The article discusses the status of the city of Nakh-ichevan-on-Don. The city was founded by the Crimean Armenians in 1779, and in 1926-1928 it was the administrative center of the Armenian Myasnikovsky district. No single national district in the South of Russia had an administrative center in the city. Proclamation of Nakhichevan as the administrative center of the district enjoyed support among not only local officials and members of their families but the public at large, as they believed it conveyed deep national meaning. The leaders of the region and the district pursued a different goal. Having proclaimed Nakhichevan the center of the district, they tried to prevent the supporters of the Gadzievs clan that used to hold leading official positions in the district from regaining them. It was planned to relocate the center to Chaltyr or the Crimea as soon as Gadzievs's influence was eliminated. The author shows that in the year following the creation of Myasnikovsky district the higher management began to exert pressure on the Armenian authorities with the aim of making their own decisions about the transfer of the center of New Na-khchivan in one of large villages. In the discussion on the status of Nakhichevan as a district centre the fate of the city was under question. Without the consent of indigenous Armenian population of the Don, in 1928 the Central district of Nakhichevan was moved to the village of Crimea, and then to Chaltyr. In the same year, Nakhichevan was annexed to the city of Rostov-on-Don.

The article examines the views of contemporaries and historians on the relationship of spouses, family and marriage in the Italian society at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries. The analysis is conducted in the light of humanistic views that played a big role not only in the cultural, but also in the political life of the Italian society of the quattrocento period. The culture of Italian Renaissance favored the dialogue as the most significant sociocultural problems were discussed in the form of debates, and then they were transformed into everyday practice and became the norm. The concepts of humanists convey the need for a family as the main motive. Being the foundation of the secular organization of people, in the hands of theorists the family becomes an instrument for understanding and organizing the world, therefore society and the state paid much attention to this aspect. Historians studying the views of Giovanni Morelli, Leon Batista Alberti, Giovanni Boccaccio, Paolo da Certaldo, Kolyuchcho Salutati, Bernardino of Siena and Giannozzo Manetti concluded that humanistic thought produced a significant change in the mentality of society in the following century. The author suggests that the views on marriage were not exclusively Tuscan or Florentine, but it is quite certain that the new family relations originally appeared in Tuscany and Florence, and later on in other European societies.

The article studies the problems of relationship between war and post-war generations of the USSR and the GDR. The relations developed between the employees of SAG/SDAG Wismut created to extract and enrich uranium ore for the Soviet nuclear project. The topicality of the problem is preconditioned by an opportunity to form a positive image of the USSR in the world. The Soviet specialists that were sent to work SAG/SDAG Wismut became members of a team created from representatives of the two countries that had just completed a bloody war. Both on production and at home they represented the cultural traditions of their country. Therefore, they inevitably acquired the status of actors of cultural diplomacy. The research tasks were implemented on the basis of a set of documents. Those were the documents about the Soviet atomic project and the creation of SAG/SDAG Wismut, as well as memoirs of Soviet and German SAG/SDAG Wismut employees. The microanalysis allowed to specify and systematize memories as wekk as view them in a broader social context. The study made it possible to conclude that for many months and many years Soviet geologists, engineers and other technical workers lived and worked in a social space that was not only foreign, but also hostile. It was not easy to create an atmosphere of cooperation and friendship between the representatives of the two peoples, who were formerly deadly enemies. It is all the more surprising that they managed to create such atmosphere and the desired atom was doubly "peaceful".On the one hand, the creation of a Soviet atomic bomb was an important condition for preserving peace and preventing a new war, and on the other hand, work within the framework of the Atomic Project finally reconciled the postwar Soviet and the German youth, contributed to the creation of a positive image of the Soviet Union in Europe and in the world.

The reference to archival resources, heraldic and genealogical literature, as well as other sources, makes it possible to establish the identity and biographical data of Jan Pawel Szygowski. The study shows that he was one of the mediators in the compensation of Poland in 1677 incurred by the first Russian residence costs. The whole complexity of the mission, when internal and external problems affecting the Polish-Lithuanian state made it difficult to carry out the financial operation, is demonstrated. This, however, did not stop the process. Its circumstances and possible risks are clarified in the article. The analysis of Szygowskis's family traditions and the background explains the reasons for the overall successful completion of the "transfer", not the least role in which played the official position of Jan Pawel and his personal qualities. Along with this, considerable attention is paid to the manner of actions of the nobleman, the discovery of his potential accomplices, and useful business ties. Sufficient efficiency of payment from the crown treasury, executed in rather difficult conditions and allowing the embassy, despite the complications, to purchase the necessary inventory and provisions -to no small extent, is the merit of J. Szygowski.

