The article is devoted to the response to the Hungarian events of the autumn of 1956 in Romanian society and reveals the measures taken by the communist regime in Romania in order to neutralize the Hungarian influence on the situation in the country. As the author shows, anti-government demonstrations in Romania in the days of the Hungarian revolution, although of a local nature, posed a serious threat to the regime of the Romanian workers' party. The latent announcement of emergency state in the country, the involvement of the Interior Ministry and Ministry of Defense forces to protect law and order, a number of repressive measures, competent political work with the population, and also the adoption of important economic decisions helped the party leadership to keep the situation under control and prevent the recurrence of the Hungarian scenario in Romania. The article notes that the Hungarian revolution was one of the external factors that influenced the formation of a specific Romanian model of socialism with its more independent foreign policy and the desire to protect the country from destructive influences from the outside world.

The article studies religious and culture activity of Armenian clergy during pervasion of the Catholic doctrine in the Armenian ecclesiastic and educational ambiance in the XIV-XV centuries. The most authoritative thinkers of the medieval Armenia, including bishops of the Syunik region (East Armenia) and the city of Kaffa (Crimea), as well as the principal of the well-known in the educated circles Gladzor University, reflected the basic aspects of dogmatic, practical and calendar differences between the Armenian and the Latin churches in their charges. Admitting the solidarity of Christianity, which formed both the Armenian and the European cultures, the authors of the charges, nevertheless, remained to be the adherents of the idea of independence of the Armenian apostolic church. Dispute with the adherents of the Catholic doctrine gave an opportunity for the new development of the Armenian religious thought, although the authors of the letters, being the representatives of Armenian religious and culture traditions, saw a menace in Catholicism' pervasion in their ambiance for the preservation of the original Armenian culture.

The article describes the complex and contradictory way of development of the peace process in the Middle East in the early 90-ies of the last century. The author traces to the policies of the leading member countries of the EEC in this region, reveals their strong interest in easing tensions in the Middle East, reducing the risk of a new armed Arab-Israeli conflict. The article highlights the desire of France to closely coordinate their actions in the Middle East with partners in the European Community, designed to strengthen Western influence in the Palestinian-Israeli negotiation process. It discusses the specific steps of the EEC in this direction, in particular, it will analyze the decision made on the provision of significant material and financial assistance to the Palestinian authority while expanding trade and economic cooperation with Israel, and stepping up cooperation with it in scientific-technical sphere. The complexity of these tasks owing to persisting disagreements EES with Israel as regards the Middle East conflict and the solution to the Palestinian problem is revealed. The article notes negative impact of these differences on Middle East stocks of the leading Western European countries, which were supposed to facilitate the negotiation process and conclusion of a balanced, mutually acceptable agreement between conflicting parties, promoting the establishment of a just and lasting peace in the region.

The article considers the interpretation of the Late Roman empire by pre-revolutionary and Soviet researchers. The subject attracted special interest in the antiquity rarely. Nevertheless it was covered in some detail, especially in the pre-revolutionary period. Despite the fact that the period of the Late Roman Empire became the object of careful attention of scientists, work that covered all spheres of the late-antique society was not created. However many aspects of the life of the society of the end of the III-V centuries were covered in pre-revolutionary historiography as a whole. Soviet historians continued the socio-economic direction in the study of the history of the Late Roman Empire, attempting to include it in the last stage of the "slave revolution". The period of late antiquity (III-V centuries) was assigned a decisive role in this theory, since the social struggle was to be exacerbated precisely during this period. The political aspect of the dominant was interpreted by domestic historiographers as an absolute military-bureaucratic monarchy, which began to take shape even during the Principate period, and finally took shape in the fourth century.

This article deals with the political, economic and social reasons for the development of bohemianism at the end of the XIXth century and at the beginning of the XXth century. The adoption of The French Constitutional Laws in 1875, a new liberal press law in 1881, work laws and etc. turned France into one of the most democratic states in the world at that time. The weakening of the influence of the Catholic d-iurch and almost the total absence of censorship provided necessary conditions for the society to adopt the bohemian way of life characterized by unconventional and outrageous behavior. The social structure of French society changed. The bourgeoisie pressed the aristocracy not only in the economic, but also in the political and cultural spheres of life. The improvement of the quality of life and income growth as a result of the industrial revolution and the development of capitalist relations led to the increasing demand for works of art, which in return contributed to the increase in the number of artists and the formation of a new institutional system, which changed the status of the artist. A merchant played the role of a patron, art theorists became critics, the state and the Academy ceased to be arbiters of taste.

