Introduction. The article analyzes a little–studied problem in historiography – khotons (nomadic settlements) the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, which at the same time were the smallest administrative units.

Materials and methods. The study is based on an extensive set of archival materials, primarily clerical correspondence, which somehow deposited information about the khotons of the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, the number of people in them, the degree of kinship, etc. Historical-genetic, comparative-historical, functional and descriptive methods were used in the analysis of source and bibliographic material and in writing the text of the article.

Analysis. The analysis showed that a significant part of khotons consisted of 10-15 kibits (families), which were connected with each other by kinship relations, including those who were at different levels of kinship relations. However, archival documents show that in the 18th century, in addition to ordinary khotons consisting of related families, nomadic settlements began to appear in the Kalmyk Khanate, consisting of families or individuals not related by kinship and even belonging to different sub-ethnic groups. Sometimes, for various reasons, several khotons could unite and form a separate group of several dozens of kibits, and in some cases, due to extraordinary circumstances, they could form groups even of several hundred kibits, though for a short period. In addition to the official authorities, khotons and other nomadic groups of khoton type had their own internal public self-government built on the life experience and authority of their managers.

Results. Thus, it can be concluded that in the socially stratified Kalmyk society of the XVIII century tribal relations began to deform under the influence of the prevailing circumstances.

Introduction. The history of evacuation to the USSR during the Great Patriotic War has been studied insufficiently both in the whole country and in its individual regions. Meanwhile, the study of the experience of state-organized resettlement during the years of wars and armed conflicts enriches theoretical knowledge about the policy of the authorities in emergency circumstances, and acquires a certain practical significance in connection with forced mass population movements in the territories of certain former Soviet republics, generated to a large extent by armed conflicts. The chronological framework of the article covers the period from June 22, 1941 to the end of 1942, when the offensive of Soviet troops near Stalingrad began, so the problem of evacuation has lost its relevance.

Materials and methods. The research materials are based on the documents of the State Archive of the Astrakhan region. The study was conducted on the basis of comparative-historical and genetic-historical methods of cognition.

Analysis. The study highlights the chronological periods of evacuation in the Astrakhan district during the Great Patriotic War, shows the management structure of evacuation processes and the policy of the authorities, determines the number of evacuated population and exit points, identifies the national composition of internally displaced persons and the geography of settlement for arrivals.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Astrakhan district was the area of reception of the evacuated population and, at the same time, eviction and transit to other regions. The evacuation was carried out in an organized manner. In the conditions of a massive influx of evacuees, the Astrakhan district faced great difficulties in receiving them and sending them to other places. They were associated with the small size of the territory, lack of social and industrial infrastructure and lack of sufficient financial resources. Therefore, it was not possible to avoid starvation and lethal cases among the evacuated, epidemiological diseases and domestic disorder. 

Introduction. In the context of the complex geopolitical situation that has developed in the South Caucasus in the post-Soviet period, the problems associated with the security of this region have become much more complicated. Among them, an important place was occupied by issues of energy security, the solution of which increasingly depended on the political phenomena and processes taking place in the South Caucasus. The importance of studying this sphere of regional relations, which has become the focus of research attention, has increased. Of particular interest is the study of the role and place of Russia and Iran in regional relations in the South Caucasus, their participation in solving energy problems, which turned out to be among the current priorities of their policy in the South Caucasus direction.

Materials and methods. The paper analyzed the publications of domestic and foreign researchers devoted to the problems of regional security in the South Caucasus. Documentary materials were involved, reflecting the rivalry of the leading Western countries with Russia and Iran for economic positions in the region, in particular, the development of hydrocarbon resources of the Caspian Sea and routes for their delivery to Europe. The work used problem-chronological, comparative and systemic methods to identify the degree of study of issues related to energy security in the South Caucasus.

Analysis. The article specifies the factors influencing the energy policy of Russia and Iran in the South Caucasus, reveals their approach to solving complex issues that have accumulated in the energy sector. It is proved that in the course of a constructive dialogue between the two countries, favorable conditions were created for the development of strategic partnership in the South Caucasus.

Results. The paper concludes that the resistance of the United States and its Western allies to the interests of Russia and Iran in the South Caucasus resulted in their wish to strengthen partnerships, strengthen the joint struggle against Western influence in the region and create conditions for its peaceful, safe and stable development.

Introduction. The history of the city of Nakhichevan-on-Don is insufficiently studied. Active research of this topic began only at the end of the 20th-beginning of the 21st centuries. There are practically no special studies on the history of medicine in Nakhichevan.