The article discusses the reasons for deepening trade relations between Kumyk and Russia of the XVII century (mainly during the reign of Catherine II and Paul I). Among them, the following facts are noted: the location of Kumyks on the Volga-Caspian international trade route, a variety of political and economic ties with the Russian state and left bank neighbors that were established since the XVI-XVII centuries, the presence of the feudal elite that assimilated new household items quickly and passed to prestigious consumption, favorable natural and climatic conditions for farming, the policy of "caressing" that was carried out by the Russian authorities in the center and in provinces. A fairly stable situation in the region (before and after Sheikh Mansur uprising) led to the participation of the general population of Kumykia in trade operations with Russia. All these actions allowed Kumyks not only to develop, and specialize their own economy, but also to be intermediaries in trade with Iran and the mountain peoples of the region. At the same time, the formation of common economic space was hindered by the actions of some Russian commandants and customs officers, fees from merchants of Kumyk princes, discrepancies in the system of measures and weights, undeveloped infrastructure, etc.

N the first quarter of the XIX century, the international situation in Europe contributed to the increased interest to the Russian Empire from the audience of European newspapers and magazines. Books on travel, newspaper publications, caricatures and other materials were devoted to Russia. Scottish literary-critical magazine The Edinburgh Review was one of the most influential British editions, whose publications were also devoted to Russia and its sovereigns. Individual characteristics of the particular emperor allowed Edinburgh critics to evaluate him as an enlightened and progressive ruler, while the entire political model could be interpreted in terms of despotism. The article analyzes the publications of The Edinburgh Review, featuring Russian emperors, as well as characteristic features of personified and depersonalized images of sovereigns, in the structure of which along with personal judgments of reviewers archetypal and stereotyped elements are discovered.

The article gives a comparative analysis of dynamics as regards major natural resources in the upper reaches of the Oka river in the Oryol province during the first half of the XIX century. The topic under consideration is poorly studied so far. Military statistics digests served the main source of material as they provide objective and reliable data on geographic peculiarities of the region and its economic development. A comprehensive study of the sources was conducted with the use of both traditional scientific methods (system and retrospective analyses, structural approach) and modern approaches (civilizational approach, mathematical statistics method). The correlation of natural аnd anthropogenic factors in the agricultural community development in the south of Central Russia in abovementioned period was identified by the example of the Oryol province. The study highlights that thereduction of land allotment in the Oryol province did not breach the ecological niche in the first half of the XIX century. But further involvement of forest and grassland in agricultural use threatened with an imminent soil degradation and as a consequence entailed an environmental and socio-economic crisis in the region.

In Dodona, where one of the most ancient oracles of ancient Greece was located, various methods of divination were used. One of them was the use of gong in the form of bronze boilers. The use of bronze was not accidental: it was a symbol of purity and played an important role in purifying rituals. Originally the sanctuary had no walls, but was surrounded by a ring of tripods with boilers hanging on them. The sounds they emitted were treated as the message of Zeus himself. It is possible that the sound of the gong served also as a kind of protection against evil forces, being a shield of Zeus. This tradition was preserved in the Middle Ages, when the boiler was replaced with a bell. Despite the skepticism of a number of researchers, the presence of such boilers and a tripod is confirmed by the results of archaeological excavations conducted in Dodon. Currently, the remains of these boilers and a tripod are stored in the National Museum of Athens. The gong device itself, as can be concluded from sources, has been improved, as evidenced by the gift of Corfu inhabitants. Over time, the permanent sound of the Dodong gong came from the ancient Greeks in the proverb. The ancient Greek prophecy in Dodon, with the help of sound, was expressed in two phrases: the bronze of Dodona and the whip of Kerkyra.

