Introduction. The article deals with two theoretical aspects concerning transformation of world order. First of all, Amitav Acharya’s attitude implies new order of world politics with regional order of intergovernmental and non-governmental ties. Secondly, traditional international organizations tend to have unclear prospect due to turbulency of changes. Consequently, their future and sustainable development depend on adjustment to new conditions. In 2026, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) celebrates its 25th anniversary, which has become an opportunity to examine certain aspects of its history. Materials and methods. The historical and genetic method and the theory of new regionalism by B. Hettne and F. Soderbaum have been implemented in the research. The source base is formed by SCO documents, media materials, data from the Roscongress Foundation digest, and statements by politicians. Analysis. Since 2001 SCO evolution has been associated with the process of expansion and change in functional focus. The organization was focused on regional security issues, whereas now the focus has shifted to economic relations, logistics and financial independence. SCO geography has been widened with India, Pakistan, Iran and Belarus accession. New participants have made the geopolitical rank of the organization higher but also have created new complexities. Central Asia remains the core region, but the SCO must act and coordinate its policies within a new spatial framework. Therefore, it turned out to be more functional for China to begin building relations with the Central Asian republics through the strategic China - Central Asia format. Results. Since 2001 the novelties in quantity and quality shifts have raised the issue of leadership within the organization to a new level. One possible model for Russia and China under these circumstances could be asymmetrical leadership, the potential of which requires careful study. 

Introduction. During the First World War, Swiss multicultural society was polarized between supporters of the Central Powers and supporters of the Entente. In the final stages of the “Great War,” the need to engage citizens in political decision-making emerged. In particular, the referendum on Switzerland’s membership in the League of Nations, held in May 1920, is worth noting. The press served as one of the institutions that engaged the Swiss in political processes. The disintegration processes that unfolded in the Central European empires in the final year of the First World War acted as a catalyst for foreign policy activity and the domestic political unity of the Swiss Confederation as a republic. Materials and Methods. The study is based on periodicals published in Switzerland in 1918. Newspapers representing German-speaking liberals (Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Der Bund), French-speaking socialists (La Sentinelle), and independents (L’Impartial) were selected using a retrospective method. A discourse analysis of texts from daily Swiss newspapers, applied alongside a historical-typological method, enabled an analysis of the system of stimulating political activity among the Swiss. The nature of the sources justified the use of a comparative method. The political spectrum under consideration allowed for the identification of the specific methods of including various social groups in the decision-making process. Karl Deutsch’s communication theory served as the paradigm of the study. Within its framework, the authors consider the press as one of the institutions used by Swiss society to come up with political decisions regarding the structure of Switzerland in particular and Europe as a whole during the final stages of the First World War. Analysis. The upheavals that occurred during the final stages of the “Great War” forced publishers of the widely distributed press to define the role of various political subjects – citizens and classes – in the emerging post-war order. In early 1918, the central issue shaping public discourse was the right of nations to self-determination. In the summer and autumn of 1918, the food crisis in Austria-Hungary was in the focus of the Swiss newspapers. The proclamations of new-founded national states in October-November 1918 – Czechoslovakia, the State of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, Hungary, and German Austria – were followed by the refusal of Emperor-King Charles I (IV) to participate in the affairs of state in Austria (November 11) and Hungary (November 13). Under these circumstances, Swiss society had to formulate a position regarding the dissolution of Austria-Hungary and the nation-states emerging from the fragments of the Habsburg monarchy and to redefine its own place in changing European politics. Results. The study demonstrates the role of the press in the nation-building processes that unfolded in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. 

Introduction. The history of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula still occupies a central place in global and domestic historiography. The rise of nationalism among “small” peoples in the region, coupled with the political ambitions of the great powers, led Europe to catastrophe in 1914. The mechanisms used by Austria-Hungary, Russia, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy to strengthen their positions in the Balkans continue to be of significant research interest today. Particular attention is paid in this regard to the recognition by European political leaders of the importance of combining military-strategic and economic approaches to consolidate their influence in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary was one of the first to understand the importance of intensifying foreign economic ties with the states of the region, including Serbia, whose ambitions posed a threat to the stability of the Habsburg Empire. Materials and Methods. The primary historical source is the reports of Russian diplomats serving in the embassies and consulates of Serbia and Austria-Hungary. The author utilizes historical-genetic, historical comparative, and historical-typological methods, as well as economic history approaches. Analysis. At the turn of the 20th century, Austria-Hungary, using the terms of the 1881 trade agreement with Serbia, controlled most of its foreign economic relations. Germany and other European states, particularly Russia, were significantly inferior to the Habsburg Empire in this regard. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy repeatedly used restrictions on Serbian exports to achieve its own objectives. On the one hand, this factor was explained by the desire of Hungarian farmers to limit the position of Serbian competitors in the empire’s domestic market, and on the other, it was explained by the desire to exert pressure on Belgrade in the event of disputes. This factor forced Serbia to address the issue of diversifying its own exports and developing its processing industry. Results. Austria-Hungary experience in developing economic ties with Serbia demonstrates the importance of this process for ensuring more stable political relations between Vienna and Belgrade. However, this arrangement only had long-term prospects when cooperation between the partners was based on mutual benefit, something that Austria-Hungary and Serbia periodically encountered problems with. 

