul, became one of the main centers of Christianity. Moreover, sources first report Christianity in Antioch as a separate movement.

Results. I t was Barnabas who was sent to Antioch in order to take care of the community of believers created there and actively growing. It was the activities of Barnabas and Paul who joined him that became key in the formation of the basic principles of the Christian community in Antioch. The article also notes the significant role of Barnabas in the history of the Church of Antioch, which remains underestimated.

Introduction. In the early 20th and 21st centuries, researchers have studied and continue to study the problem of the struggle for the abolition of the death penalty in Russia. A special role in this struggle was played by liberal lawyerslegalists. Based on the experience of European countries, they persistently sought to ban the death penalty. Occupying a central position in the political system of the empire, they most consistently defended the principle of “thou shalt not kill”. The relevance of the work lies in the fact that the activities of legalists are first identified as a historical phenomenon of the early 20th century. The purpose of the study is to establish the main aspects of the legalist campaign to abolish the death penalty in 19051910.

Materials and Methods. In conducting the study, we used the problem-chronological method. It is based on the sources that have not previously been included in scientific circulation. This determines the scientific novelty of the work. The published works of legalists and archival materials on political parties and organizations of the empire (GARF and RGIA) were used as sources.

Analysis. The conducted research has specified that a negative attitude towards the death penalty was formed among Russian lawyers at the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, with their active participation, the issue of abolition of the death penalty became the most important topic of political battles between parties.

Results. It can be concluded that liberal lawyers-legalists formed an important public discourse on the abolition of the death penalty. They put this issue in the category of the main party tasks. They distanced themselves from all parties that did not fully support the abolition. In a sense, the legalists’ tough position on abolition limited their ability to create coalitions with other parties. But they could not give up one of their main ideas. Otherwise, they would have compromised their principles.

Introduction. The article focuses on the study of security issues in the South Caucasus in the context of the policy of Georgia from 2012 to 2022. The region, situated at the crossroads of interests of major international and regional actors, remained a zone of constant tension. Political instability and external intervention by Western structures such as NATO and the EU contributed to the exacerbation of ethnopolitical conflicts. The article primarily analyzes the influence of Western powers on Georgia’s regional policy and the search for peaceful solutions aimed at ensuring security in complex international conditions.

Materials and Methods. The research is based on comparative analysis and political retrospection. The main sources include official Georgian documents on security issues as well as reports from international organizations. Special attention is given to interaction of Georgia with NATO and the EU, whose policies often led to increased tension in the region and the escalation of conflicts, despite their stated peaceful intentions.

 Analysis. The main challenges for Georgia remained the ethnopolitical conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which were aggravated by Western interventionist policies. Instead of seeking truly neutral solutions, Georgia intensified its cooperation with NATO and the EU, further deepening regional contradictions. Despite the development of transport and energy projects, the drive for EuroAtlantic integration created additional risks for regional stability.

Results. During the studied period, Georgia, relying on Western structures, achieved certain successes in international contacts. However, unresolved conflicts and strained relations with Russia continued to threaten stability. The dependence of Georgia on Western policies, aimed at strengthening security, resulted in deeper geopolitical instability, highlighting the risks of its chosen foreign policy course.

Introduction. One of the first articles, which from a legal point of view examines the issues of mutual respect between the state and the individual. As an example, legislative norms are used that characterize the existence of mutual respect or a situation where such mutual respect is problematic.

Materials and Methods. The research is based on the normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as a number of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The work uses general scientific methods, including the study of statelegal phenomena, analysis of legislation, research of legislative acts and their interpretation.

Analysis. Among the analyzed episodes concerning the relationship between the state and the individual, the norms of effective Russian legislation are used. So, in the first example, the issues of maternal (family) capital are considered, in particular, the impossibility of using it to improve housing conditions before the child reaches the age of three (with the exception of a mortgage). In the second example, there is a discussion about the rules for awarding state pensions, as well as old-age insurance pensions ahead of schedule (according to work experience), which, from 2018 to 2022, violated, in the opinion of the author, the constitutional guarantees of military personnel. The third example is devoted to transactions that allow monopolistic electricity suppliers to receive funds for nonsupplied electricity. The problems of observing the principle of non bis in idem, according to which no one can be punished twice for the same violation, are considered in the fourth example.