This article analyzes ethnopolitical processes which were underway in the North Caucasus during the revolution of 1917. The February revolution had a significant impact on the course and nature of the socio-historical development of the region. The issues of transformation of the national-state and administrative-territorial status of the mountain peoples within the framework of the new Russian state are becoming topical. The mountain intellectuals tried to implement the liberal democratic potential of the Russian revolution in the region. It was aimed at strengthening the foundations of Russian statehood and the search for forms of autonomy of the mountain nations as the part of the future Russian Republic. The activity of the Union of United Mountaineers of the North Caucasus and Dagestan was aimed at achieving the stated goal. Their ideological attitudes received political registration at the irst congress of the Mountain peoples in May 1917, at which the basic documents were adopted: the Political Program and the Constitution, as well as resolutions on topical issues on the agenda. At this congress, the entry of the nations of the North Caucasus into the Russian state was legitimized. The mountain intelligency helped to strengthen the power of the Provisional Government. Its representatives were part of the Russian government and contributed to the strengthening of state structures in the region. The failure of the liberal-democratic project led to a change of the position of the mountain intellectuals on the issue of state unity with the Russian state and the loss of its political perspectives in the region.

At the end of XIX - beginning of the XX centuires Russia took interest in the development of foreing economic activity with periphiries of Ottoman Empire, including Iraq and Arabia. In Turkey and Persia, Russian diplomats tried to attract attention of Russian entrepreneurs to this region and help them whith avaible methods. The article deals with reports Russian diplomatic officers from the Middle East. They emphasized the main features of Iraqi and Arabian trade and problems of Russian entrepreneurs and gave practical recommendations. Despite fierce competition from other European countries and domination of kerosene in Russian export, diplomats recognized significant success of Russian activity in the development of trade with Iraq and Arabia by 1914.

The article analyzes the liberal historiography of the North Caucasian social relations and the transformation of these relations in the 1860s and 1870s. This historiographic problem is still poorly understood and the authors made a successful attempt in its study. They defined and characterized 3 groups of researchers of the North Caucasus social relations: the officers of the Caucasian army (K. Krasnitsky, N. F. Grabovsky, V. Maslovsky, N. Tulchinsky); the officers-mountaineers and the school officials-mountaineers (A. G. Keshev, D. Kodzokov, B. Shakhanov-Dzhankhotov); Caucasians Studies researchers (V. B. Pfaf, F. I. Leontovich, M. M. Kovalevsky, D. Ya. Lavrov, Y. V. Abramov and others).

The article examines the features and content of revolutionary euphoria and revolutionary violence in Russia during the spring of 1917. These indicators largely formed the reaction of Russian society to the events that took place and became decisive for the further history of 1917. The emotional coloring of Russian society on the eve of 1917 contained various indicators of the destructive beginning, aggravated by the complex political background and heavy inancial situation of ordinary people. For the mass moods of the spring of 1917, high expectations and an extreme degree of activity were characteristic. The collapse of the inflated expectations of the changes that have taken place and the activity of the masses in various directions threatened with heavy disappointment, accompanied by acts of unmotivated violence. The objects of violence were not only individual citizens who did not accept new changes, but also signs of the old world, symbols of the overthrown regime. The struggle with the past, the search for enemies and the emotional instability of the masses led to disorder and robbery. Moreover, the public moods and behavioral practices of this period were characterized by obvious ambivalence and dichotomy, manifested in the craving for destruction and self-organization.

The article highlights the problem of studying the animal population and the nature of Ciscaucasia in the 19th - early 20th centuries. The study is an example of interdisciplinary interaction of natural and human sciences, which fully corresponds to the current trends in the development of scientific knowledge. The paper gives an overview of the works to some extent containing zoogeographical information about Ciscaucasia. The authors divides the indicated chronological period into two stages. A peculiar feature of the irst period was the activation of the state in the comprehensive study of the Caucasus region and the compilation of predominantly military topographical descriptions, in the context of which information on zoogeographic features was placed. The content of the second stage was determined by the end of the Caucasian war and the beginning of "people's colonization". Active plowing of land has become a factor of scientists' close attention to the plant world of natural cenoses. The pressing needs of economic development revealed the scarcity of the available zoogeo-graphical information, the military motivation for the study of the Ciscaucasia was replaced by an economic one. From the middle of the XIX century different elements of nature began to be studied. The differentiation of scientiic knowledge in combination with practical needs provoked the interest to Ciscaucasia not only on the part of the state, but also on the part of geographers, botanists, and zoologists. The works became more specified in specialization, thoughtful-ness and fundamental basis.