Introduction. This article examines the features of taking the military oath by Muslim subjects of the Russian Empire. Military service involves fulfilling obligations that involve risk to life and limb, requiring sacrifice and a willingness to obey orders. All of this must be motivated by sacred obligations that a person undertakes not only to others but also to divine will, which is reflected in the words of the oath. Materials and Methods. The article is based on objectivity and historicism principles. Different works by researchers who studied the characteristics of military service in Russia during the specified chronological period were drawn upon. Both published and independently identified sources pertaining to legislative acts and executive branch documents were used. Both general scientific and specialized historical research methods were employed. Analysis. Based on the document discovered in the State Archives of the Krasnodar Krai and drawing on research on similar issues, the authors reconstruct the circumstances of the oathtaking by Muslim military personnel. This is viewed as part of the process of fostering loyalty among subjects of the empire, regardless of their religious affiliation. Efforts to develop a unified approach to the tradition of military oath-taking among Muslims in Russia are described. The circumstances surrounding the recruitment of Islamic clergy into military service and their role in organizing the oath of allegiance ritual are explored. Results. The authors concluded that imperial authorities sought to ensure their subjects could freely satisfy their religious needs, seeing this as a guarantee of their loyalty, including during military service. The oath Muslims took was reinforced by an appropriate appeal to Islamic values and was carried out through revered religious attributes. 

Introduction. This article examines the events surrounding the Russian Empire's political leadership's attempts to address a number of geopolitical, economic, and related issues on the country's southern borders. The aim was not only to significantly strengthen control over the southern borderlands but also to secure new opportunities for projecting military and political influence into new, distant territories. The aim was to achieve political dominance and economic dividends throughout the Caspian region, laying the groundwork for advancing its interests in Central Asia and India. The author also sought to prevent the Ottomans from entering the region and significantly weaken their ability to influence the ethno-states of the Northeast Caucasus and Georgia. The successful conclusion of the Northern War made these objectives possible for Russia. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity, and also draws on a number of historical methods that made it possible to comprehensively understand the studied source and historiographic base, drawing on a large number of documentary sources and scholarly works by Russian and foreign historians of different generations, dedicated to the socio-political processes that took place in the North Caucasus and adjacent territories in the first quarter of the 18th century. Analysis. The author of the article points to the important role of diplomacy in the actions of Peter I, who tried to conceal his true intentions from both Istanbul and the Shah's authorities, giving his actions in the region the character of a police action aimed at suppressing the rebels and protecting his subjects. At the same time, the assessment of the general political situation is based on the works of P.G. Butkov and J. Bell, who pointed out the instability of the political preferences of local feudal lords, who were highly dependent on the influence and balance of external forces. The author also agrees with the opinion of D.A. Korsakov and S.M. Solovyov, who emphasized the exceptional role of the Astrakhan governor A.P. Volynsky in St. Petersburg's decision to launch an expedition to the Caspianregion. An important part of the analysis included ideas and provisions drawn from the works of researchers of the Soviet and postSoviet periods of Russian historiography and foreign scholars. Results. Based on the results of the study of historical materials from central archival repositories and presented in collections of official documents, as well as taking into account the opinions of Russian historians I. V. Kurukin, V. V. Lapin, V. P. Lyscov, N. A. Sotavov, N. D. Chekulaev and others, with the involvement of works by foreign scholars Charles King, Robert Massey, Lindsay Hughes and contemporary Iranian researchers, the author came to the conclusion that the need for the Russian army's campaign in the Caspian region was dictated by the new international role and capabilities of the Russian state associated with the results of the Northern War; new geopolitical challenges facing Russia, but was not fully realized due to a number of factors. 