Materials and methods. The entire existing complex of scientific research of each period can be divided into two big groups. The first one is represented by general works on the history of the Armenians of the Lower Don, which in one way or another touch upon the issues of settlement; the second group includes works devoted to the history and culture of the Don Armenians. The sources available on the problem under study can be divided into the following groups: office documents, regulatory documents, statistical sources, sources of personal origin, and materials of periodicals.

Analysis. The work is devoted to the study of the activities of the Nakhichevan-on-Don city public administration aimed at improvement, the most important aspects of which were public health and the sanitary condition of the city.

There was no professional medical care in the city. Yekaterinoslav governor appeals to the Nakhichevan mayor with a demand to open a hospital in Nakhichevan-on-Don. The building for the hospital was donated by the merchant I.M. Popov. Later, thanks to the mayor M.I. Balabanov, special buildings were built for the Mariinsky City Hospital. Part of the activity of the city public administration on the health of the inhabitants of Nakhichevan was the sanitary condition of the city. It included cleaning, disinfecting and disposal of waste in factories, institutions, private courtyards, houses, and bazaars. It was also planned to clean up the banks of the Don River, establish a service of sanitary commissars to maintain cleanliness and sanitary standards.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that taking care of the health of citizens and the sanitary condition of the city became possible only after the adoption of the city regulation in 1870, according to which it was the direct responsibility of the city public administration.

Introduction. The paper focuses on the issue of constructing ethnographic knowledge about the Caucasus in the late imperial period. All issues of collecting, systematizing and popularizing information about the traditional cultures of local peoples are considered from an institutional aspect using materials from the Caucasus Museum.

Materials and Methods. The authors characterize the role of the museum in shaping ideas about local ethnography based on a wide range of sources. The analysis of the content of ethnographic collections and their exhibition design in the context of interaction between government, science and society was carried out. It showed by what means and in what spirit this work took place.

Analysis. The paper focuses on the research practices of museum director G. I. Radde and his contemporaries in creation and development of the Ethnographic Department of the museum. The author shows that quite a few famous statesmen acted as contributors of the exhibits. The main source of replenishment of the museum collections were objects of material and spiritual culture acquired by Radde during his travels in the Caucasus or as a result of interaction with other institutions and scientists. Particular attention is paid to the development of an original approach to the exhibition of ethnographic objects. The author gives various points of view of contemporaries on this issue.

Results. The authors conclude that with the support of the local administration, together with G. I. Radde’s energy and hard work, the Caucasus Museum turned into a leading scientific and educational center of local ethnography. In conditions when scientific knowledge about the peoples of the region was just elaborating, he represented a collective image of the traditional culture of the East, formed in the mass consciousness of his contemporaries. His ethnographic collections showed the diversity of local peoples who had recently become Russian subjects and thereby emphasized the power and greatness of the entire Empire. The scientific significance of the Caucasus Museum, which contributes to the rise of ethnographic knowledge about the region, is also substantiated.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the course of the Caucasian War at its initial stage of development and the roles of the Russian imperial army, which the military had to perform in the conditions of the realities of the North Caucasus in the first half of the 19th century.

Materials and methods. Using published sources, the author turned to the method of historical reconstruction to achieve the research goal.

Analysis. The author of the article draws attention to the fact that the Russian side actively influenced the developing situation in the region. Finding itself in climatic and geographical conditions that went beyond its previous experience, and meeting with peoples whose daily lifestyle was too different from those familiar to Russian habits, the army itself was forced to adapt to new challenges. Authorized military commanders have radically changed the strategic approaches and tactics of conducting combat operations in mountainous forest areas. The equipment, weapons and moral and psychological training of the troops participating in the expeditions against the highlanders have changed. At the same time, the imperial authorities, given the opportunities and means they had at that time, saw in the Caucasian troops not only a force capable and intended for crushing local Caucasian strongholds, but endowed the army with a peculiar mission to be a communicator of innovations brought by Russia to the Caucasus region. In this regard, the army was also instructed to be a conductor of various kinds of motivations, covering the socio-cultural and economic spheres of life of the conquered region, to strive in every possible way to involve the local population in them. Representatives of the mountain peoples were involved in the construction of roads, fortresses and bridges, participation in trade and exchange operations, which had the goal of overcoming distrust and hostility, as well as strengthening ties in everyday life. Often the headquarters of the army regiments became the centers providing innovations introduced by the Russians.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Russian imperial army acted as the vanguard of the Russian world, with which it introduced the Caucasian peoples. Through the military St. Petersburg hoped to establish the type of communication with the local population (at first, at least part of it) that would allow achieving a tolerable mutual understanding in order to lay the foundation not only for peaceful coexistence but also for the transmission of imperial state-political messages to the Caucasus foundations.