The article investigates the stages of the establishment of missionary activities in the Stavropol territory in second half XIX - beginning of XX century, when after the end of the Caucasian war, began a more active colonization of this territory, the new territories are, therefore, expanded the tasks of missionary activity. The article discusses the methods of struggle of the Russian Orthodox Church with sectarianism and the old believers, as the people's unawareness was the main reason for leaving sectarianism. The evolution of missionary activity, when effective missionary work in the diocese was created brotherhood, missionary society, temperance societies, opened mission stations, schools, carried out missionary congresses of priests. Gradually expanded directions and objectives in missionary activities. The article presents data of archival materials, allowing to perform a wide range of issues related to the development of missionary works in the Stavropol region in the pre-Soviet period. Archival documents confirm the disturbing power structures over the activities of sects because of sectarianism were sown in the minds of the public the idea of an apostasy, from both the official religion and the overthrow of the existing order in the Empire. Records of Stavropol Andreevskoe-Vladimir brotherhood, the Orthodox missionary society, journals of the meetings of the congresses of the clergy show how important was the missionary activity, reveal the ways of working of missionaries and clergymen, bring to light the difficulties faced by the missionaries.

The article studies French colonial discourse in the last third of the XIX century. The ideologists of colonization rarely surrendered to abstract thoughts about the Empire, their arguments for the colonization of North Africa and Indochina could differ. The Roman past was present in North Africa and served as reference points for the French colonialists. We are interested in the colonial discourse associated with the actualization of the memory of the ancient past. The article explores the discourse associated with the actualization of the memory of the Roman past; reveals the symbols of the Roman past and sites of memory in North Africa, which helped the French colonial ideologists construct an imperial discourse and propagate the idea that the French are true followers of the Romans in Africa. We studied the texts of historians, publicists, who in their articles and travel notes referred to the experience of the Romans in the colonization of North Africa. Great attention is paid to the analysis of the works of the French historian and philologist Gaston Bouasier. The study revealed that the conquests in North Africa were told to the public as the continuation of the mission of the Romans. The ideologists of colonization emphasized the historical continuity between the Roman and French colonizations, between the tasks of the Romans and the French, focused on the racial closeness of the two peoples. Roman ruins in places of French colonization contributed, in the author's opinion, to the formation of the French idea of spatial proximity of France and North Africa. In the second half of the twentieth century, the French had a hard time with the loss of the North African territories in the course of decolonization.

The article reveals the process of emergence and formation of public associations initiated by Russian, Russian-speaking citizens of the Crimean region in the conditions of state construction in the Ukraine in the first half of the 1990s. The actual aspects of the representation of Russian ethnic interests in the period indicated are revealed. The activity of the leading political forces of the peninsula of that period is revealed: the Crimean Republic movement, the Russian community of Crimea, the Russian community of Sevastopol and other public associations. The main directions of activity of public associations and socio-political Russian and Russian-speaking movements of Crimea and Sevastopol in 1991-1997 are speciied. The process of creation and transformation of pro-Russian public associations in Crimea and Sevastopol after the collapse of the USSR is analyzed. For the first time, the specifics of the activities of public organizations and movements in the Crimea and Sevastopol have been determined. The activities of Russian charitable foundations are being considered to support the Russian cultural space on the peninsula. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Black Sea Fleet in facilitating the work of various Russian charitable foundations, non-governmental organizations. A historical retrospective of the activities of organizations and socio-political movements allows us to conclude that the Russian and Russian-speaking community are active in the Crimea in defending their rights and freedoms in the irst years of state formation in the Ukraine. The material presented helps to understand the peculiarities of the political processes unfolding in the Crimea in the first half of the 1990s.