Results. The author came to the conclusion that it is mutual respect between the state and the individual, built on the principles of justice, recognition and observance of human and civil rights and freedoms, creation of conditions ensuring a decent life for a person, that will allow the state (and with it the individual in this state) to carry out purposeful and competent development. In addition, while respecting the mutual respect of the state and the individual, it will not be hindered by misunderstanding on the part of the population, face discontent, certain categories of citizens, and be overshadowed by the incompetence of those who prepare and adopt legislative acts.

Introduction. The relevance of involving mineral natural resources in deep processing, as well as involving the share of Russian solid minerals in systemic industrial circulation is of strategic importance for the Russian Federation. The country, facedwithasanctionswar, isrestructuringitslegislationtomeetthe requirements of the time and national objectives, both in the field of economic independence and in the field of national security. A precise diversification of the civil and administrative law, as well as their transformation with the convergence of the private and the public in subsoil use, was predicted by the scholars.

 Materials and Methods. The study concerns the analysis of the views of a number of legal scholars who conditionally look at relations of subsoil use as of a property nature, or pre ominantly relations of subsoil use are within the framework of the administrativelegal method.

Analysis. Historically, the Russian Federation implemented most of the current legislation regulating subsoil use from Western legal patterns, which situationally gave its results in the early 2000s, but such a model gradually revealed a non-identical variation of the desire for greater control over such a significant sector of the Russian economy, and principles and concepts acted as a counterbalance civil legislation protecting the private interests of entrepreneurship. Following the desire to retain ownership of the subsoil, and the adoption of the Law “On Subsoil”, which fixed the task of protection and use, the state all other concepts of “thing”, “property”, “object of civil law”, “real estate”, “ property complex”, “legal entity” were left to civil law.

Results. The subject of the study was some issues of private and public regulation of subsoil use relations. Some historical aspects of the merger of private and public subsoil use are analyzed. The views of a number of researchers on the issue of the legal nature of the right to use subsoil and the license for the right to use subsoil are considered. An increased role of public administration in the field of subsoil use has been noticed, not only as a controlling, regulatory and protective one, but also as a nationally oriented one, with a priority to the circular economy, where the expansion of private legal opportunities is aimed at an entrepreneur under the jurisdiction of our country.

Introduction.  The  competence  of  local  selfgovernment  has  been  the subject  of  research  by  Russian scientists since the early 1990s. Despite the large number of works related in one way or another to the issues of competence of local self-government and municipal bodies, the volume of issues of local importance and the difficulties in solving them require a comprehensive study of this issue. The competence of local government is complex and consists of its own competence, delegated competence and optional competence. Environmental protection and environmental safety issues are an important and integral part of the competence of local self-government.

Materials and Methods. When preparing a scientific publication, various general scientific and private scientific methods of scientific knowledge were used. Among the special methods are the method of interpreting legal norms, the formal-legal method, the legal-technical method, and the comparative-legal method. The legislative acts of the Russian Federation devoted to the organization and implementation of local self-government, the protection of the environment and wildlife, forest and water bodies, land, atmospheric air, as well as environmental safety were studied. The literature on the general theory of municipal law and on the environmental powers of local self-government of Russian authors of the 1990s-2000s, 2010s, as well as the present has been studied.

Analysis. The competence of local self-government directly depends on the legal act that establishes the method of determining the competence and the body of the municipality whose competence is specified, as well as the type of municipality. Implementing municipal administration, local governments, among other things, resolve issues of local importance and exercise separate delegated powers in the environmental sphere and in the field of environmental safety. The competence of local self-government in this area is established both by the Federal Law “On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” and by a large number of legislative acts that relate to the field of environmental law. Moreover, local governments do not have such powers as “protecting the environment” or “ensuring environmental safety,” since these powers are complex and include a number of other, clearly defined issues of local importance, issues of competence of local governments. Probably, for this reason, in modern legal science, several main areas of study of the competence of local governments in this area are distinguished.