Introduction. The author considers the historical and literary heritage of I. I. Dmitrenko as an integral phenomenon, claiming that it was an important place in the development of provincial historiography of pre-revolutionary Russia.

Materials and methods. The work uses the historical-systemic method, which made it possible to consider the life path and historical heritage of I. I. Dmitrenko as an integral system in which all blocks and elements (the history of the Kuban Cossacks, provincial historiography, the service of a Cossack officer, literary and social activities, personalities, etc.) are interconnected and conditioned. The source base comprises archival funds of federal and regional significance, as well as historical and literary works by I. I. Dmitrenko, identified in the capital and regional materials of the periodical press, collections of historical documents compiled by a historian, etc.

Analysis. The author specifies a number of data about the life and legacy of I. I. Dmitrenko. A study of I. I. Dmitrenko’s publications in Kubanskie Oblastnye Vedomosti showed that his articles and notes are a meaningful source on the personal history of the Troops, provide biographical information, and brief descriptions of Kuban generals and officers. One of the main directions of historical and literary creativity of I. I. Dmitrenko is the preservation of the historical memory of the Kuban Cossacks. He addressed this in his journalism, historical articles, archival searches, which resulted in fundamental collections of documents. The fundamental collection of documents compiled by I. I. Dmitrenko was not appreciated by his contemporaries. The periods of life and work of I. I. Dmitrenko in 1903–1917 and 1920–1936 require additional study.

Results. The main merit of the historian was a great archaeographic work, the introduction into scientific circulation of a large number of rare documents that made it possible to present the early history of the Cossacks of the Kuban and the Terek. The historical heritage of the Cossack officer reminded of the glorious pages of the heroic past, critically comprehended the role of the state and officials in the life of the Cossacks. The dramatic fate of the historian, as in a mirror, reflected the contradictory era in the life of the country, which he selflessly served.

Introduction. In the context of Russia’s frequent involvement in military conflicts, the authorities naturally needed any help, both within the ongoing hostilities and in overcoming their consequences, and therefore not only did not refuse public charitable assistance in this area, but also encouraged and cofinanced it in every possible way.

Materials and methods. The approach chosen in this work is focused on the methodological thesis proposed by the famous researcher of the history of domestic charity G. N. Ulyanova about the need to consider the term “charity” rather conditional in relation to the activities of public organizations during the First World War due to the observed symbiosis of “authority and society in the sphere of providing assistance.” Which forced us to pay special attention to the structuralfunctional method of research in following the principles of historicism, a social approach to the study of history, objectivity and a comprehensive study of the problem. The sources involved in the analysis were documents from archival funds and previously unstudied regulatory and information-statistical materials on the problems and history of the activities of the state and society in the field of organizing and providing assistance to war victims.

Analysis. The article examines the actions of the authorities, which complemented their efforts to help those affected by the war by attracting private assistance. With the outbreak of the war, members of the imperial family initiated and took part in the work of semi-state and semi-public charitable organizations. The state contribution was determined by financing, while the public contribution – by the voluntary participation of private individuals. The coordinating body was the Supreme Council for Charity of the Families of Persons Called up to the War, as well as the Families of Wounded and Fallen Soldiers, headed by Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. At the regional level, Committees were established to assist soldiers affected by the war.

Results. The study concluded that the establishment of “private law” societies specializing in charitable assistance became the most common type of practice in the field of public charitable initiatives during the period under study. Organizing the rehabilitation of wounded soldiers in special shelters and returning them to work through training and introducing them to professions adequate to their capabilities, as well as organizing their employment, constituted a significant segment of public charitable assistance to war victims. 

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of individual measures of the Soviet government within the framework of the social policy of the USSR aimed at improving the living conditions of families, their material well-being and increasing the birth rate of the population in the Rostov region.

Materials and methods. Special attention is paid to the materials of the periodical press of the Rostov region of 1940-1970, on the pages of which the problems of raising children and youth were reflected, moral themes were highlighted, negative images of irresponsible parents were criticized. The regional newspapers made it possible to conduct a comparative historical analysis of trends and contradictions between the policy of the CPSU and the government carried out “from above” and its perception in society, especially among women.

Analysis. The article emphasizes the importance of publications in newspapers and magazines devoted to the topic of “single mothers” and their children who have a dash in the column “father” in the metric certificate. It is noted that, despite the seriousness of the problem that needs to be solved, declared by the society, it remained without attention from the authorities.

Results. It is concluded that the periodical press was aimed at the broad strata of the population and promoted family values, formed the image of the ideal Soviet family. In addition, it is emphasized that the tone and vector of publications set the direction for the steady formation of a positive image of a Soviet woman, mother, worker in the reader.