The article analyses the coverage of the Revolution of 1917 in Russia by the American newspaper New York Times. It was the most influential print media which expressed opinions of the political establishment. In November, 1917, New York Times featured the Russian Revolution as the main international news. The publications contained mere facts without conclusions but the comments sounded pessimistic. An object of deep concern was the impact of the Revolution on the role of Russia in WWI. The reports from Russia written in a dry telegraphic style could just confuse an American reader. In order to provide an insight into the Revolution the newspaper published analytical materials such as the essay "Bolsheviki's Chief" by the Russian revolutionary immigrant M. Olgin. Apart from analytical materials New York Times published some narratives by witnesses. One of them described the procedures of the revolutionary court in Petrograd through the trial of countess Panin. Another narrative written by an American businessman S.Lovich provided vivid sketches of everyday life in revolutionary Petrograd. To conclude, New York Times not only covered the twists and turns of political life but also the specific character of revolutionary daily routine.

The article deals with development of the education system in Stavropol province at the end of the XIX century in the context of strengthening the conservative political and educational paradigm in the Russian Empire. This problem is currently topical in connection with the practice in Czarist-era Russia where after a period of substantial reform in education sphere, a period of stabilizing counterreforms inevitably came. The paper presents and analyzes data on the scale, pace and nature of school construction in the Stavropol region, examines its features in the context of approving a course on modernization in the country, but it is done within the framework of maintaining stability and traditions of spiritual education. The author shows a systematic progressive movement for the development of all levels of education in the Stavropol province and such of its separate areas as women's education, education of non-Slavic ethnic groups, confirming, among other things, a significant increase in the number of students, primarily in primary education.

The article studies some tendencies of cultural policy of the late 1950s - early 1960s and features of its implementation in the southern province. The author studies directions of local government work in relation to the artistic culture of the Stavropol Territory. In this regard the attention was paid to the change in the functions of the new administrative bodies with respect to the development of culture. The control over the ideological "purity" and quality of art products was the main function. In turn, the authorities were under the control of the party leadership of the Stavropol Territory. The author focuses on two features of this work, the first one concerns the requirements to local literature and art activists to actively participate in ideological work and in propaganda of party politics. Another feature of the cultural policy in the region was pragmatism in relation to art, as well as the material strengthening of cultural institutions of the Stavropol Territory, which in the previous decade were desolate.

The article analyzes an appealing historical plot connected with the local biographical characteristics of individual participants of the 1812 Patriotic War, who achieved a high military and administrative status and played an active role in the Abkhazian history of the first half of the 19th century. The analysis shows social and mental evolution of selected characters having passed the complex path of young and ambitious officers of the brilliant epoch of Napoleonic wars to the highest commanders who managed large military formations and civilians during a specific period of the imperial incorporation of the Caucasus. Complex characteristics of the figures are explored in the socio-cultural context, determined by the systemic interaction of local mountain communities and administrative structures of the Russian Empire. Particular attention is paid to complex reconstruction of the characters that were formed during a long historical period and included special features of the officer mentality of the XIX century and individual characteristics that became the natural result of a military career. The chosen context serves the background for comparative description of the military leaders formed in the long struggle with Napoleon. They complemented their own image in a protracted confrontation with the mountain communities that fought and concluded peace treaties on absolutely different rules.

Due to the fact that in Russian historiography there are no comprehensive studies devoted to the study of religious-legal system of the early Arab-Muslim state, some points of this question remain poorly understood. This paper examines the policy of the early Arab-Muslim States in relation to prisoners of war and its legal support. It is well known that the formation of the religious right of the Muslim Ummah was influenced by Islam. In fact, prior to Islam there were no state, commonly agreed rules in Arabia. With the advent of Islam many things changed: statehood was introduced; the political and religious leader was elected; the Sharia became the common law. The institution of slavery underwent complex changes. So, according to Islam, a slave could only be a prisoner of war. Under no circumstances a free man, not exhibiting hostility, could be enslaved. The Koran does not say about the permissibility of violent enslavement. To the prisoner deserved a good attitude, despite the fact that he fought in his time against Muslims. Civilians, which did not take part in military acts, had the privilege.

The article examines the evolution of international law and international relations in the context of globalization. At the same time this process encounters difficulties and contradictions observed by the authors. The article discusses new problems of international law which arise from globalization. This article is an attempt to study the relationship between international law and international relations, taking into account national and international aspects. Drastic changes in the economic, political, military and environmental spheres had a major impact on both the state and the relationships between them. In recent decades, against the background of global concerns and challenges of the booming cross-border context, new forms of cooperation can be observed. In the context of globalization the functions of international law, currently supplemented with a commercial function, have also changed. In addition, the article considers a new direction of development of international law - international development law. The international documents in which it was embodied are studied. The authors come to the conclusion that the all-encompassing nature of globalization has influenced primarily state sovereignty characteristics and preconditions the need to further improve international legal norms and institutions.