Introduction. The article is devoted to the history of the development of theatre criticism in the North Caucasus. One of the main sources of theatre criticism in the North Caucasus province is the local periodical press. The author has analyzed articles on theatre activities in the North Caucasus published in regional newspapers. The research period covers the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, which is due to the founding of the first newspaper in the North Caucasus (1850) and the beginning of the revolutionary events (1917). Materials and methods. The study is based on of objectivity and historicism principles, using the methods of traditional historical research: the retrospective, the chronological and the comparative historical ones. The newspapers of the North Caucasus, which paid attention to the theatrical issue in every issue, were the main source for the study of theater criticism in the North Caucasus. Analysis. The author analyzed articles on theatrical activities in the North Caucasus published in regional newspapers. The analysis showed that with the advent of the periodical press, theatrical criticism originated and developed in the North Caucasus. The reviews of the theater on the newspaper pages were, on the one hand, the end product of a theatrical production, on the other hand, they were a powerful impetus to the development of theatrical business in the city. Thanks to theater criticism, today there is an opportunity to find out what the creators of the plays wanted to put into their work, how the audience perceived them, thereby analyzing the socio-cultural space of the city of that era. Results. Based on the results of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the emergence of theatre criticism in the provinces occurred precisely on the pages of the periodical press. 

Introduction. The article examines the slowdown in cooperation and subsequent crisis in Soviet-Hungarian trade and economic relations in the 1980s. Materials and Methods. The study is based on interdisciplinary approaches, integrating economics and political history. The historicism principle stipulates the reference to various sources (historical research, statistical materials, statements and speeches by party and government leaders, analytical materials from the Institute of Economic Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and archival documents relating to negotiations between party leaders and academic circles in the Hungarian People’s Republic and the USSR in the second half of the 1980s). Analysis. The article analyzes the role of Hungary in the international socialist division of labor in the 1970s and 1980s, which was initially beneficial for the country. The influence of economic reforms and the construction of market socialism on economic relations of Hungary with other Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) member countries is examined. The article concludes that participation of Hungary in the international socialist division of labor in the 1970s had a positive impact, resulting in a significant increase in the well-being of the Hungarian population. At the same time, the article analyzes the growth of Hungarian imports from developed capitalist countries, which led to significant dependence of the country on Western financial institutions in the 1980s. It also cites materials from negotiations between Hungarian party and economic delegations at the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Institute of Economic Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the possibility of enhancing trade and economic relations with the USSR. Results. According to the author, the slowdown and decline of trade and economic relations between Hungary and the USSR were influenced by such factors as the absence of a socialist market, the outdated pricing mechanism within CMEA, and the growing role of hydrocarbon exports in Soviet international trade. The relevance of the study is due to the possibility of using historical experience to develop a strategy for cooperation between Russia and other states within the Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). 

Introduction. In 1293, the “Statutes of Justice” were adopted in Florence, a semblance of a democratic constitution that legitimized the predominance of the popolani – simple artisans and merchants – in governing the city-state. This political regime essentially persisted until the end of 1532, when the Republic of Florence ceased to exist as an independent state. Despite wide access to government posts, the people who came to power did not achieve social unity, dividing themselves into the poor – the “lean people” – and the rich – the “fat people”. Materials and Methods. The article is written using traditional historical research methods. The analysis shows that three generations of the Medici family, descended from the popolani strata, although they introduced certain elements of oligarchic rule into the society of the city-state, especially noticeable under Lorenzo de’ Medici, nevertheless did not overthrow or dismantle the republican system. It was destroyed by foreign troops. Results. The study concluded that by the end of the 14th century, Florence was a republic with clear signs of a democratic structure.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the urgent and important scientific problem of the formation and development of international trade between the states of Eastern and Western Europe with the largest trade and economic centers of the Near and Middle East in the medieval era and the role of the Russian state in this process. Materials and methods. Based on a wide range of Arabic, English, Russian and local written sources and archaeological data, using the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, generally accepted historical methods and an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the problem, the author examines the ways of formation of international trade along the Volga-Caspian trade route in the medieval period. Analysis. In the course of the study, the main trade routes and the most important trade and economic centers on them, such as Itil, Derbent and Ardabil were analyzed, and in the XV – XVI centuries – Hadji Tarkhan, Astrakhan, Kolmogory, Derbent and Shamakhi. The article examines in detail the Eastern and European goods that were in high demand in the markets of the cities of the Arab Caliphate, Persia, and Shirvan, where the furs of the “Russian North”, which were highly valued in the East, are highlighted. The article pays special attention to the leading role of the Russian state in the development of transit trade along the Volga-Caspian trade route and its importance for the formation of the well-known international transit North-South corridor. Results. Important conclusions are drawn about the special significance of the Volga-Caspian trade route in the history of trade, economic, socio-cultural development of such famous Eastern European states of the 9th - early 13th centuries as Volga Bulgaria, Ancient Rus, Khazaria, and since the second half of the 16th century – the Russian state. The complete collapse of the Golden Horde in 1502 and the conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates by Ivan the Terrible allowed Moscow to firmly establish itself on the Volga and gain control over the Volga-Caspian trade. The conducted research shows that Astrakhan, built in 1558 by order of Ivan the Terrible at the mouth of the Volga, soon turned into not only the main Russian stronghold in the Northern Caspian region, but also became a major trading center where merchants from Persia, Shamakhi, Bukhara, Khiva and other cities of the East brought their goods. Despite the fact that in the first years after its construction, according to British sales agents, there were still not many Russian goods in the Astrakhan markets, the situation soon changed and Astrakhan became, as reported by Bukhara and Khiva merchants, the main harbor on the Caspian Sea, bringing thousands of gold coins daily to the royal treasury. The sultan’s attempt to take control of the Volga-Caspian trade was unsuccessful. Russian government continued to control the most important North-South transit corridor, and Russian merchants, according to written sources, conducted extensive trade in many major cities of Safavid Persia.

