The paper deals with research of sources of history teaching transformation in the Soviet education up to 1930s in the context of constant change of the political course that was linked with ideological requirements of new Soviet identity formation. The project of «new man» creation was subject to the idea of the Soviet state establishment and this one was the tool of the formation. Efforts aimed at the formation of social unity among Soviet citizens through the construction of common identity were promoted along with other peculiarities of the “new man” in 10 years after the Bolshevik power were established. Certain historical memory was one of conditions in achievement of the goal. Hence, the role of historical science in society changed, this, in turn, demanded transformation in the training process of history in schools of different levels, workers’ faculties and universities. The article analyzes the discussions that started in connection with the establishment of the Society of Marxist Historians. The problem of the «new man» formation was not directly voiced, yet implied. The ideological discourse supposed the “new man” as the target of Soviet social engineering, at the same time the unified plan to reach it was missing. Accordingly, the discussions about teaching history among Marxist historians started with pointing the goal – the formation of a person with a Marxist worldview, a revolutionary, a Leninist. However, along with implementation of the so-called laboratory plan, the lack of historical knowledge and thinking was revealed even in the amount which was significant for accommodation of Marxist ideas. The essence of the discussion itself left the ideology and the focus shifted to a reasonable discussion of the problems related to teaching history and social science. Thus, by 1928, the discussions featured the need for systematic history at different educational levels.

The missionary activity of the Greek Church played an important role in appeasing the peoples of the North Caucasus. It was supposed to restore among them those spiritual values that their ancestors had previously professed. For this purpose, in 1793, the post of vicar bishop of the Astrakhan diocese was established in Mozdok. This made it possible to quickly resolve issues related to the spread of the Christian faith here. Very soon Mozdok became one of the leading religious centers of the region. But the authorities had many complaints about the missionary work itself: the number of converts to the new faith did not meet expectations, and the sincerity of the neophytes’ beliefs raised serious doubts. Emperor Paul I, who replaced Catherine II on the throne, ordered the abolition of the vicariate. Nevertheless, the very idea of preaching Orthodoxy in the mountain environment was preserved and had many supporters.

The question of restoring the Ossetian Commission, with the help of which it was supposed to o influence the confessional situation in the region, arose again. Projects to attract foreign missionaries for missionary work in the mountain environment arose and were tested. But the main role was assigned to Orthodox priests, for whose successful work the treasury was ready to allocate the necessary funds. The activities of the church in this case should not have contradicted the steps of the secular authorities. With the appointment of A.P. Yermolov to the Caucasus, the militarypolitical situation in the region is becoming more complicated, which marked a new stage in the missionary practice of the Orthodox clergy.

From the earliest stages of its formation, Russia faced difficulties related not only to joining new territories to the state, but also to the search for the best forms and ways of managing them, which involved the implementation of a national-state policy that fully took into account the interests of, on the one hand, the Russian Empire, and on the other hand, the newly joined territories. One of such difficult tasks facing the Russian state was the process of integration of the North Caucasus into the empire and the problem of choosing the most effective management model for such a big region. In the political and military circles of the Russian Empire in the period from the end of the XVIII to the beginning of the XIX century various plans for the pacification of the Caucasus were developed, which, according to their authors, would guarantee success in solving this problem, however, their analysis showed a lack of unity of approaches in solving the issue under study. The search for the most effective strategic and tactical course in the policy pursued in the Caucasus took a long time, during which many mistakes were made. Theycost both human and material losses

In the context of the new geopolitical realities that emerged in the post-Soviet space after 1991, the policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in the direction of the South Caucasus became noticeably more active. During this period, the export ideology of the Islamic revolution became more restrained and cautious, which allowed Iran to take part in solving complex problems in the South Caucasus: in particular, at the very beginning of the armed conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Tehran offered their services in its peaceful permission. Iran’s regional strategy strictly fit into the framework of the state ideology of the «Islamic» path of development, therefore, in the course of its implementation, various tactical methods and opportunities were involved. These issues continue to arouse increased interest among domestic researchers, and their study is relevant, bearing in mind the remaining threats to Russia’s national security interests in the South Caucasus direction.