This article argues that in a complex environmental situation in the sphere of production and consumption waste management the legislator pays particular attention not only to the formulation of legal rules to solve this problem, but the special principles aimed at establishing the kernel of this legal institution, establishing its development priorities for the long term. Depending on the role in structuring law, Russian scientists distinguish substitutional, institutional, sub-sectoral, sectoral, cross-sectoral and general legal principles of law. The article proposes to fix the main organizing principle in production and consumption waste management - waste prevention principle. This is due to the fact that complete realization of the principles of waste production and consumption is hampered not only by objective reasons (lack of funds for waste collection in the local budget), but also drawbacks of the economic model that prevailed not only in Russia but also in most countries of the world. This principle should mean that the main direction of the ecological policy of the state is not just "treatment of symptoms", but the adoption a long-term programme of action aimed at changing the current economic model and the reduction of the amount of arising waste. Such transition is possible only in conditions of international cooperation as well as changes in consumer behavior patterns, which is possible only in case of reforming the priorities of the existing system of environmental education.

It is generally recognized that financial law is one of the most complex public sectors of law, developed at the intersection of economics and law. An important vector in the development of our state is the formation of a digital economy that requires the creation of new innovative financial instruments, which in fact determines the need for the development of new legislative approaches in the regulation of financial relations. The role of financial law is difficult to overestimate. Modern financial law is represented by a set of rules designed to protect mainly values related to public interests. The financial law is characterized by an imperative-dispositive method of legal regulation, the prevalence of orders and prohibitions, not the permissions. The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of prohibitions in financial law. The issues of the legal nature of financial and legal norms are examined in detail. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the implementation of prohibitive norms of financial law, there is a tendency of the predominance of positive binding and prohibitions in financial and legal regulation based on the imperativeness of legal regulation methods. The authors specify classification of prohibitions in financial law, their conditional character is noted. It is noted that the norms of legislation should also take into account private and public interests, since the development and state of the entire financial system of the state depends on the balance of prohibitions and permissions in financial law.

The Republic of Abkhazia and Republic of South Ossetia currently have a special international legal status of the states unrecognized by most countries of the world. At the same time, Russia recognized the republics as independent states, and took them under its protectorate. The support of South Ossetia by the Russian Federation is actualized in the assistance in the modernizing the education system. The Constitution of the Republic of South Ossetia guarantees every person living in its territory the right to receive preschool, general and higher education regardless of sex, race and nationality. The legislation of the Republic contains a number of guarantees of realisation of this right. However, the actual situation with the right to education is such that its complete implementation is impossible without completion of the reform and modernization process of the entire education system. Since 2012 the Russian Federation has been realizing the reform of education connected with the improvement of the organizational structure of the educational complex. Similar processes were launched in the Republic of South Ossetia which was recognized by Russia in 2008. At the same time, the processes, the problems in education and the ways of their solution are similar in the subjects of the Russian Federation and South Ossetia.

The article studies the characteristics of positioning the institute of responsibility for violation of the forest legislation in "The forest charter" at different stages of development of "The code of laws of the Russian Empire". The maintenance of the speci-ied legal institute in different editions of ""The forest charter" - from early (by the example of edition of 1857) to late (according to the edition of 1905) is compared. The gradual reduction of amount of norms on responsibility for forestry violations at the general improvement and evolution of this institute which is on a junction of forest and criminal law of this time is traced. Special attention is paid to interaction among themselves when forming this institute of norms of "The forest charter" with norms of the criminal legis- lation - "The code on punishments" and "The charter on the punishments imposed by magistrates". Conclusions about evolution in understanding of saving of the woods by the legislator from their protection as usual property to deeper judgment of their nature-resource value as major public interest are drawn. The institute of responsibility for the corresponding crimes and offenses in the pre-revolutionary forest right is compared to modern positioning of this institute in the Forest code of the Russian Federation. On the basis of the considered historical and legal experience recommendations to the modern Russian legislator are made.