Introduction. The relevance of the problem considered in the article is connected with the great role of trade in the life of modern Russian society. The study of historical experience is determined by the needs of modern Russian society and the state to improve economic policy. The novelty of the research is connected with the study of the problem that has not received proper coverage in the historical literature. The purpose of the study is to analyze the trading activity in the Kuban in the late 1920s in the conditions of the collapse of the NEP and the strengthening of the administrative command system.

Materials and methods. The research was conducted on the basis of the principles of objectivity, historicism and a systematic approach. Special historical methods such as historical-genetic, historical-comparative and statistical methods were used.

Analysis. January 1928 became the boundary separating the period of the culmination of the NEP from its steady curtailment. This fully affected the sphere of trade, which played an important role in the socio-economic development of the country and its individual regions, to which the Kuban belonged. The beginning of this process was the grain procurement crisis, in overcoming which the party leadership began to apply administrative measures, forcing peasants and Cossacks to sell grain at low prices set by the state, while maintaining high prices for manufactured goods. At the same time, there was a displacement of private traders from the trade turnover, which led to an increase in the shortage of consumer goods. To mitigate this problem, the Soviet state began to introduce a centralized food distribution system, which contradicted the NEP principles of trade organization. Along with objective reasons, the development of state and cooperative trade was hindered by such shortcomings as organizational problems, poor training and abuse of trade workers.

Results. According to the results of the conducted research, it can be concluded that trade activity in the Kuban in the late 1920s was carried out under the influence of the processes of curtailing the NEP and increasing administration in the economic policy pursued by the Bolshevik Party. 

Introduction. One of the modern directions of historical science is the study of the transformation of public consciousness in the conditions of a transitional state of society, a reflection of which is the periodical press. The illustrated socio-political and literary and artistic weekly magazine of universal content “Ogonyok”, discussed in the article, on the one hand, can serve as an indicator of public consciousness, and on the other, acts as an instrument of its formation in the conditions of the formation of the official ideology of the Soviet state in the 1920s. A little studied period in the history of the magazine is the 1920s. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct, on the basis of various historical sources, the history of the creation and functioning of the Soviet weekly Ogonyok in the first post-revolutionary decade, to consider its role and place in the system of Soviet periodicals.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and comprehensiveness, the consistent application of which made it possible to analyze the history of the emergence and development of the Ogonyok magazine and determine its role in the socio-cultural life of the country. Historical-comparative methods of historical research were used, which made it possible to consider the magazine “Ogonyok” in comparison with other periodicals of the era; historical and genetic, trace changes in the content of the Ogonyok magazine at different stages of its existence. Historical and typological methods aimed at identifying the main genres of the magazine’s publications revealed the features of their evolution and the degree of influence on society as practices of transmitting new values. Sources of personal origin and critical reviews of contemporaries dedicated to the magazine “Ogonyok” are introduced into scientific circulation.

Analysis. The article examines the stages of development of the mass Soviet weekly in the first post-revolutionary decade, analyzes its transformation into the largest publishing house of mass periodicals at the turn of the 1920s-1930s. The magazine "Ogonyok", revived during the NEP period, on the initiative of the Soviet journalist M.E. Koltsov combined the features of a daily newspaper and a thick monthly. This determined a special style and methods of work, requiring a change in the forms of presenting materials, genre and thematic diversity. All this was reflected in a carefully thought-out journal strategy, which consisted of searching for forms of presenting material and high demands on the genre characteristics of publications. “Ogonyok” became the first weekly publication on which pages a new genre appeared - photo essay. Visual genres were actively used, namely a photo report, a photogram, a photo note, a photo cover and a photo collage. Using a variety of text and visual genres, Ogonyok conveyed the new values of the Soviet state (patriotism, collectivism, atheism, social optimism, the cult of work, the cult of a healthy body) with the help of which a new model of human relations was formed. An integral feature of the magazine was the constant search for operational forms and methods of organizational and mass work of the editorial team, improvement of the publication distribution system (book supplements, libraries, contractors and distributors, communication with the editorial offices of local newspapers, etc.).

Results. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that during the NEP period, the editorial board of the magazine was able, using legal and financial instruments, to carry out organizational changes, which resulted in the formation of the JointStock Publishing Company Ogonyok. The magazine became the basis for a new publishing house, whose differentiated approach was expressed in the production of accessible mass editions for various reader groups. The renaming of the Joint-Stock Publishing Company Ogonyok into Magazine and Newspaper Association in 1931 completed the long-standing process of expanding the publishing activities of Ogonyok, and also met the objectives of creating information and propaganda potential in the country.