Introduction. The paper analyses the first articles in the Czechoslovak periodical press devoted to the Runciman Mission, one of Britain’s attempts to resolve the Sudeten German conflict by diplomatic means. In Soviet and Russian historiography, the Runciman Mission has, as a rule, not been examined separately from the broader policy of appeasement, whereas in foreignlanguage historiography there are virtually no specialized studies analyzing the British initiative through the prism of public opinion. Materials and Methods. The study is based on a content analysis of the official press of the major political parties of the First Republic: the Sudeten German, Agrarian, Communist, Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party, and National Socialist parties. Independent newspapers representing different regions were also examined: Lidové noviny as one of the largest independent newspapers in Czechoslovakia, Reichenberger Zeitung from the Sudeten region, and Slovenský hlas from Slovakia. Analysis. The study establishes that Czechoslovak periodicals primarily focused on assessing the personality of W. Runciman, articulated various expectations regarding Great Britain, and evaluated the decision to dispatch the mission to Czechoslovakia in different ways, often subjecting it to criticism. The Runciman Mission was interpreted as a symbol of possible international arbitration, which intensified attention to the mediator’s personal qualities and to the presumed position of Great Britain. At the same time, a tendency towards the politicization of the very fact of the mission’s arrival was observed, and this was equally characteristic of both Czech-language and foreign-language press. Results. The findings indicate a pronounced correlation between the party affiliation of the newspapers, their stance towards the government, and the nature of their rhetoric. A comparative analysis of Czech-, German-, and Slovak-language press made it possible to identify differences in the interpretation of the British diplomatic initiative not only in a party-political but also in a regional context. 

Introduction. The article examines the organization of diocesan missionaries in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, using the Stavropol Diocese as an example. The study analyzes the regulatory framework that defined the foundation of missionary activity. The problems and difficulties in organizing the institution of diocesan missionaries are examined. The inconsistency of their activities, which contributed to instability in the organization of schism and sectarianism prevention, is demonstrated. Materials and Methods. The article rests on objectivity and historicism and employs traditional historical research methods. The work utilizes archival materials from the State Archives of the Stavropol Krai. Chronological, historicalcomparative, and descriptive methods are used. Analysis. The significance of this issue is determined by the fact that missionary work developed not only as an instrument of state policy in the region but also as a response to the religious needs of the population, playing an important role in strengthening Orthodoxy. In the context of general imperial processes, the author analyzes changes in the approaches of diocesan authorities to missionary work. Results. The analysis revealed that diocesan policy toward missionary work was not static, but underwent significant changes in response to sociocultural conditions in the region and the religious policy. By demonstrating a compromise approach, diocesan authorities were able to maintain the high status of the Orthodox Church in the North Caucasus.  

