As a result of the inclusion of the land of the Don Army in the state-legal space of Russia, the Cossacks were subject to the basic Imperial principles and requirements of the Church organization and military administration, as part of the spiritual and moral policy of the state. The article examines the main directions of church-temple construction and formation of military and regimental clergy, taking into account the peculiarities of development of the Cossacks, its transformation into a military-serving class. The author concludes that the government and Synod policies in the XVIII - early XX centuries resulted the establishment of the Church life in the land of the Don Cossacks, including a coherent system of diocesan administration and the formation of the clergy, the construction and operation of churches, temples and monasteries. Military temples often served as regimental churches for Cossack regiments serving in the area of the Don Army. The Don regimental churches and regimental clergy were formed on the same conditions as those in the Russian regular army, but had some differences due to the peculiarities of the call, formation, deployment of regiments, and the performance of service by the Cossacks. Military and regimental churches were the centers of education, spiritual care and education, the keepers of military trophies and Museum relics, historical traditions of the Cossacks.

The article studies image transformation of Peter I in historical views of Russian rulers during XVIII-XIX century. The author analyzes factors, instruments and methods of modeling Peter I's image by using various sources. According to Maurice Halbwachs' theory, the author explains the transformation of Peter I's image connected with foreign and inner policy tasks, implemented by the Russian Emperor. In the conclusion the author dwells on the special place of Peter I in memorial culture of Russian rulers during XVIII-XIX century. There are some cases in history when the ruler continued to have an impact on the society after the transfer the board to the heirs. One of such examples, of course, is the first Russian emperor Peter I. The Emperor's acts were so great that they could go unnoticed by the future monarchs. Even today, the image of the one who "cut through the window to Europe" is not left behind, discussions about his personality take place in the scientific, common and even political and ideological space. The evaluations of his personality could not be objective, but this does not prevent the author from tracing the factors, mechanisms and forms of forms the image of Peter I with a wide range of sources. As the author observes, respectful attitude towards Peter I during the 18th century can be explained from the point of view of genetic bonds. Most notably, the first successor of Peter the Great immortalized his image in the cultural heritage of the Russian Empire. The author notices the change in the paradigm of the perception of Peter I beginning with Alexander II, who had to think not of strengthening the principles of the autocracy, but of meeting the society needs to participate in social and political life and influence the fate of the country. Emperor Alexander III differed from Peter I as regards the key direction of the domestic policy and cultural-historical ideal. Speaking about the last monarch of the Romanovs family, the author assures that he had a negative attitude to the methods of domestic policy of its first Emperor, aimed at Europeanization, rather than to the europeanization of Russia.

One of the most important problems of modern international historiography of Nazi Germany is the identification of the ideological, economic and military-political foundations for the emergence of the Third Reich. The article examines ideological and political doctrines, the principles of domestic and foreign policy, economics and military organization, which served the basis for the state structure of National Socialist Germany. The author analyzes the ideological concepts of the Third Reich ideologists (A. Rosenberg, A. Hitler, J. Goebbels), the main principles of the foreign policy doctrine of the Nazis. Based on sources, the main stages of Nazi foreign policy activity are considered prior to the outbreak of World War II. The main directions of the Third Reich foreign policy in 1933-1935 and in 1936-1939 are studied. The diplomatic, military-political and economic measures aimed at canceling the terms of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 are analyzed, and the reaction of the representatives of European states to the unilateral withdrawal of Germany from the Versailles agreements is shown. The main directions of the foreign policy of Nazi Germany after the collapse of the Versailles system are considered: the problem of armament of the German army, Germany's refusal to comply with the terms of the 1921 Rhine Warranty Pact (the introduction of troops into the demilitarized Rhineland), the attempt and implementation of the Anschluss of Austria in 1934 and in 1938, support for the Franco in the civil war in Spain, the emergence of military-political alliance of Nazi Germany with fascist Italy and Japan, which led to the formation of axos powers (the "axis" country, the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis") and the beginning of World War II.

The article studies two intellectual models describing modern migration process. The "conflict model" is based on the idea about the gap between government policy in migration sphere and the public opinion. In modern countries this gap is caused by different group interests. The article analyzes different factors enhancing this gap between political declarations and the reality. With the reference to facts the author demonstrates heuristic potential of the model and concludes that in may be considered as an important instrument for the study of migration policy. To achieve the most objective and qualitative scientific conclusions, the author draws attention to the development of migration policy in different countries of the XX century. Analyzing the problems of migration policy, the author faced the problem of uncertainty of the algorithm and methods to determine the exact amount of discrepancy between the official promises of the authorities and the real migration situation. Notably, the so-called "gap method" also reveales the reason of the failed migration policy; according to the author, it is the differentiation in the level of income and the possibility of achieving the desired standard of living, which, in turn, leads to illegal border crossing. Studying the problems of implementation of migration policy, the author finds another reason that complicates the work of the government on this issue. "Political failure" of the migration policy causes public discontent on the part of indigenous population, which, in turn, poses a new challenge to the authorities and promotes the revision of the current migration legislation. Nevertheless, the author does not consider the assessment of public opinion as a serious indicator of the failure of immigration policy, as it is not always an effective criterion to assess the actions of national authorities, as these estimates are not objective and can be announced in the times of economic downturn, therefore, the population can associate economic difficulties with the presence of migrants, which may not always be an objective link.