The article studies the main features of types of landscape descriptions in providing the coherence and cohesion of a literary text. The essence of these linguistic phenomena is analyzed. Cohesion and the integrity of text space are considered in immediate connection with the phenomena in question. Basic intertextuality characteristics are studied as regards cognitive strategies and the phenomenon of inter-textual competence. The analysis is made within the frameworks of pragmalinguistic methods; the description of correspondence of landscape descriptions per-locutionary effect as a part of integral textual space persuasion and illocutionary goal. With the reference to the analysis of the phenomenon in different linguo-cultures it is claimed that the pragmatic factors of the "Description of nature" type enhance coherence in a literary text. Typological criteria for differentiation of landscape descriptions fostering the coherence are specified. Coherence is viewed as a cognitive-pragmatic mechanism of global structure and text semantics interconnection. Social and pragmatic features of landscape descriptions can represent the potential of increasing the literary text coherence degree; communicative and pragmatic parameters of the landscape description elements intended to provide the general coherence of the textual space in its unities works in the direct convergent cross-functionally with other means of text cohesion development.

The article presents an analysis of the head words parameters of a special associative-metaphoric dictionary designed to meet the actual needs of analytical algorithms of automated text processing systems, and on the basis of this analysis criteria for selecting lexical units into its vocabulary are formulated. A formal criterion is proposed, that reflects the spe-ciic features of metaphorical transition by means of external parameters of lexical units while taking into account the problematic nature of establishment of strict requirements for the selected words, conditioned by the essence of metaphor as the transfer of meaning by similarity. Also, a content criterion relying on selection of lexical units through their ability to constitute a basis for metaphorical transition, as well as through the principle of semantic basicity, understood as possibility of using a word to describe the semantics of as many other lexical units as possible, is proposed. Taking into account both criteria, a conclusion on advisability of using the existing experience in compiling active lexicographic databases and, in particular, the Prospectus for the Active Dictionary of the Russian Language (Moscow, 2010) as the basis for the vocabulary, is drawn, and also a construction procedure for this vocabulary is described.

The article deals with the problem of strategic potential regarded as part of communication theory, discourse theory, cognitive linguistics. The concept under analysis is characterized in terms of communicative and cognitive realization which ensures effective communication. The author concludes that the effectiveness of discursive realizations depends on the disposition and identification of relations between participants of communication. It is noted that the actualization of the strategic potential involves the implementation of various functions in the communication process, among which the priority function is the inluence function for persuasion. A generalization of the basic conditions for effective communication is supplemented by the term "double actualization" as structural characteristics. It is shown that when examining advertising discourse as a continual dialogue, the concept of "impact" loses its negative connotation. It is proved that the interaction of cognitive systems, their mutual correlation seems to be an important argument for effective communication. The question is raised about the prospect of studying the speciic implementation of the strategy of self-presentation in the advertising discourse. In this regard, the author indicates the theoretical and practical significance of the problem of studying universal and speciic features and strategies of the communication process that actualizes in different types of discourse and in discursive practices such as advertising discourse and political discourse.

The purpose of this article is to present the results of the study of linguopragmatic properties of utterances in their interaction in the text-description. The research was carried out on the basis of the material of literary and scholarly texts. The mutual dependence of referential parameters, propositional content and pragmatics of the relevance of statements in the modern Russian narrative is considered. It is concluded that in the communicative-linguistic presuppositions of utterances a certain model of description is actualized, pragmatic presuppositions of general knowledge serve primarily for referential identiica-tions. It is also concluded that the pragmatics of relevance in the actual discourse of utterances in the description from the artistic text and in the description from the legal, clerical-business or scientiic text differ significantly. The difference is that if the pragmatics of the relevance of an utterance in the description of a fictional text is largely determined by the author's intentions, his considerations on the scope of the description and the most signiicant elements of description in the artistic sense, then the pragmatics of the relevance of the utterance in a description from a legal or scientiic text is completely determined by the communicative-linguistic presuppositions of the author and addressee.

The article deals with the role of pragmatic effect of play of words in the text of the animation series as a speciic speech genre. Animation, as ilm for children and film designed for all family, has not only entertaining, but also educational function, which actualizes the study of pragmatic effect in our research. Play of words in the modern communicative practice is applied in the didactic purposes as a subconscious form of impact on the recipient, for the purpose of the transfer of the author's assessment. Question of transfer of effects inherent in play on words from one language to another is a problem now. This problem is connected not only with language, but also with cultural distinctions. The globalization processes happening at the present stage make essential changes not only to life of society, but also to language. The author conirms the theoretical and methodological basis of pragmatic effect of play on words in the text of the animation series on the basis of the American animation. The author examines the functions of play of words, which are determined by the author's intention and expressed a special text organization for creating pragmatic effect.

