Despite the increased interest in the events of the First World War, still many of its aspects are not thoroughly investigated. The issues of population protection from air attack and chemical weapons are among them. The article presents the review of the main publications about civil defense in Russia in the First World War.

The article analyzes the complex of problems that led to the mutual dislike of the ancient Romans and Greeks. The author believes that the reason for this was not only the political aspects (the conquest of Greece by the Romans), but the important fact that has existed between the peoples of the mental incompatibility. Too many differences in morality, ethics, standards of conduct made misunderstanding each other inevitable, and eventually led to mutual hostility.

On the basis of published and newly entered into scientific circulation sources for the first time in the national historiography the problem of formation and functioning of the penitentiary system of one of the regions of Russia in the 1920s is considered. The characteristics and analysis of organizational and legal aspects of the correctional labor institutions, as well as prison conditions are represented.

The study reveals some controversial aspects of the Soviet social science and its study in Soviet historiography in the postwar period. The article presents the author's view about the nature of social Sciences and on their functioning in the Soviet society, about the dynamics and the basic principles of Soviet science. The work reflects new trends in Soviet humanitarian science, for example, attention to issues of methodology of history and attempts to return to the functions of the Humanities as the servant of ideology. It also highlights certain aspects of the relationship of social scientists and the authorities.

In the present article an ethnographic fact is viewed as information about an ethnic group and its culture. The content of an ethnographic fact is archaic - preserved relicts. The peculiarities of the source are determined not only by its properties as a medium of information, but also branches of science: descriptive ethnography, theoretical ethnography and ethnographic museum science.

The article is written in the context of research on the Russian orientalism, based on memoirs of Russians, who were held captive by the mountaineers during the war in the first half of the XIX c. The article studies some features of this phenomenon. They consist in the description of mountaineers' characters by the individual authors, characterized by the dominance of negative qualities and their grotesque presentation. On the other hand, the diaries of some «prisoners of the Caucasus» besides the features of Orientalism include dynamics towards objective characteristics of the mountaineers, which testifies to the Russians' efforts of deeper and more objective penetration into the mentality and culture of these people.

The article describes analysis of the foreign periodical press materials at end of XVIII -first half of the XIX century. These materials of the interpreter of the Russian Academy of Sciences Johannes Jährig contain his reports about culture and religion of the Mongolian nations. The results of Jährig scientific activities made a fundamental contribution to the national and international Mongolian studies formation. The study reveals a wide range of German and English periodical press sources and the reasons for Jдhrig materials popularization abroad.

The article studies the history of a survey carried out at the Elbrus site, initiated by the Russian military department in 1829. The author analyses the reasons for setting the expedition, its essence, conditions and results, based on the official reports and published participants' evidences. The author infers that the site survey taken by some scientists and surveyors accompanied by the military troops turned into a specific form of a military survey studying the North Caucasus during the Caucasus War epoch.

The article studies the reaction of Polish political forces and society as regards Polish opposition prominent politicians' imprisonment in a military prison in Brest during the parliamentary election company in 1930, as well as the attitude to the prisoners in prison. Non-published documents of Polish archives and other materials are referred to as the sources of the study.

The article studies the features of archeological antiquities exploration carried out in the North-Western Caucasus in the first half of the XIX century. The article shows actions of the imperial administration directed to search, exploration and preservation of artifacts. It discovers the difficulties which took place in the process of work. The final results have been estimated.

The assessment of the development in Hungary at the end of the XIX-th century by general consul in Budapest prince A. N. Lvov is considered in the article. It is claimed in the material that the attitude of the diplomat did not always coincide with real facts, his political view and absence of economic education did not allow him to approach the analysis of situation of Hungarian industry at the turn of the XIX-th - XX-th centuries.

The article touches upon the preconditions, general course and the outcome of the first stage of combat operations in Maruch direction during the battle for the Caucasus of 1942-1943, the composition and the size of Soviet and German forces as well as the peculiarities of warfare in mountainous terrain.