The article describes the functioning of Voroshilov (Stavropol) state medical Institute during the Nazi occupation that lasted from August 1942 to January 1943. The recently established University in possession of appropriate material and technical base at the time of the occupation was fully staffed and ready to train a large number of specialists. This was due to, first, the evacuation of material resources, employees and students of the Dnepropetrovsk state medical Institute to Voroshilovsk. In turn, the German command guided by the principle of practical necessity and seeking to avoid outbreaks of various diseases showed interest in training medical specialists with appropriate qualifications for the entire North Caucasus after the capture of the city. Nevertheless, the educational process at the Institute was interrupted. It was caused primarily by liquidation of a significant part of the teaching staff carried out mainly in August and September 1942 during the punitive actions against the civilian population of the city. Despite a number of preparatory activities, the attempts of new authorities to resume their studies at the University failed. At the same time, there wasa number of units in the Institute that did not directly relate to the organization of the educational process, and some of their employees continued to be engaged in medical work at the clinical sites of the Institute. The article attempts to summarize available information, consider various evaluations of the given historical period of the Institute, as well as specify the activity conducted in the University during the occupation with account of sources that have not been previously used.

This article deals with an important problem of the Polish history during the interwar period, which has not yet found a special and proper reflection in domestic historiography. It studies the sphere of internal political relations: transformation of the constitutional foundations of the state structure in the Second Republic in Poland in the first half of the 1930s (1918-1939). The article highlights the circumstances accompanying the process of developing a new constitution, the conceptual basis for the state construction of the san-acja camp in Poland, the role of J. Piteudski in the process under consideration. The camp is viewed as the initiator of the process. The stages of constitution development are singled out, discussions on individual constitutional provisions within the camp are presented and the final approval of the agreed draft is made. The study follows the course of political confrontation between the sanacja camp and the opposition, which negatively perceived the desire of the ruling camp to review the constitution in accordance with their views. Attention is drawn to the difference in the approaches of the leading parties of the Polish opposition to the transformation of the constitutional foundations: the authoritarian aspirations of the nationalist Stron-nictwo Narodowe, not without participation of sanacja, contradicted the aspirations of the centrist and leftist parties of the democratic wing of the Polish opposition to preserve the foundations of the parliamentary-democratic system. The latter included the Polish Stron-nictwo of Christian Democracy, the National Workers' Party, the peasant Stronnictwo Ludowe, and the Polish Socialist Party. It shows how sanacja, in spite of opposing the opposition, managed to achieve the adoption of the constitution. The characteristic of the constitution is described as authoritarian, which predetermined the subsequent political evolution of the state system and political relations in the final years of the interwar Poland.

The article deals with the mechanisms of creating the historical narrative of the October revolution of 1917 as the basis of the Soviet ideology of the 1920s. The author analyzes the activity of Histpart members in the North Caucasus from the point of view of their participation in forming regional historical narrative of the October revolution of 1917. The study highlights active work conducted by Histpart members to form the concept of the October revolution and transfer it to the historical memory in connection with the anniversaries. The author considers a set of guidance materials to regulate the writing of the history of the October revolution, reflecting the power model of concept creation. With the reference to publications of Histpart members of the North Caucasus that were published for the tenth anniversary of the October revolution, the author has made an attempt to identify the key theoretical positions that served the base to form the historical memory of the inhabitants of the macroregion. The author notes their transformation into an ideological concept of the "Great October" as the foundation of a new Soviet identity. The article reveals the transformation of attitudes of the authorities on the content of the historical narrative associated with the transformation of Histpart into an instrument to approve the new political course of Stalin since the end of the 1920s.

The article analyses judicature in the Central Caucasus as formed by the end of the 1850s on the basis of legal acts of the previous decades. The article shows that the regional justice system evolved by analogy with the Russian one, but had its own features that were determined by the peculiarities of regional administering. The principles of administering and legal proceedings differed according to the category of population. Russian justice system adapted to the conditions of the Caucasus vicegerency was valid for civilians, while for tmountain dwellers specific mechanisms of judicature and legal proceedings were gradually developed. In accordance with them, the state law was brought into correlation with local juridical practice.

The article studies conditions and reasons for recurrence of the mass participation of the highlanders' societies in armed counteraction to the Russian Empire on completion of the active phase of the Caucasian war. In spite of the fact that by mid-1860s the process of peaceful incorporation of the North Caucasus in the sociocultural system of Russia was underway, occasional bursts of enmity overshadowed the dialog. New context of life and the atmosphere of ethnic and political reality in the region caused anxiety and lack of confidence among highlanders. The usual mode of life of locals was gradually falling down under the pressure of Russian state machine. The prejudices of the parties against each other also caused a conflict risk.