The article contains the results of research of explicit and implicit discursive means of exerting pragmatic impact on recipient in graphic novel as a speciic genre of the discourse of iction based on a sequentially organized creolized text. The research was conducted on the basis of Art Spiegelman's series of graphic novels "Maus" which are a form of autobiographical narrative about the author's father who is a survivor of the holocaust and the Aushwitz concentration camp during World War II. The authors focus on the results of analyzing the complex pragmatic context of the graphic novel that is based on the informational-descriptive, functional-dynamic, structural-compositional and dispositional-evaluative subcontexts. As a result of the analysis the authors determined the peculiar features of the graphical novel as a communicatively oriented form of literature aimed at conveying the author's opinion and feelings through language signs; determined the role of the visual component of the graphical novel in forming the pragmatic potential of the novel through the images presented on the sequentially organized panels; proved that the images in the graphical novel are an instrument of portraying the author's world and a mechanism of provoking the reader's emotional response necessary to believe the author's narrative.

This article examines the New New Drama from the perspective of influences that historical and social changes of late XX - early XXI centuries had on Russian literary process. It also concentrates on the objective laws of Russian literature course. Modern Russian drama is viewed here as a method of conceptualization and criticism of new social and cultural reality, a grotesque mirror showing the consumerist crisis, which is first and foremost connected to excessive role of individual in modern culture, disruption of authority as a concept, destruction of the traditional axiological systems and demolition of moral law. Yet contemporary drama serves as an example of philosophical iction (similar to modern drama and experimental plays), it uses fundumentally new practices - such as hypernaturalism or metaphysical naturalism - to explore eternal values and themes. Author raises the problem of motif of violence (expressed in wide extensions of the corporal metaphor, scenes, motifs, storylines etc.) holding dominant position in plays of New Wave and New Drama. It is shown in the article that in the context of modern moral relativity, the strategy of violence in drama obtains axiologi-cal status and transforms into a search for alternative ideas, denotations and imperatives.

The meeting of Armenian poet Hovhannes Tou-manyan and Valeri Bryusov carries a special weight in the history of national culture. More than a century their short-time but meaningful private and creative friendship has not lost its literary-historical meaning and is rightly understood by Armenian and Russian nations and a symbol of long time connections and spiritual-cultural closeness. Today, when new priorities are opened for Russian-Armenian literary-cultural communications there is need to reevaluate the historical and cultural clues. This study attempts to look at this issue in light of a multidimensional and a more complete approach. The article particularly focuses on the Caucasian trips of Brusov connected with the preparation of the collection "Armenian Poetry", Brusov's lectures of the Armenian century-long culture, the general background and Toumanyan's appraisals on it, their private ties, the reflections in Russian and Armenian media, and other questions in the framework of these questions. Addressing the values of the modern Armenian poetry, Bryusov comments on Toumanyan with a special affection naming him the "father" of the Armenian poetry. He highlights the poet's talent in revealing the national characteristics, understanding of life and the deep layers and shades of the national psychology. Brusov values Toumanyan's exceptional talent in almost all spheres: rhetoric, child literature, public speaking, and so on. He states the rule describing Toumanyan's creative world. That is: "On the whole, the poetry of Toumanyan is Armenia itself".

The article discusses the general principles of aesthetics verbalization in the poetic text as a form of literary discourse, which allows a fictional sense to exist and function in poetic compositions, and the ways of its interpretation and decoding by the receptor. It considers the basic approaches to analyzing different levels of the poetic artistic sense implementation: poetic euphony including instrumentation, metrics and melody, noematic and semantic content which is a combination of poetic themes, rhetorical phenomena and symbolism of the poetic word, poetic syntax made up of figures of speech, parallelism, anaphors, inverted structures, etc. Scheme of acting digestion by the interpretation of literary text sustains the risk of reception rigidity and sense losses in the multidimentional aesthetic meaning, but also can cause the potential of adequate reception strategy building. It is concluded that the language of poetry is a dual system where the content is presented by a certain set of elements of different semantic meanings, their relative relatedness to the facts of reality interpreted by the author's aesthetic intention, while its form is manifested in the strictly defined sequence of content components and the special ordering of the structure.