The article seeks to examine the role of Caucasian governorship as autonomous management structure in the process of strengthening the ties between Russia and Georgia. Analysis of activity of administration of Caucasian governorship and the personalities Tsar's governors (M. Vorontsov, A. Bariatinskii, Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov) has shown that in this period the favorable prospects for the development of Russian-Georgian cultural, socio-political and economic ties were laid. The authors with due reference to the factual materials address the examples of the historically intertwining fates of Russian and Georgian people. It is concluded that the Caucasian governorship as autonomous management structure played an important role not only in strengthening the relations between Russia and Georgia but also in the development of the economy and culture of Georgia.

The article deals with the activities of Clara Barton, who is known in American history as a founder of American Red Cross, social reformer and philanthropist. The focus of the article is on Barton's voluntary work as a hospital nurse in the American Civil War.

The article highlights the activity of cooperatives on the territory of the Stavropol Region and Karachay-Cherkessia in providing Caucasian Mineral Waters' hospital base during the Great Patriotic War. The study refers to various sources and materials.

The article focuses on the role of the Archbishop of Rheims Hinkmar (app. 806-882) in establishing the royal cult, based on the formed Archbishop legend of the Holy Chrism (Saint Balsame) and Holy Vessels (Sainte Ampoule), as well as one of the points of sacred geography of France - the Abbey of Saint-Remy and Reims Cathedral as the venue for the inauguration of the French monarchs.

RETRACTED ARTICLE

The article highlights the foundation of parliamentary reform of the Russian Empire laid by the Highest rescript of February 18, 1905, which was signed by Nicholas II. The author analyzes a complex process of discussion and establishment of the major laws and acts of the state formation (The manifesto of October 17, 1905. «On the state order perfection», the Manifesto of August 6, 1905. «On Establishment of the State Duma», «The basic state laws of the Russian Empire» of April 23, 1906, etc.) which were accepted under the pressure of revolution and became a legal basis of transformation of Russia into a constitutional monarchy with multiparty political system.

The article studies research and teaching activities of Croatian scientists B. Bogishich and V. Yagitch working in Novorossiysk (in Odessa) and St. Petersburg Universities in the last third of the 19th century.

The content of the article is based on archive documents. The main goal is the analysis of primary factors and particular forms of interaction between the power and art culture in Kuban and Stavropol regions in 50-60s of XXth century.

The article analyses the images of the soviet everyday life in 1920-s by the example of the photo reports in the «Ogonek» magazine. The development of the new social structure and new identity of the people were reflected in new everyday practices such as anti-religious propaganda, introduction of new festivals and celebrations as well as new types of everyday life. Through the press channels the government introduced to the readers' minds new ideals and positive images of current changes. Photo reports in the «Ogonek» magazine created a positive image of reality. They reflected the ideas of the authorities about what the reality should be like. The changes that were undergoing in 1920-s were not widespread by that time. However, the press presented them as mass phenomena which took place nationwide.

One of the significant problems of the 15-th century Florentine society was a significant number of widows among the urban population. The challenge of further adapting such women to the society, their need for moral support and guidance in the virtuous life gave rise to the whole number of works whose authors have formed the image of «the true widows».

The article highlights the so-called military anthropology approach to war events studying. It focuses on the author's translations of original English sources related to the British cartoonist Bruce Bairnsfather. His heritage in a form of records and pictures giving his account of life at the front in the first winter (1914-1915) of the First World War, can provide ground for studying not only the War operations themselves, but the evidence of the everyday life routine in trenches.

The present study examines the complex set of theoretical and methodological issues related to the system of regional study of the historical process. The main object of the research is the local ethnic community represented by the Armenian community of Myasnikovsky district of Rostov region and localized by spatial boundaries in microhistorical region. The main method employed in the study is qualitative synthesis of differentiated concepts which allow to develop an adequate descriptive model.

Works of the Russian historians of the first half of the XIX century had a number of signs of similarity to works of fiction. In particular, one of such signs was that the plot reminded a literary work plot. Such plots could be found in works on stories of the Cossack troops, the Don V. D. Sukhorukov's army and Black Sea army of A. M. Turenko. The plots in these works reveal such relevant subject lines as the start, the climax and the denouement. In Sukhorukov's work on stories of Don the internal conflict which is not typical of Turenko's work on the Black Sea history can be accurately traced. In these historical works literary plots are characterized by witticism which makes them interesting for the reader.