The article highlights the need for church reform in human resources. The material security of the parish clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church was marked by sharp contrast. In large cities, there were rich parishes, where the church clergy received a good reward for the performance of the services. However, the bulk of the parish clergy, which served in rural parishes, including the North Caucasus, on parishioners' donations, part-time farming and land cultivation. Obtaining alms and farming was humiliating for the clergy endowed by high legal status in the Russian Empire. In addition, with the reference to materials stored in the funds of the State Archives of the Stavropol Krai, the article studies the peculiarities of human resources reform that was carried out in the Caucasus Diocese since 1845. It reveals contradictions among church clerics that were generated by changes and the ways to overcome them. To improve the financial situation of the church clergy, the state carried out a number of reforms, but they failed to overcome the unfavorable situation in the material provision of the parish clergy aggravated by more global problems, even by the beginning of the 20th century.

The article studies the establishment of historical science and education in Stavropol in the context of time and attempts to assess the activities of first professional historians of Stavropol by the example of professors V. A. Romanovsky and P. A. Shatsky. The author studied the conditions and the peculiarities of scientific historical school development in the Stavropol Pedagogical Institute. The analysis of the state of historical knowledge in the first half of the 20th century is conducted, namely, the absence of academic centers to study the history of the North Caucasus and the Stavropol region and train scientific personnel. The article studies the reasons for the establishment of the historical faculty in the postwar period and the context of inviting a well-known all-Union level scientist Viktor Romanovsky that was fallen in disgrace that time. It is claimed that prior to V. A. Romanovsky the historical knowledge in the Stavropol region was at the prescientific level. The author differentiates the concepts of local history and historical science. The region needed to establish its own database of historical studies while seriously exploring the North Caucasus region and training its history experts - not only school teachers but also university-level scientists who were supposed to study the history of the North Caucasus. The author views the first period of establishing the Faculty of History (1946 - the end of the 1960s) as a fruitful stage in the development of Stavropol historical school. The works of the 50s-60s of the XX century served the basis for further study of many problems of political, economic, social and cultural development of the North Caucasus.

The article discusses the evolution of relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet State during the 1920s with the reference to materials of the Kuban River. The paper highlights the influence of Communist ideology on the development of religious policy of the Soviet State, defines its basic principles after the victory of the October Revolution and under the conditions of a new economic policy. The repressive measures of the Bolshevik party against clerics and Orthodox believers in the Kuban region during the Civil war and the campaign to confiscate Church values in the early 1920s are estimated. Examples of selfless conduct of traditional Orthodox faith believers under conditions of imposing the renovationist Church in the Kuban region, which played a negative role in weakening the ROC. The article reflects the contradictory attitude of the Soviet Government to the Orthodox Church in the midst of the climax of the NEP in the middle of the 1920s. On the one hand, there was a definite decline in repressive actions, on the other hand, there was certain strengthening of anti-religious propaganda, attempts to replace religious faith with new Communist ideology and the Soviet way of life. The author studies the influence of administrative-command system and the modernization of Soviet society in the late 1920s on strengthening the offensive nature of the anti-religious policy of the Soviet State and significant restrictions on opportunities available to the ROC. The article provides the examples of closure of churches and implementation of repressive measures against the clergy in the Kuban during grain procurement and collectivization of agriculture. Conclusions are drawn about the negative consequences of this policy for the future activities of the ROC and the Orthodox faith in the Kuban region and country on the whole.

The article is devoted to one of the most tragic periods in the history of our country - "great terror". The "harmful" processes of the 1930s in the North Caucasus are analyzed on the basis of their reflection in the regional press in 1937. The theme is very relevant in the national and world historiography of the Soviet period in the history of Russia. The content analysis of the Newspapers "North Caucasian Bolshevik" and "Ordzhonikidzevskaya Pravda" showed that the words "enemies" and "pests" most often repeated in the headlines and in the content of articles in 1937 there was not a single week in 1937 without detection of accidents, crashes, delays due to the fault of "hostile elements", "Trotskyist saboteurs", "class enemies". The methods of influence on public consciousness through the consecration of "harmful processes" in the press are revealed. The similarity and difference of the press coverage of high-profile all-Union and regional processes are analyzed. The stable speech practices of their reflection on the pages of the press in order to manipulate society are revealed. Methodological techniques of discourse analysis of press texts in the context of influence on mass consciousness are applied. The importance of the press to support Stalin's political regime is shown.

