Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of historiography on the subject of images of the future in the USSR. The topic is relevant both for modern Russian society, which needs its own image of the future, and for historical science, since the study of perceptions of the future is carried out within the framework of current scientific trends (history of ideas, historical psychology, historical prognostication). It has a significant potential for researchers for many of its aspects have not been analyzed.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the review of the main works devoted to the problem of perceptions of the future in the Soviet Union, using general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis), as well as historical methods (comparative method).

Analysis. The authors analyze the main works devoted to this topic, various approaches and methods used to study images of the future in the USSR. The studies of Soviet representations of the future have passed through several stages in their development. In the Soviet period, this topic was considered in the context of literary and cultural history. In the 1990s-2000s, representations of the future began to be perceived more broadly, but still as one aspect of larger objects of research. Only in the early 2010s did the study of images of the future stand out in a separate direction within the study of Soviet history. The main problems here are the conditions of formation and changes in the images of the future in different periods, the reflection of perceptions of the future in Soviet culture, among Soviet party and state leaders, and among ordinary Soviet citizens.

Results. The conclusion is made about what aspects within the framework of this direction remain understudied, what questions need to be posed to researchers, and what approaches to the topic can be considered relevant today. The study of images of the future in different time periods of the Soviet regime can be considered in demand (since with few exceptions they have not been investigated too deeply in terms of representations of the future), the study of the embodiment of the future in Soviet fiction at different stages of its development.

Introduction. The history of everyday life is no longer a sign of scientific fashion. Enjoying academic recognition and arousing great interest among readers interested in history, it has developed into a full-fledged scientific field. In this regard, the topicality of the article is determined by the ongoing scientific reflection on what everyday life is for a historian and how productive its study is.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of historiographic sources presented by the papers of historians from different countries and different generations. The methodology combines traditional methods of historical research and the approach of new intellectual history.

Analysis. The anthropological approach of historical study, which was developed by French school “Annales”, attempted to eliminate the bias towards political history, prompted the turn to the topic of everyday life. A common ground in the interpretation of history by representatives of different generations of this school has become attention to “history from below”. Historians who advocated the productivity of microhistory made a significant contribution to the development of this approach. The Italian scientist, Giovanni Levi, is the most outstanding representative of microhistory. The development of everyday life history got a significant impetus in the 1980s in Germany. Alf Lüdtke considered the definition “history of everyday life” to be not entirely suitable, but the most acceptable as since through this approach a “prosopography of the masses” is formed. The interdisciplinary matter of the everyday phenomena studied by historians encourages us to turn to the experience of sociologists. Thus, A. Lefebvre called for separating the everyday and the mundane. In Soviet historical science, everything that concerns everyday life was considered as a subject of ethnography. Natalia Pushkareva was one of the first to speak out against such an approach in the post-Soviet period. She emphasizes the influence of both the tradition of Russian chronicling and the achievements of Western humanities on the Russian experience of studying everyday life history.

Results. The study of the development of the field of everyday history abroad and in Russia allows making conclusion about the influence of national traditions of historical research and the specific historical context that gave rise to certain requests in the field of historical topics. Moreover, the intention of historians of different generations to make the ordinary person a full-fledged participant in great historical events is also remarkable.

Introduction. The Kurdish issue in the territory of the modern Middle East is still a hotbed of confrontation between several states and ethnic groups, having a significant impact on the geopolitical situation in the region. The problem of Kurdish self-determination has become increasingly urgent in recent years due to the ongoing desire of this people for selfdetermination, which manifests itself both in political demands and in armed struggle. The tense situation is aggravated by the relatively different situation of the Kurdish minorities in Syria, Turkey, Iraq and Iran, where each country pursues its own special policy towards the Kurdish population.

Materials and methods. The study uses methods of comparative analysis, historical and political retrospection, and the historical and genetic method.