Introduction. The Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola’s theme of attracting children to carry out spiritual and moral transformations in Florence at the end of the 15^th century is extremely attractive to researchers. The authors of scientific works examined the phenomenon of “Friar’s boys”, comparing it with the practices of treating children in other European cities; focusing on the carnival inversion inherent in both secular and religious celebrations; considering the features of the evolution of the ritual life of the city on the Arno. Additional nuances in understanding the logic of the Florentine prophet’s actions in relation to children can be revealed based on the analysis of Savonarola’s sermons dedicated to “simplicity” as the basis for reforming the modern community of believers.

Materials and methods. Applying the methods of terminological and hermeneutical analysis of source texts should help to achieve the goal of research.

Analysis. An integral part of the general transformation of morals in Florence was the “children's reform”, which Savonarola began to implement at the turn of 1495–1496. Homilizing the need to cultivate the “simplicity of Christian life”, the monk proclaims the “simple people” as the main protagonists of the reform of the Church. At the same time, judging by the sermons of the Dominican, “simplicity”, being the main quality of a true Christian, is manifested to an even greater extent in “children”: firstly, based on their belonging to the age of “innocence”, when under the influence of the adult world the “purity of heart” has not yet been lost and no attachment to “excessive” material goods has been acquired; and, secondly, due to their fairly rapid abandonment of bad habits and conversion to pious life in response to the call of the city prophet. 

Results. Thus, the “simplicity” of the Old Testament Ruth, whom the monk set as an example for the adult population of the city, was superimposed with the gospel call to “be like children”, accompanied by the promise of gaining the Kingdom of Heaven. At the same time, the “spiritual festivals” in the God’s chosen city made it possible not only to present the results of the accomplished transformation of “children”, but also opened up the opportunity for the older generation, having accomplished the “age” inversion and feeling themselves in the New Jerusalem, to gain incentive to continue working at their own transformation into a “good Christian”.

Introduction. The study analyzes the national policy of the Soviet party administrative apparatus in 1921-1950s based on the materials of major party forums. The analysis of national policy is one of the urgent tasks of modern historical science. Since the decisions of the Soviet management system within the framework of national policy were far from ambiguous, and many of today's problems in the field of interethnic communication have their roots in the Soviet past. It should be noted that the national policy of the state authorities is of great importance not only at the central level, but for the regions, including for our multinational and multi-confessional region of the North Caucasus.

Materials and methods. The work is based on the analysis of materials of party congresses, conferences and plenums of the RCP (b)-VKP (b)-CPSU. This research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity based on a comparative analysis of sources. The problem-chronological principle, based on an extensive rangeofunpublishedarchival documents, as well as articles and mon-^{© Туфанов Е.В., 2023} ographs of researchers on the stated topic, is the basis for highlighting this historical problem.

Analysis. National policy was of key importance for the young Soviet state. It was at the party forums that important and fateful decisions were made in all aspects of the Soviet political system. It should be noted that the resolutions of the party congresses trace the declared internationalism of the RCP (b) – CPSU (b) – CPSU, but we see the ambiguity of national policy which is expressed, on the one hand, by the development of the national education system and repressions against entire peoples (deportation), on the other.

Results. The analysis of the national policy of the Soviet state in the declared period on the basis of party congresses allows us to achieve certain results. The national issue was a priority even despite the internationalism of the dominant political force. However, it should be noted that the national issue was no longer raised at large party forums after the XIII Congress, Economic reforms came out on top in state transformations, however, as we see from the experience of past party forums, the implementation of national policy mainly went through the solution of the personnel issue. It should be noted that the implementation of the national policy of the Soviet state had negative consequences. The repressive policy towards a number of ethnic groups in the form of deportation was fundamentally wrong and gave rise even in the post-Soviet period to conflicts on national grounds.

Introduction. The article examines the problem associated with the development and formation of medieval Arab-Muslim historical thought. Due to the fact that in domestic historiography there is no single approach and opinion in determining the role of historical science in the intellectual heritage of the medieval Arab East, this topic remains relevant. Based on the analysis of the works and statements of the early Arab scholars themselves, the author quite rightly came to the conclusion that the early Muslim “intelligentsia” approached the study of history with great trepidation and considered history an independent science worthy of study and development.

Materials and methods. The study analyzes the works of early historians such as Ibn Ishaq, al-Tabari, al-Balazuri, al-Mas'udi, etc. The work uses the principles of historicism and objectivism and systemic analysis. Methods such as comparative historical and problem-chronological were used.