The paper based on materials of mass Soviet weekly Ogoniok of the 1920s features forms and methods of atheistic propaganda that was an integral part of mechanism aimed at creating a new socio-cultural identity in the Soviet society as well as one of the important practices of the Soviet power. Religious moral values of "the old society" were being replaced by Bolshevik ideology focused on collectivism and internationalism. The fight against religion was a form of the fight for "a new lifestyle", proliferation of new social practices and replacement of religious rites by civil ones. The magazine publications exposed the church as an outdated social institution that did not correspond with ongoing processes of modernization. The image of the church constructed by the press was directly related to political purposes of the Soviet power in that historic period. The author comes to the conclusion that the power used the press to introduce new values and ideas into public consciousness. In the 1920s the image of the church in publications was controversial. It ranged from allegations that the church was opposite to progress and science (in the early 1920s) to scathing invectives exposing clergymen as the enemies of the Soviet state (in the late 1920s).

Traditional forms to ensure the participation of the defendant in court included summons according to "pristavnaya pamyat" (bailiff's sheet), "zazyvnaay gramota" (call charter), "nakaznaya pamyat" (call order), "privod" (summons) of the defendant by the plaintiff with the help of a guard, bringing in and detention of peasants in court, detention of "pravykh" (not guilty) in court, preferably the best peasants of the defendant. At the beginning of the 18th century according to "sysknaya" and "nakaznaya pamyat" (search and call orders) it was necessary not only to ind and provide the defendant on bail, but bring them to the court or to receive "srochnaya skazka" (urgent messege) and put the "pravykh" (not guilty) peasants on maintenance. Suspected peasants were supposed to be brought to the court by their landlords. In the "investigative process", including the military courts, the accused were sought after, arrested and escorted into the prison with the use of all possible military, police and other methods. Some soft forms were allowed for those of the upper classes or even for lower nobility. Guarantee (the main means of ensuring the participation of the parties in the court) accompanied all the proceedings in the role of guarantor of the execution of judgments and the admission of the tolls to the treasury. In the absence of guarantors the defendant or the plaintiff were transferred, despite the prohibition, upon "dobraya rospiska" (voluntary note) to a third party, or even detained. The timing of the trial (start, pause, resume, etc.) depended on the will of the parties. Failure to come in the time set or the period chosen by the parties, lead to a charge (claim loss) "bez suda" (without trial), in all cases, except for "krepostnykh" (serfs). The means of registration of participants' attendance upon a summoning was "stavochnaya" petition ("skazka", "stavka" or a note). At the end of 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries there was a simplification and tightening of forms and means of summons, restriction of freedom of the defendant (the freedom to avoid the court). Legal proceedings was becoming even less a private matter of the parties.

Administrative responsibility is the most common type of legal liability applied for violations in the field of land legislation; its implementation in practice aims to maintain the proper land law and order in the state and thereby ensure the rational use of land in the Russian Federation. One of the most frequent violations in this sphere is the use of land plots for unauthorized purpose, the responsibility for which is defined by the legislator in Art. 8.8 of the code of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses. However, currently in the implementation of production on the offense the subjects of administrative jurisdiction often face the situation, when the legislation on administrative responsibility does to catch up with the changes introduced to land legislation. It should also be noted that there is some terminology inconsistency between the provisions of administrative and land legislation that also leads to certain difficulties in law enforcement. The article highlights the problematic issues related to the implementation of land use not in accordance with the legal regime (established category of land and permitted use), identifies and analyzes the gap in administrative-tort legislation faced by law enforcement officers in bringing to administrative responsibility for the use of land for other than its intended purpose, and substantiates the need to improve certain provisions of land legislation and the Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses.

Strengthening of anti-corruption policy is one of the main tasks of the development of a jural and democratic state in modern Russia. The first barrier to the corruption is an effective legislation system. One of the mechanisms to eliminate corruption is the anti-corruption assessment of normative legal acts. The following is asserted: firstly, the main specificity of the process of eliminating the corruption-related nature of legislation is its complexity and multidimensionality expressed in certain integrity and unique unity in differences. Secondly, as any type of activity, legal anti-corruption assessment implies the use of a special system of techniques and methods of legal technique (general method of cognition, information advance, interpretation of law, sociological method and functional analysis method, extrapolation and system analysis, statistics and peer review) aimed at ensuring the efficiency of achieving the goal. Thirdly, the methodology is a clear plan of action based on specific methods, an algorithm for the performance of certain activities. Each methodology has its own programme - a general outline, consisting of methodological and procedural sections that serve the base for information collection, analysis and interpretation in order to obtain certain conclusions. The key task of using the methodology programme is to carry out an assessment of normative and legal acts and bills with the purpose of identifying and excluding the provisions that create conditions for corruption crimes. Also, the programme of the methodology is aimed at eliminating the very possibility of such provisions in prospective regulatory legal acts.