The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that it contains a comprehensive analysis of the main directions of Iran’s regional policy in the South Caucasus, reveals its features and characteristics, as well as forms and methods of implementation. Particular attention is paid to issues related to the influence of internal and external factors on the complex processes of formation and development of Iran’s relations with the young states of the South Caucasus. The study found that in the course of conducting an anti-Western and, to a certain extent, independent of Russia foreign policy in the South Caucasus, Iran could not achieve noticeable success, since the influence and positions of Russia and the United States in the region remained strong. In general, the paper concludes that the hopes of Iran joining the circle of leading powers influencing the international situation in the South Caucasus were not destined to come true: in order to achieve this goal, first of all, it was necessary to strictly adhere to a pragmatic policy free from ideological layers, which was confirmed in the course of further development of events in the South Caucasus.

The article considers a set of issues related to the process of spreading the Russian language in Ossetia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, among which the problem of the native language occupied a central place as it was on the periphery of the educational activities of the local elementary school. The article based on a wide range of diverse sources, including legislative acts, with the primary use of materials from newspaper periodicals of the early 20th century, published in the Terek region. An analysis of documentary materials showed that the spread of the Russian language in the North Caucasian outskirts and its linguistic “Russification” was provided with legal support due to its immanent significance as a marker of Russian statehood. The main attention in the article is paid to the analysis of the journalistic discourse of early 20th century formed in Ossetia relatively the position of the Ossetian language in elementary school, which was assigned the functions of an auxiliary tool for mastering the Russian language. The main ideas and provisions expressed by representatives of the Ossetian intelligentsia and reflected in the pages of the regional periodical press are considered. Pedagogical authorities recognized in Ossetia, writers and public figures spoke out in defense of the native language, which faced the threat of complete oblivion on the peripheryof educational work and lost its original functions of a folk educator and teacher. Recognizing the objectivity of the factors that determined the secondary status of the Ossetian language (the absence for a long time of textbooks, teaching aids and methodological materials for Ossetian schools, etc.), publicists came out with demands for the translation of primary education into the native language of pupils, which were supported by the highest Caucasian administration. At the same time, the advanced Ossetian public recognized the historical conditionality of the need for the mountaineers to master the Russian language space as a factor that softens the painful process of adaptation to new realities and ensures movement towards a civil universe. The preservation of the native language as the core of the national culture along this path was perceived as a moral duty of the intelligentsia, an imperative of its creative activity.

The article examines the process of creation and development of the simplest production associations of the peasantry and Cossacks in the North Caucasus in 1921- 1924. The problem posed is relevant from the point of view of using historical experience to improve the organization of agricultural production in modern Russia. The state of agriculture in the region after the end of the Civil War is analyzed. The extreme decline of agriculture and animal husbandry is emphasized, information is provided on a significant reduction in means of production and human resources. The negative impact of the food policy pursued by the Soviet state in the early 1920s, which hindered the development of agriculture, is noted. The measures taken by the party and state bodies to create production associations of the peasantry are highlighted. The characteristic of the socalled supryage is given and its significance in the struggle for the expansion of the sown area is revealed. The role of seed farms in the cultivation of pure grain is revealed. The activityof reclamation associations is considered, their importance in the development of irrigation and water protection systems is noted. The development of livestock associations is analyzed, examples of their effective activities in increasing the number of livestock and improving its quality characteristics are given. There is a weak development of machine partnerships in the early 1920s. The positive results of the participation of the simplest production associations of the peasantry and Cossacks in the restoration and development of agriculture in the North Caucasus are emphasized.