Analysis. The scrutiny of the situation of the Kurds in Syria shows that, despite gaining autonomy during the civil war, their future remains uncertain due to Turkey’s opposition and dependence on external players such as the United States and Russia. In Turkey, the Kurdish issue remains a key challenge to national security, as Ankara considers any attempts at self-determination of the Kurds as a threat to territorial integrity, which leads to harsh repressive measures. In Iran, Kurds, despite partial recognition of their cultural rights, face systemic discrimination, and their desire for autonomy is suppressed by authorities who fear destabilization of the country. Iraqi Kurdistan, which has formal autonomy, is facing economic and political difficulties, including conflicts with Baghdad over the distribution of oil revenues and external pressure from Turkey. The prospects for resolving the Kurdish issue are complicated by the conflicting interests of regional and global players, which makes the creation of a unified Kurdistan region unlikely in the near future.

Results. The study reveals the need to find compromise solutions, including the expansion of cultural autonomy and economic development of the Kurdish regions, to reduce tensions in the Middle East. The article characterizes the current situation of the Kurds in each of the listed countries, as well as analyzes the prospects for the development of the Kurdish issue in the near future.

Introduction. The article examines childhood homelessness as a part of everyday urban life, which led to the emergence of the Children’s Town system across the country. In describing the activities of the Stavropol Children’s Town, the authors, drawing on a significant amount of archival material, demonstrate not only the main activities of the town but also the serious challenges of caring for children in these institutions.

Materials and methods. Based on the principles of interdisciplinarity and historical anthropology, and the methods of new local history, the article analyzes official documents of local government bodies.

Analysis. The paper presents material on the activities of regional authorities and educational staff in dealing with street children in the urban environment in the 1920s. The analysis of the problem in the city of Stavropol draws on not only the regional but also the national context. In the 1920s, unique institutions for children, Children’s Towns, were established across the Soviet Republic to tackle child homelessness. These institutions, along with educational and upbringing work, also provided practical preparation for life for children, as they focused on agricultural or industrial activities. Their existence and problems significantly impacted the daily lives of Stavropol residents.

Based on a comprehensive study of archival sources, the article provides a detailed analysis of the problems of the Stavropol Children’s Town named after the October Revolution, which were part of everyday urban life in the 1920s. The authors note that despite the efforts of the authorities the children in the town experienced a significant shortage of clothing, footwear, dishes, and bedding. There were no books or school supplies, but most importantly, the children were undernourished, emaciated and sick.

Despite this, the Children’s Town contributed to the reduction of child homelessness. Thanks to this social institution, a huge number of homeless children were taken from the streets of Stavropol. Child labor was actively used. Children’s Town workers helped combat urban crime by working specifically with juvenile delinquents and finding jobs for children.

Results. One of the most important results of the actions taken by the Soviet government in the difficult economic conditions of the 1920s was the creation of a state social system to provide assistance to homeless and disadvantaged children, which transformed both children’s daily lives and the city everyday life in general. The authors of the article focus on the establishment and development of the Stavropol Children’s Town named after the October Revolution as one of the government social policy instruments, which contributed to the formation of a new everyday life for the residents of Stavropol.

Introduction. The article analyzes of the development of women’s education in Nalchik district in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, which was partially reflected in the materials of the periodical press. Based on publications in the press and identified archival sources, the role of the press in promoting the idea of educating girls as an element of the sociocultural modernization of the region is studied.

Materials and methods. The article is based on materials from the newspapers Terskiye Vedomosti, Kavkaz, and Terek, as well as documents from the archives of the UCGA AS KBR, TSGA RSO-Alania, and others. The development of education in Nalchik district was studied by TH. Kumykov, MZ. Sablirov, ES. Tyutyunina, VV. Shevchuk and others. The peculiarities of women’s education in the Caucasus are revealed in the works of N.O. Bleikh, O.I. Shafranov, and B.K. Malbakhov. Their works reveal the chronology, social and cultural aspects of educational processes. The research methodology is based on a set of historical principles and methods that provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of newspapers on the coverage of women's education in Nalchik district. Among them are the principle of historicism, a systematic approach, and source analysis.