The article attempts to reveal the legal nature of real rights in general, and the rights to land, in particular. The author has studied and analyzed the provisions of the existing civil, land, administrative legislation, regulating property rights and limited real rights to land. The concreteness of the Russian legislation with regard to the indication of an administrative act as the basis for the rights of corporeal rights to land is emphasized. The research investigates the issues and legal relations in Roman private law. A number of proposals of the Concept for the Development of Civil Legislation of the Russian Federation, the approved decision of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on coding and improving civil legislation of 07.10.2009, have been updated. The author proposes measures to reform current legislation on regulating real rights to land.

The article examines the theory and practice of implementing the intersectoral principle of the participation of citizens and their associations in urban development activities, ensuring the freedom of such participation. It is proved that public discussions and public hearings in the sphere of town planning are a form of people's participation in addressing issues of local importance in the field of urban development, consisting in open discussion of project documentation by residents of the municipality (or a part of it) or other town-planning decisions that actually or potentially pose a threat to the exercise by citizens and / or land plot owners of their constitutional rights, for public evaluation of submitted documents and recommendations for local authorities on the issues discussed. The author proposes to expand the scope of the local referendum on urban development issues, as well as change the existing tendency to reduce the scope of public discussions and public hearings in the sphere of urban development. It is noted that public discussions and public hearings are related but not identical procedures, a clear delineation of which is yet to be implemented. However, even now it can be concluded that, from the point of view of the subject of legal regulation, the sphere of public discussions is wider than the public hearings concerning a narrow range of issues specified in the law.

Legal culture is an important component of the common culture of a man and a citizen. The level of its wealth and development depends on the overall cultural and legal level of society. Consequently, the underdevelopment of the legal culture leads to the increase in the level and number of offenses committed, low legal literacy manifested in ignorance of the law and the lack of basic skills for citizens to protect their rights. Part of the overall legal culture and literacy of a person is financial culture and literacy. In recent years, the Russian Federation, similar to western countries decades ago, pays great attention to the formation of the financial literacy of the population through the implementation of various national programs. An important role in the formation of financial culture and financial literacy is played by the Institute of Law of the North-Caucasus Federal University. The article reveals the concept and structure of the financial culture of a man and society in the Russian Federation, and also reveals and describes the problems of financial sense of justice of participants in financial legal relations. The authors draw attention to the problems of forming the financial literacy of the population of Russia by the example of the Stavropol Krai and offer a number of measures to strengthen the financial culture.

The article analyzes such public functions of the Bank of Russia as currency regulation, currency control and the right to set standards in the relevant area. The peculiarity of the status held by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the sphere of currency relations is determined by the fact that it is both the body of currency regulation and a body of currency control. The activity of the Central Bank of Russia in the currency sphere is closely connected with its main objectives, in particular, protection and ensuring the stability of the ruble, ensuring the stability and development of the national payment system, ensuring the stability of the financial market of the Russian Federation. The author provides the definitions of such concepts as currency intervention, exchange rate, currency restrictions. The powers of the CBR as a currency control body are considered. The question of the legal nature of regulatory acts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the field of currency relations is raised. The article concludes that in the activity of the Bank of Russia combines the functions of both organizational-legal and law-establishing and law-enforcement character that can lead to problems connected with the conflict of norms, powers and interests.

The study and analysis of the principles of inheritance law is of particular theoretical and practical importance, as they are designed to perform important functions in legal regulation of inheritance relations. The principles are the starting point for the legal regulation of any branch of law, since they form the necessary legal basis on which all other norms of law are built and developed. The principles of law also play an applied law enforcement role, where there is a need to fill gaps in the law that even the most advanced and developed systems of law possess. The authors proceed from the fact that the establishment, legal consolidation and application of the principles of inheritance law help to correctly apply the norms of the sub-sector, to better understand its essence and social purpose. In the context of the domestic legal system, the principle of justice is a unique universal principle, which is reflected not only in civil (inheritance) law, but also in other branches of law. The authors address the problems associated with the value and legal qualification of the principle of justice, with the implementation of the principle of justice in various institutions of inheritance law, proposals are made to solve the problems of improving the Institute of the principle of justice.