The article highlights the activities of Great Britain in the competition for control over oil fields and the oil industry in Iran (Persia) and the South Caucasus in 1914-1918, which was not the subject of special research in Russian historiography. On the eve of the war, Great Britain actually controlled the production and refining of oil in Persia through the AngloPersian Oil Company. With the outbreak of the war, British interests in the region were put under threat by Germany and the Ottoman Empire, which sought to challenge the British monopoly on Persian oil. Despite the fact that the territory of Persia remained far from the major battles of World War I, the country was a strategically important war theater for Great Britain. The British troops stationed in Persia controlled the territory of southern Persia, while the north of the country was controlled by Russian troops. After Russia’s withdrawal from the war at the end of 1917, there was a threat of strengthening the positions of Turkish troops and their allies in Persia and their advance to the Caucasus, to the oil fields of Baku. To counter this threat, a special taskforce was formed, called «Dunsterforce». During its 8-month stay in Persia, Dunsterforce strengthened the British position in the country, successfully suppressing anti-British forces with weapons, diplomacy and the pound sterling. Dunsterforce failed to protect Baku from capture by the Turks in September 1918. However, in November 1918, British troops managed to take over Baku. As a result, by the end of the war the western, eastern and southern shores of the Caspian Sea were under the full control of the British military. under the full control of the British military.

Russian historiography of the second half of the 17th – the first half of the 19th centuries constructed a model that would explain the plans, goals and course of hostilities in 1654 – 1667. The semantic unit «liberation» and its synonyms made it possible to talk about the «liberatory» component of the war between the Moscow State and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the second half of the XVII century a common war narrative with religious content appeared (I. Giesel). During the Great Northern War of 1700 – 1721 a secularized version separated from it (A. Mankeev). The periodization of the narrative is built on two points: the division into two discourses in the second half of the 17th – the first half of the 18th centuries: religious and political; with a fairly see-through border. And the marked line, along which discourses deepened and expanded in the semiosphere of imperial historians, passing through the November Polish uprising (political influence), the 1830–40s. (ideological perspective). Political influence is understood as the first phase of the depolonization of the lands of the Lithuanian and Belarusian GovernorateGeneral after the Polish November Uprising (1830–1831). From an ideological perspective, they see: the elaboration of the “triad” of S. S. Uvarov by the historian N. G. Ustryalov; Synod of Polotsk in 1839 — an act of liquidation of the Uniate Church in the lands of Byelorussia and Lithuania. Both factors, which sharply increased the church influence in the historiographic evolution of the Thirteen Years’ War, actually returned semiosis to the pre-Peter era. The use of the two models did not lead to a conflict of description languages, but rather to coexistence. The aim of the study is to find and interpret semantic units in historiography. The study of the narrative properties of «liberation» is carried out through the optics of historical semantics, semiotics and hermeneutics.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, when a significant part of the men were called up to the active army, they were replaced by women, the elderly and teenagers. In the difficult conditions of the war, they mastered working professions in courses, methods of brigade apprenticeship, next to experienced workers. They believed that for them the front line passed through the workplace and that the fighter at the front and the fighter in the rear together forged victory over the enemy. Having united in tractor brigades, they acted as the initiators of highly productive labor, achieving high results in labor, providing the front and rear with agricultural products. However, this has not been adequately reflected in the historical literature.

At the beginning of 1942, female tractor drivers of Stavropol, among whom there were many followers of the famous Ukrainian tractor driver Pasha Angelina, took the initiative to launch the All-Union Socialist Competition of Women Tractor Drivers and Women’s Tractor Brigades in the country and called on the country’s female tractor drivers to actively join this nationwide movement. At the same time, they decided to work in a front-line manner and assumed high obligations to fulfill production tasks. Tractor drivers of the country with ardent enthusiasm supported the initiative of the Stavropol women. Tractor drivers had to work in very difficult conditions, in slush, cold, without eating, not sleeping, experiencing a huge need for spare parts. Among them there were many who had not even reached the age of majority, but who were eager to contribute to the victory over the enemy. It was especially difficult to work in the territories liberated from occupation, which were looted and destroyed by the Nazis, and agricultural equipment was rendered unusable. With great difficulty it was put in order and worked. But the women – tractor drivers bore this burden on themselves. In the process of work, many of them became masters of their craft and were not inferior to men in work. Women tractor drivers of the country made a worthy contribution to the victory over the enemy.