Researchers of pre-colonial Mexico cultures are familiar with Mesoamerican Mayan civilization, the Aztecs, the Olmecs, etc. However, on the Northern outskirts of ancient Mexico developed traditions that were associated with the world of Indians of the South-West (USA) and Mesoamerica. The article studies ancient cultures of northwestern Mexico by the example of archaeology of the state of Sonora, taking into account the research of Mexico and US scientists. It claims the insignificant influence of elements related to Mesoamerica culture (early forms of traditional farming, the spread of copper ornaments, ceramics), interaction with the cultures of the South-West (Casas Grandes, Hohokam), material culture (gathering, farming, fishing), archaeological sites and objects (construction of terraces, formerly dwelling, stone tools, products and ornaments from sea-shells, etc.). There is evidence that human presence on the territory of the modern Sonora dates back as far as 10 000 BC. The first inhabitants of this area were nomadic hunters and gatherers who used stone tools made of limestone. The most ancient of these, common to Sonora and Arizona, are the various arrowheads well known to archaeologists and defined as clovis. They are associated with the activities of mammoth hunters and other fossil animals and chronologically refer to 9500-9000 BC Two main cultures associated with the peculiarities of the geographical environment formed on the territory of Sonora. The hunters, fishermen and seafood collectors lived on the dry coast of the Gulf of California. They used shellfish as a traditional food, and traded shells, seashells on beautiful pottery, copper bells, etc. from Arizona and Chihuahua. The inhabitants of the coast also developed ancient navigation. Rains are more common in the mountainous areas of the East of Sonora. In these places, there were conditions to borrow Mesoamerican type of agriculture from 1500 BC (cultivation of maize, beans, pumpkin). This area is characterized by the construction of stone terraces. Ceramics is an indicator of the emergence of permanent settlements and the formation of agriculture. Remains of pottery date back to the middle VII-XIII centuries. In the period of XI -mid. XIV complexes of small settlements with developed for that era trade (exchange) relations were constructed. Traditions of Sonora were associated with the cultures of Chihuahua (Casas Grandes), Arizona (the Hohokam), Sinaloa. Of particular importance in the spread of the influence of Mesoamerica were ancient cultures of Sinaloa (the role of mediator). The article analyzes the monuments of petro-glyphics as a manifestation of the culture of Sonora natives.

The article examines the historical context of forming the strategy to building a unified Caucasian state in the context of national emigration and defines the role of the Polish state in this process in the 1920s. The problem of participation of Polish diplomatic and military representatives in the process is actualized by the revival of the idea of the "Caucasian House" and the problems of integration of the states of the South Caucasus. Both at present and in the 1920s the "Polish factor" played a significant role in shaping the ideological background of the process of integrating the Caucasian peoples in a single political space. Pursuing its own geostrategic goals, the Polish leadership actively promoted the plan to create a "belt" of states around the Soviet Russia that were dependent on Poland and supported the idea of forming federative associations. The idea was widely enjoyed by emigrant circles, including representatives of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus. The author stresses the key role of the Polish mediators in the establishment of the Caucasus Independence Committee that was based not on the party but on the national principle precisely under their pressure, which allowed this association to have the status of a common Caucasian one. In addition, thanks to the diligence of Polish diplomats R. Knoll, T. Govurko and T. Shetzel, it became possible to found the magazine Prometheus, which became not only the official publication of the Committee, but also launched such a social and political movement as "Prometheism".