Introduction. The article examines the views of Michał Czajkowski, an important figure of Polish political emigration, and Pan-Slavist, on Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian-Muslim ethnicity in 1872-1878. Materials and Methods. The authors analyze materials from the Russian press and memoirs, journalistic works, and Czajkowski’s fiction, with previously unutilized sources. Analysis. Results The article explores the circumstances of Czajkowski’s engagement with Bosnian issues and the writing of his novel Bosnia about Bosnia and Herzegovina. It characterizes his views on the Bosnian-Muslim ethnicity. Czajkowski wrote his novel about Bosnia and Herzegovina because of the start of Herzegovina uprising in 1875. The novel was published in the Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper edited by one of Russia’s main conservatives M. N. Katkov. Czajkowski advocated the creation of an independent Slavic state in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He held a positive view of Bosnian Muslims because of their struggle against Turks and noted their Slavic identity. In his correspondence with Russian diplomat A.G. Jomini and his old friend in Turkey Jacques Antoine Alleon during 1875-1878, Czajkowski outlined his project for transforming the Ottoman Empire into a Slavic federation. Results. Through his novel and his correspondence, Czajkowski sought to convey his position on the new uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina to both the authorities and the public. Czajkowski judged the Bosnian aristocracy (Muslim nobility), viewing them as opponents of the independence movement. He considered Bosnian Muslims, Serbs (and possibly Croats) to be one people. Czajkowski also had strong anti-German conviction, been an outspoken opponent of the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, believing that Russian emperor would never let it happen.  

Introduction. The article examines the specifics of the image of the USSR as shaped in the US periodical press and conveyed to American audiences in the context of key events of 1939–1940. It analyzes the role attributed to the Soviet Union in the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations, the conclusion of the GermanSoviet Non-Aggression Pact, the outbreak of World War II, the Russo-Finnish War, and the admitting of the Baltics and Bessarabia to the USSR, as well as the specifics of the constructed image of the Soviet state that flowed from this role. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of American periodicals that reported on important events in international relations and the role of the Soviet Union in these processes. The study used a diachronic analysis method, taking into account the principles of contextuality and interdisciplinarity. Analysis. The analysis showed that news mentioning the USSR, regardless of any particular events, were aimed at forming negative perceptions of the Soviet state, often using the technique of personification and the pejorative nature of the presentation of information. Results. The study of the characteristics of the USSR image in the US periodical press during this period revealed the following characteristic features: the personification of the USSR in the person of I. Stalin. His figure acquired such negative connotations as “dictator,” “warmonger,” “tyrant fearful of his cronies,” and “occupier”; the equating of Stalin with Hitler; and an expressively negative assessment of the USSR activities. 

Introduction. The Bolshevik reforms in the early 1920s remain at the center of scientific research, as they retain their theoretical and practical significance. The purpose of the article is to analyze the content of the transition period from war communism to a new economic model of management, which became a new level in the formation of political and economic processes in Soviet Russia. The historiography of the topic is represented by domestic and foreign studies. There are four stages in it: the first (1920s); the second 1930s – the first half of the 1950s; the third (1950s – the second half of the 1980s) and the post-Soviet (1990s to the present), each of which has its own ideological characteristics. Materials and methods. The article uses various methods and principles of scientific historical research: the principle of objectivity and historicism; comparative historical, narrative methods and the concept of “new local history”. The research is based on archival records. The novelty of the research lies in the study of little-known facts of the policy of the RCP(b) towards the rural population of the Kuban-Black Sea region during the transition from war communism to the NEP in 1920–1921. Analysis. The state of the agrarian sector of regional economy had a significant impact on the content of the implemented policy of the Bolsheviks, who initiated new methods and forms of interaction with the peasantry and the Cossacks. At the regional level, they acquired characteristic features in the organization of land management and elections to Councils. In 1920–1921. The food policy in the region was not fundamentally different from that implemented in the rest of Soviet Russia, which is why it became one of the causes of conflict between the Bolsheviks and the rural population. Results. It has been established that the Cossack region tried to preserve traditional forms of land use, self-government and the ability to independently manage its products, which met with active opposition from the RCP(b). In the context of a paradigm shift, the military-political crisis was partially overcome with the adoption of a new food policy. 

 Introduction. It is well known that wellorganized interaction of the subjects of the investigation is in many ways the key to the prompt and comprehensive establishment of all the circumstances to be proved and, as a result, the achievement of the goals of criminal proceedings. The topic has been studied by scientists, process specialists and criminologists, whose works have significantly enriched the theory of law. However, the works have not specified all the existing challenging issues. The scientific community is almost unanimous on issues of interaction, much remains to be discussed. There are points of view which are not only contradictory, but also diametrically opposed. Materials and methods. The research is based on the analysis of texts of scientific literature devoted to the issues of interaction between an investigator and an employee of an operational unit, as well as modern judicial and investigative law enforcement practice and regulatory legal acts regulating this aspect of law enforcement. The methodological basis of this research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main place is occupied by methods of information processing and logical analysis, synthesis induction, deduction, and generalization. Analysis. The vision of the concept, tasks, principles and forms of interaction between employees of the preliminary investigation bodies and employees of operational investigative units presented in the work, based on the analysis of existing points of view on the phenomenon under consideration, the regulatory legal framework and judicial investigative practice, makes it possible to approach the resolution of some of the existing problematic issues of the organization and implementation of interaction of investigative subjects during identification and investigation crimes. Results. The work examines the legal basis of interaction with a sufficient degree of care. An employee of the investigative unit and an employee of the operational unit are considered as both participants in criminal proceedings and subjects of cooperation in the process of disclosure and investigation of a criminal offense in the context of modern effective interaction of these subjects. 