The Florentine prophet and reformer Girolamo Savonarola (1452–1498), at the end of the 15th century preached to his flock the necessity and inevitability of the renewal of the Church, which, according to him, had entered a state of «the indifferent» (tiepidi). The Dominican argued that the unified mystical body of the Church could be transformed if its members, the believers themselves, change. In his sermons, the monk repeatedly revealed to his listeners the signs of a «good Christian»: faith, adoration of God and neighbourly charity, inner and outer simplicity. Since Christ and his early followers were the ideal role models for cultivating these qualities, the natural condition for reforming the Christians of the day was their turn to the study of the Bible. At the same time, the desire of Savonarola’s contemporaries to read the Holy Scriptures on their own is evidenced by the fact that in 1471 its full translations into Italian (volgare) appeared in print and then were repeatedly republished. The preaching of the Christian life «simplicity» led Savonarola to assert that ordinary parishioners («simple in heart») were destined to renew the Church. Moreover, the two ways in comprehending the Bible discovered in the speeches of the Dominican – reading it and attending sermons, raise the question of what was the degree of independence of the flock allowed by Savonarola in the study of sacred texts. To answer this question, we analyzed the monk’s sermons on the Old Testament Book of Ruth, giving in concentrated form instructions on how to study the Bible, including reasoning about the place and role of preachers and the specifics of the believer’s own efforts in mastering its meanings. The advantage of «ordinary» people, according to the monk, lies in their ability to feel the Scripture and make it an imperative of everyday existence. However, since, firstly, not all the believers of the day were capable of this, and secondly, they were limited in understanding the finer meanings of biblical texts, they needed the help of more knowledgeable people – «good shepherds». Thus, Savonarola’s sermons contain both an encouragement to comprehend the Scriptures, and a rather restrained attitude towards the aspirations for its independent development, accompanied by a number of reservations and fears.

The article deals with elections to the Stavropol City Duma in autumn 1919. In that time the city was under control of Armed Forces of South Russia and the local White military administration working for a loyal Duma actively meddled in the race and put on moderate and rightwing political forces which put forward straightway several lists of candidates (neighborhood guardianships, burghers and house owners). A main opponent of authorities was a socialist block consolidating Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and a number of public organizations. The list of “progressive voters” was in between. Elections on the 15th of September were won by socialists, but the district court invalidated the voting returns on the pretext of technical infraction in presentation of the candidate lists. It cannot be excluded that this infringement was made by the electoral commission deliberately in the event leftists would win the elections. The repeat election was scheduled on November 10. Representatives of non-socialist forces in order to avoid errors made during the first election merged into a single bloc that eventually won and got the majority of seats. During both election campaigns, socialists put the blame on authorities for intervention in the election process and even expressed suspicion that the returns were falsified though there was no direct proofs of the last assumption. In their turn, right-wing and moderate forces charged socialists with demagogy, stirring of class struggle and setting “proletarians” on “bourgeois”. In spite of stormy discussion in press, residents of Stavropol remained unconcerned as evidenced by a very low turnout. Stavropol election campaigns in  autumn 1919  were the most scandalous for the whole period of municipal elections on territories controlled by the South Russian White movement. The article goes into details of the course of both campaigns, characterizes electoral lists, presents voting returns, including by city districts, and examples of propaganda materials.

Stepan D. Nechaev is a poet and prose writer of the first quarter of the 19th century, who is known not so much for his literary works as for his literary connections. He was friends with A. Bestuzhev (Marlinsky), was familiar with K. Ryleev, V. Kyuchelbeker, D. Davydov, N. Polevoy, published in almanacs “Polar Star”, “Mnemosyne”, “Urania”, in the journals “Herald of Europe”, “Moscow Telegraph”, “Well-intentioned”, “Ladies’ Magazine”. Nechaev undertook a long trip around the Caucasus for ethnographic study and literary description of an unfamiliar region in 1823. The result of this trip was two literary travelogues – a large poem “Memories” and prose “Excerpts from travel notes about South-Eastern Russia”. Most of the time the author-traveler spent on the Caucasian Mineral Waters – in Goryachevodsk (future Pyatigorsk) and Kislovodsk. However, the entire Caucasian route turned out to be much longer: through Starocherkassk, Stavropol and Georgievsk to the Caucasian waters and back – through Georgievsk, Mozdok and Kizlyar to Astrakhan and further up the Volga. During this voyage, Nechaev had a number of important meetings. The official and writer V. Timkovsky, who was under General A. Yermolov, may have revealed to Nechaev the secret plans of the environment of the “proconsul of the Caucasus”. The Kabardian educator Sh. Nogmov introduced him to the culture and way of life of his people. A disgraced officer and future participant in the uprising on Senate Square A. Yakubovich became a friend of Nechaev and the hero of one of his poems. Nechaev’s Caucasian travelogues were published in 1825–1826, being one of the last lifetime publications of this author. After the defeat of the Decembrist uprising, among whom were friends and acquaintances of Nechaev (K. Ryleev, A. Bestuzhev, V. Kyuchelbeker, A. Yakubovich), he also came under suspicion. No great fault was found for Nechaev, but he preferred to give up his dream of literary glory