By the end of the Tudor rule, England was one of the leading maritime powers. Its ability to challenge and oppose the largest colonial empire rested on powerful naval forces, which were a significant factor in international relations at the end of the 16th century. The naval history of the Tudor period traditionally attracts interest of researchers. Privateering is also an object of interest, but previously it was primarily explored as an independent phenomenon, in isolation from the history of the Royal Navy. Thus, the issue of the role of private naval forces in the Anglo-Spanish war, their cooperation with the Navy remains relevant. Henry VIII Tudor, in short time, created a powerful navy, turning it from an "event" of the feudal epoch into a permanent state institution that showed its viability even under conditions of partial disorganization of state power in the middle of the century. This English navy was very advanced by the standards of the early Modern times. During the reign of Edward VI and Maria Tudor, the navy allowed the Crown to be militarily independent of the forces of its subjects, which now represented only an auxiliary contingent. However, the price paid by the crown for this independent position was very high, since the maintenance of the "beloved child of the Tudors" was excessively expensive and always ranked second in the state budget. In the reign of Elizabeth Tudor, since the beginning of the Anglo-Spanish war, the cost of the navy turned into an unbearable burden for the almost empty royal treasury. This inevitably led to a change in the position of the naval forces and to a change in the perception of royal navy by government. While in the time of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Maria Tudor, the strategy and tactics of maritime actions in any conditions remained the prerogative of the crown, then since the 1580s onwards, private forces are gradually intercepting the initiative. Under the new conditions, the queen was forced to play the role of a privileged, but partner. The royal power, with the loss of control over private naval forces, is also losing its monopoly on the development of a strategy and tactics of the naval war. Henceforth those were the private owners who became the engine of war, the crown turned into one of the main suppliers of naval resources, primarily royal ships. Elizabeth had financial and strategic benefits from the current situation. However, such "cooperation" between the state and private forces completely solved the problems facing England. This article deals with the private naval initiative as the engine of the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1603.

To achieve the goal a complex of archival documents was formed, the analysis of historiographic materials was carried out; a methodological concept of research was developed. Having included the basic principles of scientific knowledge (historicism, objectivity) in the methodological potential, the author used the anthropological theory and the theory of the constructing social reality, thereby ensuring the interdisciplinary approach. Having analyzed the reporting documents of the organization and the conduct of the meetings of the Karachai population in 1943, the author described the actions of regional authorities with the aim of the mobilizing the population of the region for the restoration of the territorial economy after the German occupation of the region. The Party and the Soviet functionaries adequately assessed the real state of Karachai society, recognized the preservation of its former social institutions and consciously chose to rely on the archaic traditions, supported the archaic universals for more effective manipulation by the mass consciousness for the sake of labor mobilization of the broad sections of the population in the public interest. The preservation of a significant part of the institutions of the former traditional Karachai society and their role in determining the social context of Kara-chai everyday life is explained by the fact that the anthropological type can be preserved and reproduced for another two or three consecutive generations before it is finally destroyed. Each previous generation is able to transfer its experience and the next generation reproduces this experience, building and realizing its life strategies. Although the approaches and the methods chosen by the state openly contradicted the declared idea of forming a "new" person and the results of the cultural revolution, at the same time, the preservation of the traditional culture was conditioned by the nature of the totalitarian system that developed during the first decades after the revolutionary decades in the country.

The analyses of political actions of the German Party of Democratic Socialism and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in 1990s is carried out in this article. Left-wing communist parties were formed in the period of democratic transformation in post-Soviet states. The analyses of electoral results and parties' programs allows to defend the similarities and differences of these political parties. At the beginning (1990-1993) both parties was in difficult conditions of the left-wing ideology crisis -the number of parties' members decreased and there was a risk that party practice can be closed. The second stage of evolution (1994-1998) was connected with a search of a new ideological reference point within the framework of party system transformation. Both parties have come a long way of structuring party organization and creating new programs. Studying electoral geography allows to conclude that there were special regions ("red belt" and "neue Bun-deslander") with sustainable left-wing (left-conservative) support in both federal states. At the same time, there were essential differences in political history of these representatives of left-wing movements. Initially there was factionalism in the Party of Democratic Socialism, there were Marxist and democratic parts. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation had to create its own identity in conditions of competitions with other postcommunists, such as the Union of Communist Parties - Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Russian Communist Workers Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, "Labour Russia". It forced caucus to be more reserved to the internal opposition. The fact that the Party of Democratic Socialism was integrating into postwar political system was also essential difference. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation was one of those who was creating young political system of modern Russia. Having a great support from the voters, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation claimed the role of the ruling party and had consolidating opposition potential. The Party of Democratic Socialism couldn't get it, as it had important political competitor - the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