 Introduction The institution of state registration is one of the most important administrative and legal means of ensuring food security. It is widely used by the legislator as a regulator of public relations involving organizations involved in the production and turnover of agricultural products. The scientific novelty of the article is to identify the specifics of state registration activities in the field of food security and to form a theoretical basis for improving the relevant institution. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research consists of logical, dialectical-materialistic, systemic-structural and formal-legal methods. Analysis. The object of the study is public relations arising in connection with state registration activities involving organizations that ensure food security. The subject of the study is the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union regulating state registration in the field of food security. Results. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion was formulated on the need to introduce a special state registration (in relation to the general rules for the registration of a new type of food products) of cultured meat products allowed for circulation in the customs territory of the EAEU. The implementation of this proposal will contribute to the formation of an appropriate regulatory framework for the development and implementation of cultured meat products, which will serve as a factor in strengthening the collective food security of Russia and the EAEU member states, postulated at the level of Russian strategic planning. A promising direction for the development of the institute of state registration in the field of food security is the full coverage by the legislation of the EAEU of certain types of state registration (medicines for veterinary use, pesticides and agrochemicals, feed additives).  

Introduction. The article presents an attempt to examine the specific legal framework for the development of egovernment elements in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The development of e-government is accompanied by continuous improvements in its functionality, including such areas as increasing the transparency of government processes, stimulating citizen participation in decision-making through digital platforms, conducting electronic referendums and public discussions, etc. Materials and Methods. The study is based on regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The following methods were used: comparative analysis of legislation and formal legal analysis. The use of these methods allowed for the most comprehensive study of the topic. Analysis. Currently government policy and its legal framework are adapting to global trends in digitalization and the development of the data economy, leading to an expansion of terminology. Consequently, the concepts of digital government, digital state, and digital public administration have become widely used in the scientific community. Regional authorities play a key role in ensuring public access to information and promoting information technologies. This facilitates the gradual transition of regions to a new level of societal development, where information and knowledge occupy a central place. In this context, regional authorities are obligated not only to implement federal initiatives aimed at shaping the information society and developing digital technologies but also to adapt them to the specific economic, political, and cultural characteristics of the respective region. To achieve the goal of shaping the information society and data economy, the context in which the egovernment is currently developing in Russia and its regions, it is necessary to establish effective interregional cooperation and exchange of experience. Regional authorities are forced to develop regulations aimed at addressing the information and digitalization needs of the region, which leads to a variety of approaches to support these processes. Results. The analysis of the regulatory framework related to the development of e-government in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation revealed that the most detailed regulations are those related to the functioning of egovernment, interdepartmental information interaction, and the provision of online services. Regional legislation on the development of e-government elements tends to develop fragmentedly. place. In this context, regional authorities are obligated not only to implement federal initiatives aimed at shaping the information society and developing digital technologies but also to adapt them to the specific economic, political, and cultural characteristics of the respective region. To achieve the goal of shaping the information society and data economy, the context in which the egovernment is currently developing in Russia and its regions, it is necessary to establish effective interregional cooperation and exchange of experience. Regional authorities are forced to develop regulations aimed at addressing the information and digitalization needs of the region, which leads to a variety of approaches to support these processes. Results. The analysis of the regulatory framework related to the development of e-government in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation revealed that the most detailed regulations are those related to the functioning of egovernment, interdepartmental information interaction, and the provision of online services. Regional legislation on the development of e-government elements tends to develop fragmentedly. 