The article analyzes Tennessee Williams' dramatic and journalistic texts as well as his memoirs regarded in correlation with the language of A. P. Chekhov's plays and the semiotics of his works; it provides an examination of peculiarities of Chekhov's works and their impact on Williams' idiostyle. The main hypothesis is based on the statement that the linguistic structures of T. Williams' dramas show structural-semantic originality of A. P. Chekhov's plays. Williams' innovation, being analysed from the position of novelties in the language of plays, theatre and cinema, correlates with the semiotics of Chekhov's theatrical language, reflected in the language of his plays. The key community and succession in the drama language is detected through the intentions of linguistic expression of approaching of theatre to the life, linguistic expression of including of everyday situations in a wider socio-historical and philosophical context. As a result, symbolism is becoming semiotically meaningful and in this category everyday life is regarded as a symbolic sign. The analysis of Chekhov's influence on structural-semantic organisation of Williams' drama is conducted both in the plays and in the autodescriptive texts proving the above stated hypothesis.

The article is devoted to complicated synonymous relations within the group of words «unreliable infor-mation». The dominant of a synonymic row is lexeme «gossip». In the course of comparing the dictionary definitions and the contexts actualizing the lexemes of the above mentioned group, the semantic volume of units is specified, which makes it possible to disclose features of human speech activity, since the volume of fixed units in the dictionary and contexts is different. Studies in the ield of lexical-semantic par- adigmatics are relevant because they allow us to see the interconnection and the mutual determination of lexical units, and, more broadly, to correctly interpret the semantic space that they create.The analysis of semantic relations is carried out on the materials of XIX century Russian literature and National Corpus of the Russian Language.

The article is a review of a new textbook on the history of ancient Rome, written by a famous scientist, candidate of historical sciences V. O. Nikishin, senior lecturer at the Department of Ancient History at the History Faculty of Moscow State University. The history of Ancient Rome is the final stage of the ancient history of the Mediterranean. By the beginning of the new era, there was a powerful state that united within its borders the vast territories of the Eastern and Western Mediterranean - the Roman Empire, which absorbed the colossal cultural heritage of ancient Mediterranean civilizations. Ancient Roman society accumulated and synthesized in order to then transmit to the next generations the greatest achievements of ancient culture at the highest stage of its development, which explains the exceptional importance of Ancient Rome in world history. The author gives a fairly detailed analysis of the textbook, and comes to the conclusion that it is written just brilliantly, but needs to expand some sections.

The book by Yelets historian Nikolai Tropin continues the study of the life and scientific activities of Nikolay Aleksandrovich RQdinger (1825-1894). The book is written based on archival documents. The importance of the research lies in the possibility to study the process of developing the provincial historic science in the middle of the XIXth century in Kaluga province. Scientific novelty of the work consists in revealing a number of documents which made it possible to study N. A. RQdinger's biography and his manuscripts. N. A. RQdinger was a member of the noble family famous in the military history of Russia. He was not a professional historian, he was an officer, a veteran of the Caucasian campaign of 1853-1854, who haning been wounded continued his service as a chief of police in Kaluga, Oryol, Elets, St.-Petersburg and got the rank of general-major. His manuscript heritage is large. It is represented not only by archives and his two published books, but also by some publications in province newspapers and in the press of the capital.

The article can be considered as an initiative study connected with the complex analysis of scientific and public heritage of the outstanding Don historian Ana-toly Ivanovich Agafonov. The central element of histo-riographic reconstruction is the system evolution of individual problems considered by the Rostov scientist in the context of signiicant sociocultural phenomena with synchronous localization. A considerable attention is also paid to the individual scientiic works of A. I. Agafonov, revealing the immanent features of the emerging authorial methodology, addressed to a vast and diverse factual material, borrowed from differentiated Russian and foreign sources and veriied in the framework of comparative attraction of empirical data of auxiliary disciplines (faleristics, heraldry, genealogy, sphragistics). A special place is given to the fundamental works devoted to the Don history, which is a significant part of the creative heritage of the outstanding jubilee. A long-term work of A. I. Agafonov, associated with the system integration of scientiic knowledge in the educational practices of higher education, carried out both in Russian conditions and in the French academic framework, which showed considerable interest in the demographic problems of the South of Russia. The personal qualities of the Rostov researcher were estimated as well, he is presented as the true Russian intellectual, positioning public interests above his own blessing.