Results. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn. The powers of local governments in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety are a set of rights and obligations aimed at protecting natural resources, ensuring environmental safety, managing and disposing of waste, and participating in environmental rule-making within their competence. The competence of local authorities in Russia in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety under consideration is decentralized and derivative. In general, local governments play a key role in solving local environmental problems in Russia, but their effectiveness is limited by the fragmentation of legislation and resource shortages of municipal budgets.

Introduction. The problem of semanticizing the system of color meanings in linguistics is considered, firstly, from the point of view of systematization of color as a component of culture reflecting ethnocultural values. Secondly, within the framework of a categorical system, where color is a universe, since it characterizes the properties of objects in the material world, which are perceived through visual sensations and receive their linguistic expression through color meanings. The relevance of the article is based on the lack of works devoted to various manifestations of the process of semanticizing the pink nomination in the Russian language.

Materials and Methods. The material of the work was the pink lexeme and its derivatives in explanatory dictionaries and a selection of statements including these nominations from the National Corpus of the Russian Language and Internet forums. General scientific and special linguistic methods were used.

Analysis. The author identifies the meanings (direct and figurative) of the pink lexeme in dictionaries and analyzes the dynamics of the reflection of the nomination in dictionaries, turns to the study of the functioning of the pink lexeme in colloquial speech, forms a corpus of conventional meanings. Based on the collected material, the author makes a list of the usual meaning characteristics of the pink lexeme in colloquial speech: 1) the pink lexeme in its usual meanings; 2) lexemes in the author’s meaning; 3) stable combinations, which include the pink nomination.

Results. Studying the influence of the specifics of the dynamics of the content of the pink nomination and its derivatives in the Russian language allows the author to identify the features of the semantics of pink as an object of likes and dislikes in colloquial speech. The nomination itself is constantly changing, there are meanings determined by the interests of society.

Introduction. The question of the methods of nomination in the Russian language remains relevant primarily in terms of determining the list of units involved in solving the problems of the author's designation of denotates that form a poetic picture of the world. This study is based on the analysis of texts of Russian poetry of the XIX – XX centuries.

Materials and Methods. In the analysis of the poetic material, both traditional methods were used, such as structural-functional, and the provisions of the author’s methodology developed in the theory of nomination-syntactic semiosis of figurative syntactic units of a literary text.

Analysis. Derivatives of nomination-syntactic semiosis are considered poetic nomination in the text are considered as the most striking ways of aesthetic transformation of the author's expression. The heuristic resource of expressive naming is most clearly manifested in the use of poetic figurative means. It is suggested that the origins of poetic heuristics go back to Pushkin's "strong" text, the poetics of which is permeated with aesthetic synergy born of the collaboration of the master and the Creator. The nomination-syntactic method of attribution in the conditions of "compression of the verse series" forms a special language of description, indicating the transformation of the poetic sign: "expresseme → heuristeme". It is assumed that this reveals the heuristic-aesthetic energetic impulse of the author, manifested both at the dictionary and syntactic levels of the poetic text.

Results. Based on the results of the study, we can conclude that the nomination-syntactic semiosis contributes to the discovery of the depth of the internal form of the figurative name, reaching "unheard-of simplicity" in poetry (B.L. Pasternak), and the synergy of syntactic nomination in the Russian poetic text expresses the communicative-aesthetic ideal of the Slavic linguistic consciousness.

Introduction.  The  concepts  of  passion  and dispassion have been in the focus of research interest since Antiquity and remain “key concepts” of religious discourse to this day.

Materials and Methods. The study material was the texts of lexicographical discourse: explanatory, etymological and terminological dictionaries of the Russian language, dictionaries of Old Church Slavonic and Church Slavonic, ancient Greek- Russian and orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language.