The article deals with the domestic pre-revolutionary thesis in public law, which studied the doctrine of the law and the state, as well as identifies and classifies the results obtained by the authors.

The article presents the analysis of a number of specific features characteristic of political regimes of the Baltic countries at the beginning of the XXI century with reference to documentary sources and the views of a number of domestic and foreign legal scholars and political scientists.

The article examines the legal nature of suspending a license issued to a legal entity. The author views the suspension of a license issued to a legal entity as administrative-recovery measures.

The article presents the analysis of legal organization of territorial structures of the central agencies in State administration at the initial stage of establishing Soviet power in Russia. Territorial structures are studied as regards branches and spheres of state administration.

The authors analyze the legal structure of «freedom of labor» used in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and offer certain steps for legislative consolidation of the subjective right of the individual to work.

This article analyzes the peculiarities of legal regulation of land tax at the present stage. The authors specify a number of problems related to the implementation of tax legislation faced by individual entrepreneurs and other owners and tenants of land in Stavropol Krai.

The article deals with the topical problem of forming the legal framework of financial control in the Russian Federation and European countries. Comprehensive analysis of this category reveals the features of the understanding of financial law institution in jurisprudence, the necessity to identify actual problems arising in the framework of law enforcement and suggest possible directions of their solutions.

Among numerous creative achievements of the outstanding master of the Russian word K.I. Chukovsky the important place is taken by his work «Translation art» («High art»). In the field of the translation he is known as a translator whose main principle of speech activity was the vitalism - following the internal dialogue of two languages and cultures standing behind them when a translator manages to harmonize this interaction and to find communicative consensus. In translation process K.I. Chukovsky was the master of semantic nuances which was due to deep understanding of individual style of the source text author.

The article treats triolet as a synergetic system. The synergetic potential of lexical, syntactic and rhythmic variations in the composition of triolet is considered in poetry of Igor Severyanin.

The outstanding social and literary figure of the last decades of 19th and of early 20th century's Russia, Ya. V. Abramov (1858 -1906) has been biographically and creatively connected to the Stavropol region and to the North Caucasus in general. As a novelist, essayist, philosopher, sociologist, literary critic, journalist, statistician and educator, he had a great influence on social and cultural development of the country and his «minor homeland». Study of cultural and historical heritage of the thinker and writer, who has been in disgrace until recently, in a new paradigm of local history allows to get into the essence of microsocial processes in the context of which his «grand cultural work» was performed. In the process of heuristic activity, documentary material is identified, forms and methods of scientific study of biography, ideological evolution and the creative process of Ya. V. Abramov are perfected. Problems of regionalism and local history are considered in the process of activity designing for a microcommunity regarded as an association of people that defines strategic objectives in the actualization of theoretical and artistic heritage of Ya. V. Abramov.

The article is devoted to the analysis of subjective reflection in the novel of M. Lermontov «Hero of our time» from the standpoint of the creation of the phenomenon of poetic prose. The topic touches the problem of identity, kinship and genre structure of Lermontov's novel.

Key factor to include a text into detective discourse is detective frame. The most important characteristics of G. Simenon's language are stylistic figures that are based on detective vocabulary and are frequent in writer's prose.

The article considers the basic values of American society, as reflected in public speeches of the presidents of the different periods, in particular, Kennedy, Clinton, Obama. The analysis showed the stability of values such as success, equality of opportunity, personal achievements, hard work in the history of American society.

The article deals with phraseological units of the English language with ethnonym component. To determine national and cultural particularity of the English ethnic group we distinguish and analyse phraseological units with ethnonym component which have a language code in the lexico-semantic sphere of the language.

The article represents the analysis of computer-based discourse within the frame of global discourse system, its differences from other types of discourse and peculiarities preconditioned by electronic communication channel.

The study presents the analysis of desemantization as the basic principle of expanding interjection and relative constructions in the language system. The article highlights the ways for emergence of emotive overtones in meaning resulting from embedding of both meaningful lexemes and the existing relative constructions in a new non-usual context. The variety of sense structure and wide compatibility recourses serve the base for such kind of embedding.