Introduction. The article examines the conceptual shift in the mechanism of state control over the income and expenses of public officials within the unified system of public authority in the Russian Federation. The authors analyze the transition from a notification-based declaration model to a system of continuous digital monitoring based on the Poseidon State Information System (SIS Poseidon), in the context of the entry into force of Federal Law No. 505-FZ dated December 28, 2025 «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation.  Materials and Methods. The methodological basis society under digitalization conditions includes both general scientific methods of cognition and special methods applied in socio-political and legal scientific research. The study primarily relies on the methodology of comparative legal analysis, systematic and comparative approaches. Analysis. The methodological foundations of the research demonstrate the transition from the traditional declaration model to a system of continuous monitoring based on algorithmic analysis of big data. The SIS Poseidon acts as a comprehensive legal tool integrating information flows from various state authorities. A systematic approach to the research demonstrates the transition from fragmented control to a comprehensive monitoring system based on algorithmic analysis of big data and automation of corruption risk detection processes. Comparative legal analysis reveals the evolution of the legal status of the SIS Poseidon as a multifunctional anti-corruption tool integrated with state information systems. Problem analysis helps determine the main directions for improving anti-corruption legislation under digitalization conditions. Results. The research allows formulating the following conclusions. The implementation of the SIS Poseidon creates a unified digital platform for anti-corruption control, ensuring continuous monitoring of financial activity, automated detection of corruption risks in public and municipal administration, prompt response to violations, increased effectiveness of control measures. The legal effect of transformation is expressed in creation of a modern anti-corruption control system, improved efficiency in detecting violations, minimization of human factor in control procedures, balancing public interest and personal data protection. Promising directions for system development include improvement of artificial intelligence algorithms, expansion of SIS Poseidon integration capabilities, enhancement of specialists’ qualifications working with the system, ensuring information security. 

Introduction. The article substantiates the objective need for a systematic understanding of constitutional, civil, and international guarantees of respect for the rights of minors in clinical research, in order to ensure a balance between protecting the rights of the child (their dignity, health, and well-being) and developing pediatric clinical pharmacology (the development of evidence-based medicine, which is impossible without conducting clinical research). Materials and Methods. The following general scientific methods of cognition were used in the study: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, etc. Special attention was paid to the use of special legal methods (formal legal and comparative legal methods, the method of interpretation of legal norms, legal analogy, etc.). The materials for writing the scientific article were based on the legal acts of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, as well as the principles and norms of international law. Special attention was paid to the analysis of statistical data on clinical studies involving minors. Analysis. The authors compared international and domestic experience in legal regulation and implementation of the rights of minors in clinical research, highlighting the fundamental difference in approaches to determining the age of the assent in different countries. Results. The authors concluded that Russian legislation is characterized by a high degree of fragmentation and inconsistency, which is associated with a number of problems and gaps in the legislation. As a solution, the authors proposed a number of amendments to various legal acts, as only a comprehensive and systematic approach can create an environment that simultaneously protects minors while providing them with access to high-quality medical care with minimal risks. 

Introduction. The article is devoted to a systemic analysis of polycategorical functional-semantic complexes formed in modern German by constructions with prepositional deverbatives. The aim of the study is to identify and describe the mechanism by which the category of taxis (dependent temporal correlation of situations) acts as a semantic core capable of integrating with a wide range of meanings of logical-modal determinacy. Materials and Methods. The material used is examples extracted using a purposive sampling method from the corpus data of the Leipzig Corpus (LC) and the German Digital Dictionary (DWDS). The primary method used is functional-semantic analysis, supplemented by hypotheticodeductive and inductive approaches. Analysis. The study found that the taxis field in German has a structure with a clear gradient of syncretism: central prepositions with primary temporal semantics (während, vor, nach, seit, bis) express “pure” taxis relations, while peripheral prepositions with non-temporal semantics (bei, mit, durch, wegen, trotz, für) form the zone of adverbial taxis, where syncretism is a constitutive feature. The material provides a detailed description of stable syncretic subcomplexes: conditional-tactical, modal-tactical, instrumental-tactical, causal- and consequential-tactical, concessivetactical, and final-tactical. Results. The key theoretical result is the establishment of a principle of semantic dualism, universal for these complexes, which consists of the simultaneous incorporation of conceptual (logical-modal) antecedence and actual (situationalprocedural) simultaneity. This dualism reveals the two-dimensional nature of syncretism, where taxis provides an invariant temporal framework modified under the influence of the logical meaning being integrated. The status of taxis as a powerful integrative core category is demonstrated, and the construction with a prepositional deverbative confirms its effectiveness as a grammatical means of actualizing complex polycategorical semantic units.  