Analysis. Most of the list of Slavic-Russian compound words formed  with  the  participation  of  passion  and  its  species hypostases (love, fear, hatred) are occupied by words with the root lyub, followed by words with the root strast, here hatred and fear are verbalized several times. Of all the numerous types of love, three participate in the function of the active word-formation component: philia (φιλία), mania (μανία) and eros (ἔρως), and among the negative word-formation components of passion, the affixoid -fobia(ia)  dominates.

Results.  It is established that vocabulary units formed with the help of formants with the semantics of passion are easily arranged in a semantic paradigm that includes synonyms, antonyms and homonyms. Synonymous series are formed here both due to the variability of active word- formation components and due to the variability of the motivating component. Antonymic relations in the paradigm of lexical units formed with the help of the formant of passion are quite rarely built on the basis of the antonymy of the motivating component; most often, these relations are created on the basis of the opposition of the active word-forming component according to a gradual or contrasting feature. The subject of passion in word formation is, as a rule, a person, however, sometimes the protagonists of passion are plants, the organism as a whole or its individual organs, and here we are talking about metaphorization – likening the subjects of passion to creatures with a highly organized psyche.

Introduction. The key step in outlining the founding characteristics and parameters of popular science discourse (PSD) liesintheanalysisofareasofdirectoverlapbetweendifferent types of discourse, in specifying markers of discourse interaction and their functional specifics in the process of popularization of scientific knowledge. The topicality of the research lies in the clarification of the sociolinguistic parameters of PSD aimed at determining the degree and form of involvement of other types of discourse in the processes of scientific knowledge popularization and the formation of PSD as an independent contaminated type of discourse practice.

Materials and Methods. The sociolinguistic method, which allows exploring the systematic features of institutional discourse practices, served the basis for thorough analysis of C. Sagan’s astronomy PSD. Discourseanalysis was used as a secondary method to study discourse features in various communicative situations.

Analysis. PSD as a hybrid communicative phenomenon is shaped with the focus on the addressee factor, the content and the goal of transmitting scientific knowledge among the majority of the population. As a unique model of special communication, the astronomy PSD reveals an immediate connection with the scientific discourse, with which it  shares  an  identical  communicative  paradigm of interaction between an expert and a non-specialist. The analysis of sociolinguistic parameters has revealed the areas of intersection between the astronomy PSD and the pedagogy and journalism discourses, which suggests its polydiscourse contaminated nature.

Results. Combining elements of scientific, journalistic, pedagogical and other types of discourse, PSD is defined as a result of an interaction of basic institutional discourse parameters, conditioned by the communicative situation. The analysis has revealed linguopragmatic markers of PSD interaction with the scientific, pedagogy and journalism discourse types. The combination of the way of representing cognitive information, communicative strategies of pedagogy discourse and journalistic speech patterns allow us to establish the astronomy PSD as a contaminated type discourse, which rests at the intersection between several discourse types.

Introduction.  The  article  analyzes  the  lexical means  of  implementing  the  concept  of  time  in  novels  by E.M. Remarque. It is noted that time is a multifaceted and multidimensional phenomenon that has a close  connection with the understanding of both the person himself and his life.

Material and Methods. As practical material, examples are taken from the texts of E.M. Remarque’s novels Der Weg zurück / The Return, Im Westen nichts Neues / All Quiet on the Western Front, Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben / A Time to Love and a Time to Die, written in different periods, and their translations into Russian. The work uses the method of generalization, the method of linguistic description, the method of stylistic and contextual analysis. It has been specified that the representation of abstract concepts is characterized by a number of distinctive features due to their opposition to subject names.

Analysis. It is concluded that lexical means of realizing time emphasize the temporal rhythm of events in texts and are often used when describing significant events.

Results. Time is a multifaceted phenomenon. Studying its full understanding is still an impossible task. Real time is constantly moving forward, from the past to the future. In fiction, it is characterized by both forward and backward movement. Its verbal implementation allows one to come into contact not only with the relationship of lexical and grammatical means, but also with the author’s meaning. Embodied in a word, the general linguistic temporal meanings of the lexeme begin to be supplemented with individual author’s meanings, building a special artistic picture of the world.