Important episodes to assess the characteristics of the Homeric military ethics are the scenes when one of the Achaean heroes offers the others to stop the siege and return home. On the one hand, these scenes are necessary elements of military councils and are used by the poet to demonstrate the complexity of the situation of the Achaeans under Troy before making important decisions. In this case, the one who calls the meeting offers the cease of the siege, namely Agamemnon. He names the will of the gods the reason for the end of the siege and flight home. The latter can be clearly expressed by the signs of Zeus, or follow from the unfortunate situation - pestilence or military defeats. Achilles uses the idea to end the siege of Troy and return home as a threat. In his case, the threat to leave the army of the Achaeans is a natural consequence of the insult inflicted on the hero. V. Yeager proves this thesis and emphasizes the importance of maintaining a management model in the army and respect for ἀρετή of heroes. The moral condemnation of Achilles focuses on the fact that the hero is too stubborn in his anger and does not go to reconciliation with the guilty Agamemnon. Agamemnon comes up with a full-ledged plan to end the siege at a crisis moment, offering to lower some of the ships on the water and to escape from the Trojans at night. The elaboration of the draft retreat is enhanced with the deterioration of the situation of the Achaeans under Troy. If in the first songs no one seriously objects to the speaker proposing to end the siege, then later the sharp tone of the statements of Diomedes and Odysseus, condemning the idea to end the siege, indicates the realism of the plans discussed. The lifting of the siege is perceived by the characters of the poem as a disgrace for which they will later be accused of cowardice. Especially vividly, this idea is traced in Agamemnon's words to the wounded Menelaus and, of course, it clearly contrasts with the idea expressed by the same Agamemnon about the admissibility of night flight for the sake of saving the army.

The article scrutinizes the approaches and estimations of national and foreign scientists of different generations, investigating aims, forms and the character of colonization and resettlement movement in the history of Russia. Russian and foreign authors point to the distinctions to appraise the essence of the phenomena. Some of them consider the latter as the expansion of the Russian Empire, its desire to dominate. At the same time, the others confirm that colonization and resettlement movement are the form of state building and the way to decide social, economic and cultural tasks aimed at crisis overcoming. For instance, the peasants' migration to eastern borderlands became the instrument to tackle the acuteness of a land crisis in Central Russia provinc es, but as well as to create in their face the basis of the government in new residences. The initiative and activity of the state in the organization of new lands colonization actualized at the stage of its military expansion to the neighboring territories, though such type of colonization was not the dominant one in Russian history. Having consolidated new state borders by Cossacks' settling, Russian authorities, directly or indirectly, promoted industrial and cultural development of new territories, included them in the civil existence, political and judicial system of the Empire.

The article based on logs of military operations of military units, formations and associations, as well as other archival materials from the Central archive of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation, recreates a complete picture of the fighting units of the Fidth Guards Don Cossack Cavalry corps. The territorial scope is restricted to the Kursky district of Ordzhonikidze (now Stavropol) region, the time interval covers the events since the formation of the corps and the beginning of the fighting in this area to its discharge from the forward positions ahead of the general offensive that formed the second phase of the battle for the Caucasus. The article shows the attempts of the troops to go on the offensive in order to surround the enemy group in the area of the city of Mozdok a month before the liberation of the region from the Nazi troops. Cavalry fought bravely, even when the German tanks and infantry broke into defensive positions. Conclusions are drawn that the main reasons for the failure of the combat mission of the corps were the persistent desire of the German command to keep a certain part of the front at all costs, as well as the discrepancy of forces and means at the disposal of the corps, the tasks of the fight against the leading defense tanks.

The article describes the ethnic and demographic situation in the North-Caucasus region, which took place before and during the Russian Empire penetration. The size of the local North-Caucasus population constantly fluctuated throughout the whole period of presentation of the Russian Empire in the North-Caucasus region. It is connected with many facts, including a series of epidemics, which reduced the number of mountaineers. The attempts of Russian authorities to oppose the spread of cholera epidemics in the region failed. On the other hand, some evident transformation took place in the North Caucasus under the Russian influence, namely the increase of the Slavonic population and resettlement of highlanders from their traditional areas to new lands. Originally new ethnic resettlement groups entailed no significant negative consequences for mountain societies, since the new settlers chiefly developed flat and steppe areas of the region. The difficulties of the migration deprived them of the power and means to expanse widely. The imperial authorities also hoped to transform mountain peoples socially and in cultural fields, so that it could provide an opportunity to localize the conflict of interests between the parties.

The article studies certain socio-economic aspects of industrial revolution in Scotland in the 19th century. The topicality of industrial revolution in Scotland is explained not only by weak degree of study, but also various rates of its development as compared to the one in England. Industrialization problems in Scotland in the context of the British industrial revolution are partially highlighted in national scientific domain. It is remarkable that the industrial revolution in general differed in extreme unevenness and nonsynchronous speed of certain regions in Great Britain, but, undoubtedly, the achievement of progress and improvement of living conditions were the main outcomes. The article analyzes the influence of international relations on forming the local Scottish market, natural-geographic factor and also the growth of scientific knowledge and discoveries. The main objectives of the study are the identification of development features of industrial revolution in Scotland and peculiarities of development of such key industries as cotton production, metallurgy and railway construction. Moreover, an important task is to specify the influence of economic development on the Scottish society.