Analysis. In the early Middle Ages, in the Arab-Muslim environment, historical science developed in several directions. An important place in it is occupied by such a genre as “genealogy”. The next no less important direction is such a direction as “Significant days of the Arabs”. A special place is occupied by “Sira” - the biography of the Prophet. Then follow the stories of kings and rulers and military-political achievements.

Results. This article notes that already in the early Middle Ages in the Arab environment, history began to emerge as a separate science, making its rather significant contribution to the intel-lectual heritage of the Arab East. Medieval Arab scholars attached great importance to the collection and study of historical facts. Oral traditions, preserved in popular memory, are immortalized in the manuscripts of early Arab historians. The study of this intellectual heritage is of great interest to science today. 

Introduction. Alexander II's reforms of the 1860s and 1870s changed the socio-economic situation in Russia. While maintaining the inviolability of the monarchy with the help of reforms carried out "from above", market relations fit into this paradigm. The state controlled all upcoming transformations in the economic segment. The Russian economic system still preserved multi-economic structure, which combined patriarchal, petty-commodity, private-capitalist and state-capitalist foundations.

Materials and Methods. The study was written using archival materials from the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). The main research principle was historicism, which made it possible to place the economic development of Russia in the context of the post-reform era. Traditional methods of historical research were used, such as historical-systemic and historical-genetic.

Analysis. The industrial capitalism was formed in Russia under the conditions of monarchic rule. Armenian-Russian cooperation has a centuries-old history. Since the second half of the 17th century cooperation was developing intensively and had its logical continuation at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Armenian industrialists and financiers by virtue of the established tradition were successfully included in the "new" economic paradigm.

Results. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that Armenians contributed significantly to the economic development of the Russian Empire. Especially worth mentioning is the role of the Banking House "Br. Dzhamgarovs". Dzhamgarovs directly participated in the modernization of capitalism and the formation of the financial system of the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. 

Introduction. The increasing role of women in all spheres of public and political life in the modern Federal Republic of Germany, which is characteristic of the twenty-first century, has also affected the right-wing part of the political spectrum, which is traditionally oriented towards "male values". More and more German women who hold nationalist, anti-Semitic, racist, and anti-migrant views are not only voting for the extreme right as part of a general political trend, but are also active in right-center parties gradually penetrating their leadership structures at various levels. At the same time, they are openly oriented towards the experience of democratic "traditional parties", in which women at the beginning of the 21st century occupy not just an equal position with men, but often a leading position.

Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of sources, primarily party founding and pre-election programs and statutory documents, as well as statistical materials and German press. A systematic comprehensive approach, specific-historical and comparative-historical methods were used.

Analysis. The article considers the evolution of women's influence on the politics of right-wing radical organizations in Germany, which implies a partial transition from the position of "combat friend" to a certain independence and even the formation of "women's" politics proper, in which much is borrowed from democratic organizations, albeit with reliance on methods and values traditional for the far right.

Results. Based on the results of the study, we can conclude that at the beginning of the 21st century, the role of women in right-wing radical organizations in Germany is gradually increasing. There are women on the boards of many center-right organizations. Nevertheless, they still occupy mostly secondary positions, accepting the political dominance of men. Women leaders operating in the right-wing radical spectrum remain the exception to the rule.

Introduction. This article discusses the features of obtaining the testimony of classified witnesses using video conferencing in pre-trial and judicial proceedings in a criminal case.

Materials and methods. Published works on research issues served the theoretical basis. The use of the formal legal method made it possible to identify the features of obtaining such testimony.

Analysis. Attention is drawn to the inconsistency of legislative prescriptions regulating the procedure for questioning a classified witness at a preliminary investigation. It is noted that strict compliance with the requirements of the Criminal Procedure Law on mandatory video recording of the videoconferencing and the provision of all materials of the criminal case to the accused and his defender at the end of the preliminary investigation (inquiry) negate the efforts spent on the adoption and implementation of appropriate security measures. The author substantiates the impossibility and inadmissibility of obtaining testimony from a classified person using video conferencing during a confrontation, based on the essential features of this investigative action. The content of the concept of “personal data” is analyzed, including from the standpoint of correlation with the concept of “personal data” in relation to the procedural security measure provided for in Part 9 of Article 166 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. From the standpoint of fulfilling the requirements of the adversarial principle, ensuring the right to defense and maintaining the balance of interests of the parties, the current judicial practice of obtaining witness testimony in conditions that exclude their visual observation by participants in the trial is critically considered.

Results. The author presents his own vision of solving the problem of obtaining testimony in the courtroom from a witness against whom security measures were applied during the preliminary investigation. Other proposals have also been formulated to improve the current legislation and law enforcement on the issues under consideration. 

Introduction. The article studies certain administrative coercive measures used to protect public relations in the field of construction, as well as to identifying the problems of their legal consolidation.