The article is devoted to the study of the modern system of obligatory insurance in the Russian Federation. The author characterizes the functional subsystems included in the structure of obligatory insurance and defines their features. The relevance of the research topic of this article is determined by the fact that obligatory insurance in Russia is a growing type of financial activity that contributes to the economic stability of society. Obligatory insurance in modern Russia is a complex system with strategic goals and effective ways to achieve it. In confirmation of the above, it should be noted that during the financial crises of 2008, 2014 and the global pandemic of 2020, the organization of obligatory insurance has demonstrated its effectiveness. At this time, it was possible to maintain the stability of the socio-economic sphere of the country and avoid a sharp outflow of deposits, which contributed to the stability of the banking system. The social relations in the field of obligatory insurance implemented in the course of financial activity represent a certain system of economic relations having a strictly directed sequence regulated by the state. The formation of the obligatory insurance system is determined by the development of the insurance market. An important factor in this development is a balanced and consistent macroeconomic policy, which is based on financial stability. The article pays special attention to the structuring of the obligatory insurance system as the fundamental elements of the functioning of insurance activities. The author identifies the key subsystems that directly affect the organization of the insurance business in Russia, and also identifies the present modern problems and identifies ways to eliminate them. Special attention is paid to the control and supervisory subsystem of obligatory insurance, which determines the composition of the subjects of insurance supervision, the functions and tasks of implementing the control and supervisory powers of the executive and administrative bodies and the Central Bank of Russia. The author emphasizes the need to apply preventive measures in the implementation of insurance supervision to subjects of obligatory insurance.

The peculiarities of law enforcement process in the context of digitalization is considered in order to identify the features of the forms and subjects of this process, as well as to search for problems that arise in the course of the implementation of legal norms using digital technologies by individual subjects of law and authorities.

The originality and novelty of the study is manifested in the formulation of the problem, the objectives of the study and the author’s conclusions regarding the forms of realization of law in the digital environment, the theoretical and applied analysis of the problems of the process of law enforcement in the context of digitalization.

It is concluded that law enforcement with digital technologies is built into the general mechanism for the implementation of law and includes procedures specific to law enforcement and the direct form of implementation of the law. The direct form of law enforcement is used for the purpose of independent choice of procedures and means of exercising their rights and legitimate interests by users of infocommunication technologies. It is proved that the digital culture based on the digital literacy of the person exercising his legal capabilities is a factor influencing the quality of law enforcement.

It is stated that the use of digital technologies by the authorities is necessary and in demand as a way of modern communication and contactless interaction with citizens regarding the implementation of the rights and freedoms of citizens and legal entities.

The main problems that arise in the process of implementing the rules of law using digital technologies are identified, in particular, the need to codify legislation on digital technologies and the adoption of the Digital Code. The authors believe that the active implementation of procedures to protect the key constitutional rights of citizens is required, in view of the presence of potential threats to the rights and freedoms of the individual, emanating from the process of total digitalization of public relations. A special role in the process of protecting the rights of subjects in the digital environment belongs to the procedures for ensuring the safety of personal data of users of infocommunication technologies. The protection of personal data is one of the most important areas in ensuring the information security of citizens in connection with the digitalization of all elements of the legal system.

The necessity of overcoming the threats of the existence of corruption risks and corruption proposals in the digital environment is substantiated. There are fears that with the deepening of digitalization and the use of artificial intelligence, corruption schemes will expand significantly.