The article considers the communicative model of Jacobson as a starting point for identifying the specifics of addresser-to-addressee communication. A fertile field for solving the problem is the use of strategies for self-presentation and self-identification. As a tool, the concept of "subject focus" is proposed. The problem is explored through the prism of the paradigmatic features of modern linguistics. Self-presentation as a result of self-identification is based on the parallel involvement in the discursive space of other addressees. It is concluded that in the communicative model of the pre-election discourse as one of the genres of political discourse, "subjective focus" as the organizing beginning of a discursive space is tuned to the addressee. The review of the problem of structuring and systematization of the strategic, tactical, functional potential of a particular pre-election discourse shows the openness of the issue and the need for a clear taxonomy of the designated units. This question is of particular interest in the study of discourses of integrative nature.

The study of the features of the director's realization of the intentional orientation of Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" in P. Brook's theatrical text is based on auto-descriptive data obtained as a result of discourse interpretation of P. Brook's contemporaries. An auto-descriptive (or metapoetic) text is a text that includes the author's reflection on his own creative activity, as well as on any other texts of his associates. The research of some linguistic means shows how a descriptive text of a specific author's discourse is organized and what the most valuable key words of the determined text fragment are. The paper analyzes obscure facts, objectifies some criteria for identifying discursive words and determining their number. The subjective evaluation of the text gives grounds for key words searching: their choice is made on the basis of the author's dramatic intention, creative intent, communicative strategy of textual deployment, realized initially in the creative mind of the director, and then in the theatrical text. This is a kind of reconstruction of the verbal world and it looks like if the text of the play-score is the basis of the play-production, which forms a special director's discursive plan recreated from verbal instructions.

The article studies the dictionary meanings of the lexeme "bliss" on the material taken from the explanatory dictionaries of Vladimir Dal, Dmitry Ushakov, the Great Academic Dictionary and the Small Academic Dictionary, as well as the Russian Semantic Dictionary. The article highlights the process of semantic transformation of the word "bliss" over time, as well as semantic transformation of this lexeme in the predicative function, the dynamics of the appearance of the proper estimation value in the content of the "bliss" lexeme, use of the actual value in the content of this lexeme on the basis of the main sub-corpus of the National Corpus of the Russian language. The material of the main subcorpus of the National Corps of the Russian language has been examined in detail, the statistics of the analyzed word is given. On the basis of this material, a component analysis of the meaning and meanings of the lexeme "bliss" as a noun with an appraising character typical of the predicative use of the named noun is performed. By means of component analysis of the lexical unit with a positivevalue meaning, the frequency of use as an evaluation predicate is defined, the lexical-thematic groups "objects", "phenomena", "states" and "processes" are presented, in which the lexeme "bliss" functions as a predicate. The novelty of the article is that, as a result of the research, the specificity of the component composition of the meaning of the lexeme is revealed, and it is also established that the noun "bliss" expresses communicative intentions of the interlocutors that are associated with their pragmatic attitudes actualized when addressing different types of context.

The article analyzes the peculiarities and stages of formation as regards a precedent phenomenon in political discourse realized in mass media. A number of communicative and cultural observations of Brexit lexeme functioning in the discourse space of English linguocultural community are specified. The author tracks the peculiarities of its actualization both in the beginning when it starts to be used as a communicatively adequate means of realizing the addressant's intention and influencing the potential addressee, and at the following stages of its associative field and pragmatic potential development. The analysis reveals that the semantic content of the precedent phenomenon under consideration includes the semes of some relevant, crucial event that directly affects all citizens in the UK and serves a stimulus for further reassessment of historical and cultural development trajectory at the national level. The associative field of the precedent phenomenon, which undergoes formation, contains such notions as an unhealthy state, an accident, inevitability, uncertainty and a crisis. The author observes the intermediary stage of precedent phenomenon formation. The process comes to an end at the final stages of the narrative, when the amount of discourse practice gradually decreases and the reflection of the categorical features typical of the precedent phenomenon takes place.

The article is dedicated to the sixtieth anniversary of the doctor of historical sciences, the famous expert on the history of ancient Armenia, the senior lecturer of the historical faculty of the Yerevan State University, Hakob Zhoraevich Harutyunyan. The article briefly outlines the main stages of his biography, contribution to the study of the role and place of Armenia in the international relations of West Asia and Iran, as set forth in the monograph and doctoral thesis of the scholar.