Materials and methods. The study is based on an analysis of legislative provisions that determine the procedure for applying administrative coercive measures in the field of construction. The use of the formal legal method made it possible to reveal the content of legal norms devoted to their regulation.

Analysis. Administrative and legal protection of public relations in the field of construction implies the need to implement various measures of administrative coercion. The legislation is characterized by the absence of an exhaustive list of such measures. Their content can be judged by analyzing specific articles of various regulations.

Results. Administrative coercive measures in the field of construction can be divided into administrative and preventive; administrative and recovery; administrative measures; measures to ensure proceedings in cases of administrative offenses; administrative penalties. The author states the need to normatively consolidate the order of the control (supervisory) body in the field of construction and specify its relationship with the act of control (supervisory) activity. An order from a control (supervisory) body in the field of construction must be considered as an administrative coercive measure applied on the basis of an act of a control (supervisory) body in the event of violations of mandatory requirements being detected during a control (supervisory) event, aimed at suppressing actions (inactions) containing signs of violation mandatory requirements in the field of construction, as well as preventing such violations in the future by taking measures to prevent harm (damage) to public relations in the field of construction. The need to expand the list of administrative penalties contained in the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation is substantiated by including a new measure - exclusion from the state register of self-regulatory organizations. 

Introduction. Terrorism does not disdain to incur huge casualties among innocent civilians, and terrorist organizations do not and cannot have just motives for their actions. Terrorist organizations not only kill innocent people, but also destroy historical heritage, cause discord in relations between peoples and countries, which can lead to the termination of the existence of the state, its dismemberment into “appanage principalities”, and even peoples.

Materials and methods. The research is based on the analysis of texts by Russian and foreign scientists, which can be divided into two groups: historical and legal. It is very useful to use such methods as historical, systematic, logical and sociological, as well as comparative legal and statistical methods of scientific cognition when studying terrorist organizations. Also, when studying the topic of the article, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, international legal acts, federal legislation, court decisions and departmental regulations were used.

Analysis. Terrorist crimes are crimes committed with the aim of creating panic; the purpose of which is to instill fear in society, create a sense of insecurity, and influence decision-making by state bodies.  

Results. Countries with problems of unemployment and weak state institutions are the most favorable ground for the activities of terrorist organizations. The provision of a full-fledged education and the responsibility of the state to citizens are vital in solving the problem of eradicating terrorism. The norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on crimes of a terrorist nature are not always applied correctly, in addition, they are largely scattered in different parts. In this regard, it is necessary to further study the issues of qualification, it is necessary to improve legislation in the field of terrorism in order to achieve complete safety of life in the Russian Federation.

Introduction. The problem of desemantization in linguistics is considered from different sides: as a consequence of the development of the meaning of a word, as a phenomenon caused by the weakening of the nominative function, as a result of the influence of its lexical compatibility on the development of the meaning of a word. The relevance of the article is based on the lack of works devoted to various manifestations of the process of noun desemantization in modern colloquial speech. The purpose of the article is to identify the specifics of the semantic structure of names, the significativedenotative component of which is reduced in colloquial speech.

Materials and methods. Russian dictionary definitions of a number of lexemes and a selection of texts including these nominations from the National Corpus of the Russian language served as the material. The following methods were used: component analysis, the method of definitional analysis of dictionary entries, the comparative method, and the method of contextual analysis.

Analysis. Based on the collected material, the author identifies three groups of nouns with different types of desemantization, as a result of which special meanings are formed: a) a pronominal meaning, b) an independent evaluative meaning, on the basis of which a homonymous interjection can arise, c) a numerological meaning acting in unity with an emotional-evaluative one. The author reveals that the pronominal meaning or use is characterized by accentuation of the blurred designation of the subject of reality, attention to its general generic affiliation, indication of the subject, the presence of an antecedent or postcedent. In the second type of the desemantization process, the name has a pragmatic component as the apex of its meaning, and its significative-denotative component is located on the periphery. In the third form of the process of desemantization, a noun that has in its main meaning a component “a significant excess of standard characteristics” acquires diffuse semantics, in which both numerological and pragmatic components are present at the same time.

Results. In general, the material allows the author to conclude that colloquial everyday communication is based on superficial knowledge, which is reflected in the various types and results of the desemantization process in the content of the presented noun groups.

Introduction. Earlier studies of the frame organization of the artistic narrative allowed us to come to the conclusion that, firstly, ontological frames-determinants can predetermine the narrative structure of both extended fragments of the narrative text and small fragments limited by the semantics of the local frame; secondly, the semantic-syntactic frame can be considered as a standard linguistic unit with a standard integral structure and semantics, as well as stable naming.