Introduction. Ideas about the family in Russian culture of the 19th century underwent major changes, which was clearly reflected in the literature of that time. However, the linguistic side of this process - in particular, how exactly the cross-cutting images and metaphors describing the family way of life changed - remains poorly studied. The paper is devoted to comparing the conceptual metaphors of the family in two iconic novels of Russian prose: War and Peace by L. Tolstoy and The Brothers Karamazov by F. Dostoevsky. The goal is to trace by what linguistic means the image of a refuge family is created in one author and a discord family in another, and to explain this shift in the cultural context. Materials and methods. The source material was the texts of these novels, as well as explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language to clarify the meanings of keywords. The theoretical basis of the work was the cognitive theory of metaphor, developed by J. Lakoff and M. Johnson, which considers metaphor not as a decoration of speech, but as a basic cognitive tool. The work used methods of continuous sampling of vocabulary related to family description, conceptual analysis of metaphorical models, and a comparative description of two types of language representation. Analysis. In Tolstoy’s novel, the family is consistently portrayed as a safe haven. This is expressed through vocabulary associated with protection and warmt, through verbs meaning care and preservation, as well as through turns emphasizing community. Here, the family space confronts the chaos of the outside world. Dostoevsky’s picture is exactly the opposite. His characters find themselves locked in family relationships that bring not peace, but suffering: the house turns into an arena of conflict, where the forces of alienation and enmity operate. This corresponds to words with a negative coloring (litigation, discord, humiliation, burden), the lack of generalizing names of the family as a whole and constant disputes instead of consent. Instead of the harbor metaphor, the image of a stumbling block works here. Results. The study showed that the transition from the Tolstoy idyllic family model to the Dostoevsky crisis model records serious shifts in the Russian public consciousness of the second half of the 19th century. The key parameters of the family image are changing: from a protected place, it turns into a source of threat; from the collective “we” disintegrates into isolated “I”; from the symbol of stability becomes a symbol of rupture and moral trial. Thus, the linguistic organization of the family concept of in classical literature serves as an accurate indicator of how traditional values gave way to reflection and the search for new foundations of being. 

Introduction. The conflict potential in the interaction of generations attracts high attention of specialists nowadays. The interdisciplinary character of the problem implies the ability of its investigation by linguists and philologists. The linguistic research of conflict situations occurring between generations must be developed. The paper e analyzes the novel with vivid intergenerational contradictions and reveals the ways of how such linguistic research can be realized. Materials and Methods. The paper is based on the postmodern novel of the Canadian writer and reporter Douglas Coupland “Generation X. Tales for an Accelerated Culture” (1991). The methodology includes synchronic-diachronic method and the regressive progressive method of the cultural hermeneutics, discourse analysis, lexical-grammatical and stylistic analysis. Analysis. The research reveals the use of the concept “generation” in contemporary science and in the analyzed novel by Douglas Coupland. It also displays the characteristics of the investigated discourse type. The axiological and pragmalinguistic traits of the speech behaviour of the intergenerational conflict participants are analyzed. The role of conflictprovoking words is revealed. The speech portraits of the characters invoked in the confrontation are included in the research. Results. The analysis displays the main language instruments implied by author in the description of intergenerational conflict. The verbal and non-verbal speech phenomena and the situation context take part in the conflict representation. 

Introduction. Modern professional and scientific communication is characterized by globalization of the academic space, in which scientists, strictly adhering to the principles of scientific ethics and norms of academic courtesy, rely on certain established norms in communication and interaction with each other, arguing their judgments and actions based on any official sources, precedent texts and institutional documents through multilevel hedging markers. to absolve oneself of epistemic responsibility for the proposed proposition. In this case, the reference to descriptive acts serves as one of the fundamental hedging mechanisms in institutional academic discourse, providing mitigation of categorical and assertive statements by delegating epistemic responsibility to documented research, authoritative normative texts and established institutional practices, thus implementing implicit strategies of rhetorical influence on the recipient and maintaining dialogue in the professional community. Materials and methods. The empirical research corpus includes scientific articles from the еLIBRARY in German and English, as well as a review of a dissertation in Russian, where descriptive acts implement hedging through references to certain sources. Analysis. The article analyzes the linguistic implementation of descriptive hedges (citation constructions, references, axiomatic statements) and their role in argumentation and representation of the results of various scientific papers. It is emphasized that reliance on descriptive acts promotes compliance with the norms of academic politeness, especially in multilingual contexts (foreign and Russian-language scientific discourse), and also ensures the acceptability of scientific statements in the professional community. Results. Thus, it is established that descriptive acts are universal and have high rhetorical effectiveness in written academic genres, since their systematic use activates strategies of implicit influence, minimizes conflict and enhances persistence, providing legitimacy of judgments within the institutional framework of the scientific community.