This article reveals the issues of the current state of legal regulation of digital financial assets. There are a lot of questions concerning the definition of a number of technologies that are actively used in international and national financial systems. These include mining, NFT, centralized and decentralized cryptocurrency exchanges, cryptocurrency, tokenized shares, etc. The authors pay attention to the current problems that exist in connection with the advance of public relations of the main aspects of legal regulation. The existing normative acts regulate already fully developed financial and civil relations, in which individuals and legal entities actively participate, only in the abstract form. Digital financial assets represent a new phenomenon in the global financial market. The Russian Federation is distinguished by the initial stage of legal regulation of blockchain and related events. The basis for the development of the digital financial assets market is created thanks to financial and legal regulation, as well as the development of the civil legal framework, thanks to which clarity is introduced for participants in new public relations. Fraud and corrupt actions of various participants in public relations are becoming widespread in conditions of insufficient legal regulation. The purpose of this study is to draw attention to the current gaps in legal regulation, due to which the user of digital financial assets suffers. At the moment, it is necessary to make additions and amendments to the legislation regulating the procedure for the turnover of digital financial assets. The state in the conditions of international sanctions needs to create a new mechanism for the functioning of the financial system of the Russian Federation. Cross-border financial transfers are becoming a necessity that can be implemented only through the introduction of blockchain at the official level as a technology that can change the speed and quality of the functioning of the financial system. The digital ruble is the basis for the implementation of the global financial objectives of the Russian Federation.

The study focuses on linguocultural and psycho-linguistic analysis of mechanisms employed to encode archetypal images within the process of verbal representation. The most representative in this case are considered paroemiological units containing cult components or mythologems, which are the result of the top level of categorization and associative abstraction. For a case of typical languages featuring different structures employed to present various bases of reflexive reality categorization, we have opted for Turkic and Sino-Tibetan (Kazakh and Chinese) languages. The relevance of the article relies on an attempt taken in order to fill the gap in the comparative study of verbalization processes for archetypal cult semantemes in linguocultures that are based on nature-, anthropo-, as well as sociocentric positions of mythologization.

The basis of a consistent interlanguage linguocultural comparison involving Chinese and Kazakh paroemias, helps reveal the interdependence of referential encoding based on the figurative and emotive aspects of metaphorical transference, as well as the initial historical-cultural, areal and existential components of the worldview. The aim of this study is to determine the typological similarity and ethno-cultural specifics of the actualization mechanisms for cult and mythological components in language systems of different structures.The authors conclude that the specific morphotype of  Sino-Tibetan  languages  determines  socio  and anthropocentric models of encoding cult and mythological components, whereas the dissected type of categorizing

The paroemiological units were selected subject to a stratified sampling in the corpus of national languages, in view of the frequency and accentuation criterion of the structure mythonymic elements. The comprehensive methodology of the study, including comparative structural, typological, historical and etymological methods, is enhanced through separate operations of hermeneutic and interpretive analysis, which contributes to the disclosure of consituative associates.

The authors conclude that the specific morphotype of Sino-Tibetan languages determines socio- and anthropocentric models of encoding cult and mythological components, whereas the dissected type of categorizing agglutinative Turkic languages points at the primacy of nature-centric models of metaphorization, despite the historical, cultural and existential similarity.

The purpose of the study, the results of which are presented in the article, is to develop the optimal composition and method of presenting data in the developed corpus of Russian speech samples with errors made by foreign students. The development of such a corpus is conditioned, firstly, by the need for a scientific description of erroneous linguistic expressions, as all significant facts of the use of the language are currently being described, and secondly, by the need to create a unified database of systematized data on errors in the speech of Russian language learners for linguodidactic purposes. The creation of such a corpus requires an in-depth description of errors in speech, therefore, in this article, it is proposed to describe an erroneous linguistic expression as a violation of a certain language norm, a certain semantic, morphological, syntactic or lexical language model underlying the normatively correct expression, indicating the type of speech activity, speech situation, native language, specialty of the student. Within the framework of the task of creating a corpus, an error is understood as a failure at a certain level of speech generation, therefore, the model for describing errors is based on the model for describing language expressions developed by domestic researchers when creating an explanatory-combinatorial dictionary. The model of deep annotation of erroneous expressions proposed in the article includes schematized models of semantic representation, syntactic and lexical compatibility (depending on the nature of the error) of a linguistic expression, which is intended, on the one hand, to accurately localize the error in the use of the language, on the other hand, to serve as educational material in linguodidactics. It is concluded that when a statistically significant number of annotated samples with errors in Russian speech made by foreign students is reached, these corpora may well be used as a source of empirical data for a comprehensive scientific description of the facts of linguistic reality. It was also concluded that for the proposed corpus to be viable, it must be an open system that involves the inclusion of new description parameters in deep annotation.