This article discusses the main types of assistance provided to the families of soldiers by the Soviet State and public organizations in the North Caucasus during the Great patriotic war. It proves the importance of the assistance support to the families of the front soldiers and the morale of the latter in the battles against the German-fascist invaders. The article provides information on providing military families with money from various sources. It examines the housing problem during the war years and the measures taken by the local authorities in various regions of the Northern Caucasus to provide military families with apartments, assist in the construction of individual houses, implement renovation of premises and supply with fuel. The article emphasizes the dependence of tackling the problem on personal attitude on the part of managers of enterprises and institutions, as evidenced by examples. It identifies the main types of food aid to military families, an assessment of the participation of local authorities and enterprises as well as trade union organizations in securing towns and promoting the processing of land parcels, ensuring farmers with seeds and farming equipment. The article specifies the priority of military families supply with consumer goods, provides information on the allocation of centralized funds of clothes, shoes and other household items, their repair, participation of labor collectives and the population of the Northern Caucasus. It stresses the importance of the patriotic movement to assist military families and the successes achieved in this work that contributed to the strengthening of the unity of the front and the rear, and the victory in the Great patriotic war.

The paper features the history of shaping the state border between the USA and Mexico in the XIX century in the context of the US foreign policy as well as the history of colonization of the territories which now make up the borderland region of present-day Mexico and the USA. The main trend of American foreign policy in the XIX century was continental expansion. Pushing its boundaries westward, towards the Pacific, the USA confronted European powers which had their colonies on the continent. The first demarcation between Spanish colonies and the US territory was defined by the Treaty of 1819. Mexico, which won independence in 1821, inherited its borders with the USA from Spain. Nevertheless, Mexican borderland, Texas in particular, was a long standing objective of American expansionists. After annexation of Texas the US-Mexico border remained unspecified due to the fact that both countries claimed vast spaces between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers. The borderland dispute ignited 1846-1848 War, as a result of which the US gained over half Mexican territories. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 defined the extended American border. The purchase of Mexican territory between Colorado and Rio Grande Rivers in 1853 completed the formation of the current US-Mexico border. Irrespective of belonging to either Mexico or the US the borderlands remained underpopulated till the middle of the XIX century. In fact, the territories were dominated by the Indians. After the military defeat of the Comanches and the Apaches in the 1870-80s the borderlands underwent rapid and radical demographic transformation. By the end of the XIX century the region changed from a zone dominated by indigenous people to a region totally controlled by a newly arrived non-Spanish Europeans.

The article studies the formation of a statistical committee in the south of Russia. The general and the special in the history of education of statistical committees are analyzed, the professional contacts of various statistical committees are studied, the place of statistical committees in the general managerial vertical of state statistics bodies is examined. A comparison is made with scientific and historical societies, it is stated that the local statistical committees fulfilled the functions of provincial scholars of archival commissions. The author attempts to outline the process of establishing such statistical committees, trying to reveal the reasons for this state of affairs. The author develops the problem of forming archives with local statistical committees, the archives were replenished with current documents of statistical files, as well as with historical documents received from private individuals, and also includes targeted search work on the part of the statistical committees themselves. It is noted that the study of the archive of the Don regional statistical committee as a whole helps to better understand not only the method of collecting historical documents at home, but actually move them to different storage locations, as well as establish new facts on the history of archive business in the nineteenth century. The author traces the local specifics of organizing committees by the example of other provinces. The establishment of new statis tical committees or conversion of old ones into new ones is studied. It is noted that in 1861, Kuban and Terek Cossack troops were approved posts on statistics. Another aspect of local specifics was the need to take into account the context of relations with local peoples that in many respects experienced the events and consequences of the Caucasian war. The author tries to establish internal regularities in the chronology of the activity of the statistical committees of the Cossack regions. In conclusion, it is asserted that since the 1860s the provincial statistical committees , and later the academic archival commissions - created the original scientific humanitarian infrastructure of the country, the living organism of historical science. The statistical committees on a number of indicators have surpassed the regional study of research approaches to the organization, becoming centers of local intelligentsia, regardless of their professional activities and social status.

The article analyzes the main methods and principles of the organization of Nazi agitation and propaganda during the Weimar Republic. The relevance of this problem is preconditioned by modern socio-political processes associated with the ideological brainwashing of the electorate during the election campaign to obtain its support in the elections. In the years preceding the coming to power, the Hitler party was actively engaged in issues of national agitation and propaganda. In their oral, printed and practical activities the Nazis sought to influence the consciousness and mood of the broadest sections of the German population and used a specific and diverse set of tools for that purpose. In the struggle for influence on the masses they used social and national demagogy, provocations and the latest technology of their time. The author notes that Nazi propaganda was quite inventive and opportunistic. The Nazis skillfully used the plots of German history, which found a deep response in the hearts of Germans, who hungered for commonness with their national heritage and historical past. They constantly appealed to faith - the only substance that gives meaning to human life and supports a person in difficult circumstances. Propagandists methods included vicious satire, concentration on a particular issue chosen as the paramount one in a given socio-political situation, reasoned accusations against an incompetent government, the search for and condemnation of the "enemies" of the nation. Nazi ideologists and orators, who were perfectly fluent in their voices, cleverly used multiple repetitions of phrases, persistent appeals to idealism and heroism. Propaganda was considered as the art of pragmatics, as the main means to achieve a political goal. However its practical role and subsequent influence on the masses were never overestimated. The author shows that with the active use of mass media the Nazis managed to create a broad social base of their movement.