Materials and methods. In the proposed approach, a speech frame represents a linguistic expression as a speech action, the content and performance of which is described in a propositional aspect. The use of a metaphor in the text itself is a standard speech action that includes a metaphorical expression in the context, while the meaning of the metaphor is determined by the linguistic and pragmatic context. A metaphor (from a word to a detailed construction) can be considered as a speech action of the speaker by virtue of the fact that the act of metaphorical comparison itself, contained in a metaphor, can be described in terms of propositions. Plot-forming semantic-syntactic frames in an artistic narrative are considered as stable linguistic units with stable conventional meanings and corresponding stable names.

Analysis. The semantic-syntactic frame should be considered as a standard semantic model of a typical situation (everyday, communicative), in which the structural and content elements of the semantics of the frame, namely propositions, their predicates and terms filling the terminals of the frame, correspond to certain language expressions for their representation in the surface structures of the narrative. The initial thesis is that from the point of view of the tasks of describing relevant parameters, it is advisable to present a metaphor as a model of a semantic-syntactic procedural frame.

Results. Based on the results of the study, a model is proposed in which nuclear propositions describing the basic predications of metaphorical speech action are attributed to the first terminal of the frame; to the second one – the bases of metaphorical comparison; to the third one – the conditions of the linguistic context; to the fourth one – the conditions of the pragmatic context. It is concluded that the representation of a metaphor as a speech action in the form of a procedural semantic-syntactic frame allows analyzing its semantics, structure and functions as a result of performing the corresponding actions and semantic operations displayed in the proposed METAPHOR frame model.

Introduction. The Baoan language (Chinese 保安语 Bao'an, Baonan) is the language of the Baoan people, belonging to the Mongolian group of the Altaic language family. For many centuries, speakers of Bao'an have been isolated from other Mongolian nationalities, and the language has absorbed a large number of Chinese loanwords and has been influenced by Chinese in speech and grammar.

Materials and methods. The materials are scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists who have studied Mongolian languages and dialects. Descriptive and comparative methods were used in the work.

Analysis. The study of existing classifications, on the basis of which scholars have highlighted the principles for attributing Baoan language to the Southern Mongolian group. The history of the issue was analyzed, as well as the main methods of classification of Mongolian languages and dialects.

Results. Up until the 1950s, Mongolian studies lacked complete data on the Baoan language, and Baoan was more often treated as a dialect or not included in the classification at all. There are no complete and systematic studies on Baoan language in domestic studies. Despite the many existing classifications, there is still no universally accepted classification of Mon- golian languages. The isolated position of Baoan language has influenced the classification structure of Mongolian languages, making it difficult to belong to a particular group. The problem is that the language is still considered understudied, so existing classifications need to be clarified. The aim is to describe Baoan language in the general classification of Mongolian languages, as well as the main stages of its study.  The article gives a brief overview of studies on the Baoan language by both national and foreign scholars. The article presents some data on the history of the study of the Baoan language, as well as information about national and foreign researchers who include the Baoan language in the classification of Mongolian languages.  

Introduction. The article deals with the kinship term systems of the modern English and Chinese languages in linguocultural perspective. Although the size and the structure of a family in different countries varies, a family is a fundamental unit of any society, which determines the topicality of the study of the semantic field of kinship terms in a diverse social context. This study touches upon the matters of the difference between the standard use of kinship terms towards family members and their extensive use in a wider social context towards non-relatives. The cultural differences determining the differences in the use of kinship terms in English and Chinese are studied. The aim of the study is to provide a linguocultural description of the characteristics and cultural connotations of the modern English and Chinese kinship terms.

Materials and Methods. We use the descriptive method, the comparative analysis method, and the contextual analysis method to study English and Chinese terms collected from a variety of scientific and lexicographic sources.

Analysis. Based on the obtained empirical data we make conclusions regarding the similarities and the differences in the use of English and Chinese kinship terms from the point of view of linguoculturology. Through the analysis of the data we demonstrate the fact that the factors which determine the use of kinship terms, such as age, gender and the overall context of the use, play a different role in the use of kinship terms in the studied linguocultures.

Results. Conclusions are made regarding the specificity of the extensive use of kinship terms in Chinese and English languages, determined by a variety of cultural and social factors; regarding the role of polysemy and ambiguity of language symbols in Chinese language in the functioning of kinship terms; regarding the linguistic specificity of kinship terms in Chinese and English languages determined by the specificity of social development in China and the USA. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is seen in discovering the modern tendencies of communication related to the transformation and modification of traditional kinship terms and their meaning according to the requirements of the contemporary society and language.