This article is devoted to the study of the difficulties that arise in the process of literary translation. In translation science, there is a widespread approach in which the translator of a work of art is perceived as its (co)author. Giving him such a role cannot but raise the question of the relationship between the author and the text, and to what extent a literary work is a product of exclusively individual cognitive activity. Based on the ideas of Michel Foucault, this work considers the author (and the translator as the author) as, to a certain extent, the product of the discourse in which he creates the work. In this case, discourse is understood as a set of cultural, political, religious, behavioural and other codes that exist in society at the time of writing the work. Taking into account the socio-cultural aspect of the author’s function, the present study asks to what extent the difference between the discourses of the author and the translatorco-author affects the text of the translation. Cases when the translator is unable to decode the codes of the sending culture lead to translation errors, which entail a distortion of the meaning of the original, illogical causal relationships of the narrative and misinformation of the reader regarding the pragmatic intentions of the author and characters.

The material of this study was the text of the novel by Elizabeth Gaskell «North and South» and two of its Russian translations. Several contexts were selected for analysis, which are difficult to translate into Russian due to the presence of extralinguistic factors in them: codes of culture, religious movements, behavioural norms, class relations. In the course of the study, a comparative analysis of the selected elements was carried out with a comprehensive study of the literary, historical and linguistic context. This allowed the authors of the article to trace the causes of translation errors, to establish the relationship between intraand extra-linguistic factors in their commission, and in some cases to offer their own version of the translation. The conclusion of this study was the acceptance of the ambiguity of the phenomenon of translation error in the context of literary translation due to the difference in cultures between the sender of the original and the recipient of the translation. The difficulty of distinguishing between cases when an unreliable transfer of the meaning of the original can be regarded as a translation error, and when it can be considered as a creative rethinking in order to make the text as clear as possible to the reader is emphasized.

The article is devoted to the analysis of strategies for shaping public opinion, manifested at the linguistic level of mass media communication, in the narrative about COVID-19 from the German high-quality and mass press. The relevance of the study is due to the social relevance of a narrative analysis of the persuasive impact of the media during the COVID-19 pandemic, during which, through the prism of the relationship with coronavirus infection, the socio-political and economic problems of a state are brought to the fore in the high-quality and mass press. At the same time, the author’s special research interest is focused on the interpretation of frame models of authentic denotative situations in comparison with their interpretations in high-quality and mass German newspapers, which made it possible to characterize the axiological attitude of the subjects of narrative in the media to cognitive-discursive events in the geopolitical space not only in Germany and The European Union, but also the global world as a whole. The scientific novelty of the article is due to the fact that it is the first to characterize the persuasive impact of language strategies for shaping public opinion during the narrative of the coronavirus pandemic in the German high-quality and mass press in a comparative way. This article is based on the hypothesis of the correlation between factual information selection and its axiological interpretation by the subject of a communicative action in the journalistic newspaper narrative on the COVID-19, which takes place in both high-quality and mass press. Therefore, when studying strategies for shaping public opinion in the narrative on the pandemic, it is relevant to analyze the linguistic and logicalsemantic ways of denotative news content presenting. The main method for studying empirical material in this article is a frame analysis of the relationship between the prototypical described denotative situation and its textual representation in the narrative from the high-quality and mass press, which also indicates the scientific novelty of this study. At the same time, the attention of the researcher was focused on the interpretation of the asymmetry of the above phenomena as an axiologically marked constant, symmetry as an axiologically neutral interpretation of information and dissymmetry as a semi-marked case in terms of persuasive influence.