The article studies the opposition of the people of the USSR and the Red Army to the troops of fascist Germany and its allies in battles for the Caucasus in days of the Great Patriotic War. It shows courage and mass heroism of the Soviet people in fight against the general enemy in the longest fight of World War II. The leadership of Germany put before the troops attacking the Caucasus a task to break in Transcaucasia on the coast of the Black and Caspian seas, through the Caucasian passes. It was supposed to occupy food areas of the North Caucasus, oil fields in Kuban, Grozny and Baku, thus providing the armed forces with fuel and depriving the Soviet troops of it. At the same time they planned to put pressure upon Turkey for the purpose of her introduction in war against the USSR and also to threaten the Middle East and through Iran, Afghanistan to break to India, the colony of the British Empire. The research shows that the German command underestimated the power of the USSR and overestimated its own forces that led not only to defeat in the Caucasus, but also in the war against the USSR.

The current situation in Russia and the majority of other countries of the world regarding environmental policy in general, and the management of production and consumption waste in particular, has reached a significant impasse. One possible way out of this situation is the concept of circular economy. The article discusses its main provisions and notes that it can be implemented only in the context of political, educational, legal and other reforms. Therefore, the authors focus on the analysis of the legal mechanism to achieve the goals and objectives in the field of reducing the volume of waste produced in the country, creating conditions for the development of technologies for its processing and recycling. This will require the establishment of a new legal category "environmental entrepreneurship", with the enforcement of a system of incentives, permits, restrictions and prohibitions in legal acts aimed at a fundamental change in the existing model of waste management. The development of this legal institution will entail the adjustment of a number of civil contracts, including the further development of environmental insurance contracts and ecological audit. The authors pay special attention to the fact that the supporters of the concept of circular economy usually write about it as an ideal, its parameters and the main elements, economic effect, the fight against unemployment, etc., however, few people pay attention to the selection of stages of "reaching the ideal" -a number of steps, consistent passage of which would allow a particular country in the world (including Russia) to fully switch to the standards of circular economy. In modern scientific works on the theory of circular economy very little attention is paid to the role of law in this process. The article attempts to bridge the gap.

The article is devoted to the legal analysis of formal certainty level of the norms of the labor contract institution in the labor law. It defines the main features of the evaluative concepts of this institution, their role in ensuring the completeness of the speciication of labor relations that are subject to legal regulation. The importance of an objective-subjective analysis of the application of evaluative concepts of the labor contract institute is analyzed through the analysis of speciic circumstances based on peculiarities of social and labor legal relationships, partial specification of the norms of the labor contract institution in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, local regulation of labor relations and judicial practice in unifying the formal certainty of the norms of the labour contract institute. The authors come to the conclusion that the formal certainty of the norms of the labour contract institution is mediated by the subjective-individual nature of the employment relationship. A distinctive feature of the evaluative standards of the institution under study is a purposeful, programmed need for formal certainty of diverse legal phenomena that are not included in a speciic list in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. A laconic statement of the text of the legal norm presupposes the inevitability of the presence of certain evaluative provisions in the regulation of the employment contract. The correct (that is, corresponding to the idea of the legislator) understanding of the evaluative concept of labor law when it is implemented in legal relationships is of great importance, since only it ensures compliance of the normative order with the goals pursued by the legislator in its adoption.

The article touches debatable questions of conducting anti-corruption examination of the legislation by subjects of anti-corruption examination. The supervising examination in the sphere of anti-corruption which is carried out by bodies of prosecutor's office serves the subject of the conducted research. The author pays special attention to features of the expertizes on propensity for corruption which are carried out by bodies of prosecutor's office and also the difference from the similar examination which is carried out by other subjects. Methodological basis of the conducted research is the dialectic materialism and general scientific methods of knowledge based on it: analysis, synthesis and other. However, the preference is given to specifically legal methods: formal legal, comparative legal and other. The author concludes that the supervising expertize which is carried out by bodies of prosecutor's ofice is one of the most productive types of examination due to independence of the bodies of regulations developers on the one hand, and the frequency of conducting anti-corruption examination, as well as the wide experience in this area,. The need for the solution of a number of problems related to the practice of anti-corruption examination by bodies of prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation and independent experts is proved in article. The solution of these problems will allow to considerably increase the quality of the legislation, as well as the level of legality and law order in modern Russia.

The article studies some tendencies of development of lawmaking work on the way of improvement of the Russian legislation on resorts. The draft No. 555658-6 of the Federal law "On Modification of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, the Town-planning Code of the Russian Federation and Separate Acts of the Russian Federation" which is considered in the State Duma today is taken as the basis. The analysis of this bill showed that nowadays the developers of changes in the Russian legislation on resorts tend to its "deecologization", that is to mitigation of the standard bans established for the purpose of preservation and rational use of medical natural resources. The bill reveals some "painful points" connected with alleged cancellation of the existing classification of the Russian resorts, change of management order and a legal regime of their separate zones with special conditions of use, future "amnesty" of illegal structures in resorts. The conclusion is drawn that such innovations will affect the quality negatively. "Lobbist tendencies" in the course of change of the resort legislation for the purpose of free realization of some business interests in construction and other spheres are revealed. The legal model of an optimum ratio of such interests with preservation of resorts as one of the major public benefits at the present stage is stated.

The article deals with issues related to understanding the purposes and place of committing the act of international terrorism, a new crime against the peace and security of humankind introduced into Russian criminal legislation in 2016. The question of criminalization of act of international terrorism was one of the most discussed in the doctrine of national and international criminal law in Russia and abroad. However, the introduction of the norm of an act of international terrorism in the Russian Criminal Code prompted many authors to argue about the under standing of the signs of this crime, primarily its purposes and place of its committing. The author formulates an original understanding of such purposes of the act of international terrorism as "violation of peaceful coexistence of states and peoples" and "harming the interests of the Russian Federation". Thus, under the first of the above purposes, it is suggested to understand the aspiration of the guilty person who committed the act of international terrorism to the result in the form of any deterioration in the state of international peace, to the provocation of war between states or non-international armed conflict between peoples. The second alternative purpose of the act of international terrorism is the aspiration of the person who committed this crime to damage Russia as a subject of international law, as well as life, health, freedom or inviolability of citizens of the Russian Federation, representing it as a state or performing official functions on behalf of the Russian Federation. The main types of harm inflicted on Russia as a state and a subject of international law in case of committing an act of international terrorism, are the economic, military, and reputational ones. Taking into account the author's definition of the purposes of the act of international terrorism, the article identifies possible options for the legislative dei-nition of the place of committing the crime. As a result the author concludes that if the act of international terrorism is committed with a view to violate the peaceful coexistence of states and peoples, then the place of committing this crime has no legal significance. In the event that a terrorist act is committed with the aim of harming Russia's interests, it can be regarded as an act of international terrorism only if it is committed outside the Russian territory.

Nowadays the legal opportunity for the public to receive information on the activities of public authori­ties is of great importance. Appropriate legislation ex­ists in all democratic countries of the world. The initial provisions on the human and citizen's right to access information on the activities of public authorities are contained in the constitutions of the countries of the world, or acts of constitutional legislation. In the Unit­ed States of America, as in the state with the oldest written constitutions, there are unique features of the legal regulation of citizens' access to information on the activities of the public administration. Despite the basic legal norm of the constitution on freedom of speech, it is necessary to consider the rights to get access to information in the US in close connection with the right to petition government authorities. This is confirmed by the analysis of the current constitutional legislation, the norms of which are aimed at establishing and guaranteeing, as well as creating the mechanism for exercising the right to access information on the activities of public authorities. The US population has many opportunities to demand and receive information from authorities. At the same time, as in other states, the US has a legally established a list of grounds on which applicants may be denied information.

The article studies the cognitive zoomorphic metaphor by a number of insect nominations. In particular, an attempt is made to classify models of metaphorical transfer existing in the language, in which the concept-referent "butterfly" participates. The interest in the metaphor dates back as far as antiquity, but in the XX century, it becomes an independent object of study in various humanities sciences. The main tasks solved over many years in the framework of philosophy, psychology and linguistics were the definition of the essence of the metaphor, its linguistic possibilities and boundaries of use, the rules for the transition from direct meaning to the metaphorical one, and the differentiation of metaphorical expressions from nonmetaphorical ones, in turn, gave birth to two approaches to this phenomenon: the semantic and the pragmatic ones. According to the semantic view, the metaphor has a double meaning: the literal meaning, which follows from the sum of lexical meanings of its components, is false, and the metaphorical is true. The pragmatic view focuses on the speaker's achievement of a certain reaction of the hearer, which cannot be deduced from the meaning of the metaphor s/he uses. Thus, the metaphor reveals certain properties and characteristics of things based on similarities to other things that are not part of the metaphorical meaning, but arise only in the process of using it in certain contexts and situations. The main problem of metaphorization raised by cognitive science is the problem meaning and sense correlation. Cognitive metaphor is one of the aspects of human thought activity. Its function consists in the world-modeling, conceptualization of reality. The cognitive model of language assigns a central place to metaphor as the basic principle of structuring knowledge, which consists in describing one sphere (often abstract) in terms of the other. Moreover, the language system is a network of values that are related to each other by metaphorical transfer relationships. For such a transfer to take place, it is necessary to have the foundations of a metaphor -a common sign of the donor and recipient zones, the correlate and the referent, although the possibilities of human imagination in terms of establishing correspondences are unlimited. The relevance of the work is connected with the analysis of metaphorical modeling as a universal category within the framework of cognitive linguistics, which reflects the mechanisms of human thinking. The study of the range of metaphorization in this work is carried out on the basis of poetic texts of Russian literature.

The article is devoted to genre and style features analyses of the modern American novel, which peculiarity is based on the author's, not typical for fiction description of the reality, with the unique manipulative influence on the reader that proves the intellectual originality of the given text. This characteristic feature is reflected in the main character speeches, which make them realize the life purpose, make a choice, gain faith and be ready to contradict the illusion and the reality. Grammar peculiarity of the text is the usage if simple and expanded sentences. The necessity to distinguish the information bit, to understand and comprehend it, is the main pragmatic feature of the text. Translation of the action requires preservation of esthetic and pragmatic influence on the reader and preconditions the use of translation transformations at different levels. Besides, it is important to consider the basic knowledge of the representatives of different linguocultures, which may lead to an inadequate comprehension of the original text. The grand purpose of the text translation is to preserve the emotional tense of the main character's relations, which is presented with the help of different means of artistic emphasis. Translator factor plays the key role due to the twofold position of the latter, namely the recipient of the original text and the source of the translation.

In the article the author turns to the dramatic discourse of the XX century, namely to the drama of B. Brecht. The author views it as a set of texts in which a system of dramaturgic techniques and principles of theatrical play is described, and directly the texts of "epic" dramas. This understanding is due to the analysis of the text through the prism of autode-scription, which is the main direction within the cognitive-discursive paradigm of knowledge. The author assumes that the text of "epic" drama, as well as the artistic text, is characterized by the presence of an intertextual connection, which is expressed in the form of quoting the words of various authors, as well as in the form of author's inclusions. Such elements in B. Brecht's dramas are the "songs" and recitatives. In addition, the article distinguishes the main distinctive features of a recitative and a "song" by means of comparative analysis. B. Brecht's "song" is characterized as a kind of "text in the text" with a special syntactic structure typical of lyrical works. Within the framework of this issue, the author analyzes their semantic and structural typology. Thanks to the structural analysis, these types of "songs" are distinguished. These are a monologue, a dialogue and a chorus. Analyzing the content of such monologues, the author assumes that the speech, which refers to one actor, is a monologic story that reveals the main themes and problems of the work. The "songs"-dialogs follow the same direction, but the replicas are not a traditional question / answer, but they remind us of a consistent story on a single theme of several acrors. "Song"-chorus is characterized as a "collective" monologue, because it is simultaneously in the speech of several persons, but at the same time does not require a response from the interlocutor. The recitative in the drama text by B. Brecht as opposed to the "songs" does not follow the laws of poetry. They are characterized by a prosaic form of expression and the absence of a title. Their rhythmic pattern is characterized by asymmetry, and the intonation scheme is similar to natural speech. In semantics, the author singles out the elements in the form of didactic instruction and summary information. As a result, the author concludes that the text of the "epic theater" reveals many similarities to the narrative genres, which makes it particularly interesting and relevant for modern linguistic science.

The article describes what kind of linguistic differences appear during the analysis of Hungarian and Russian newspaper articles, performs a comparative analysis of actualization of the verbal meanings in news articles (parallel texts). This work aims to identify the contextually determined meanings and functioning of russian and hungarian verbs, also presents the differences between the grammar systems of the two mentioned languages. The empiric basis of the work are Hungarian and Russian newspapers, magazines and various Internet portals transmitting the news of the world. In the analysis of the news of Russian and also Hungarian sources translated by author and are considered as equivalent and adequate Newspaper texts - representing news of the same content in both languages. The relevance of this work is that using a comparative analysis as a method, it is possible to identify the differences between translation solutions and strategies (each translation is subjective in this aspect), how the typical translation difficulties associated with the specific meanings of the Hungarian and Russian languages. These factors in many ways affect the perception and interpretation of the same news, transmitted in different languages, and there are specific differences between the focuses of producer and receptor as well.