Analysis. The article pays special attention to the Nalchik Girls’ School, the first free educational institution for girls in Nalchik district, whose activities were actively covered in the press. By the beginning of the 20th century, there was an increase in the number of schools and female students, but this process was controversial. Mixed rural schools actually remained male due to the unwillingness of families to violate patriarchal norms of gender avoidance. Nevertheless, the study allows us to trace changes in the perception of women's education by the local population.

Results. In the Nalchik region in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the press widely covered women's education as a factor in the modernization of the region. The establishment of the Mikhailovskaya Girls’ School, which became a symbol of progress, was funded by local residents, which testified to their interest in education. The increase in the number of educational institutions and students reflected the transformation of mountain society. The press popularized the idea of women’s education, but problems of financing, teacher shortages, and traditional attitudes persisted, creating contradictions between modernization and cultural norms.

Introduction. The author analyzes the national forms and features of the current model of historical politics in modern Spain. The article studies the role and place of intellectual communities as the main collective actors and spaces of the genesis of memory and the functioning of memorial culture and collective historical memories in modern social, ideological and political discourses of Spain.

Materials and methods. Methodologically the article is based on the principles of intellectual history and the history of ideas, which allow analysing modern forms of political and ideologically motivated use of history and the past through social discourses of intellectual activity of public intellectuals.

Analysis. The article shows that 1) the intellectual community as one of the systemic segments of modern Spanish society makes a significant contribution to the development and transformation of memorial culture, 2) the range of memorial practices of Spanish intellectuals is limited primarily by their participation in strengthening civic identity, 3) memorial practices of the modern intellectual community are interconnected with the development of civil discourse and the revision of the historical experience of the 20th century through the prism of collective trauma. The author also analyzes the participation of intellectuals in the memorial policy of modern Spain. Results. It is assumed that actual involvement of intellectuals in the development of memorial culture inspire the political and ideological heterogeneities of society. The author shows how historical politics in modern Spain promotes the parallel co-development of various forms and dimensions of historical memories generated by left-wing, liberal and right-wing intellectuals. It is implied that the role of civil society in historical politics is decisive, and the intellectual community will remain among active participants in the politics of collective memory, including memory wars and memorial confrontations.

The Caucasus “exposure” as an imperial subject in the process of acquisition of the region looks to be one of the significant issues of modern history studies. The Russian ranks and files, including D.A. Milyutin – the gifted serviceman of the XIX c. – were its active participants.

Materials and methods. The description of the North Caucasus peoples was set in the papers of a military-statistical and historical-ethnographic character. Together with the articles, we use some manuscripts written by D.A. Milyutin in the late 1830s – 1840s whilst his Caucasus Corpus service and now kept in the Scientific Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The analysis from the point of historical imagology helps to understand and explain the plot of Milyutin way of the North Caucasian highlanders representation.

Analysis. As a professional serviceman, he studied the North Caucasus peoples’ ethnic characteristics of from some practical point. The focus of his examination was on mountain dwellers, include their social structure and everyday characteristics, culture, traditions and mentality. He managed to show the ethnic diversity of the Caucasus inhabitants, taking into consideration the point of extending the Russian empire influence in the region.

Results. Like most military authors then, Milyutin followed the stereotypical ideas about the highlanders. The image of the “Other” he created, showed them as the nuisance of the Russian presence in the region. Milyutin’s merit is that by the Caucasian narratives he prepared the ground for a gradual shift from the idea of “the highlanders as enemies” to their acceptance as “new subjects of the Empire”. Milyutin’s rapidly developing military career did not allow to expose himself as a scientist. Anyway, the information he collected about the North Caucasus highlanders formed a part of the empirical base for the ethnographic direction of Russian Caucasian studies developing subsequently.

Introduction. Derbent is widely known as the largest monument of the fortification on the northern borders of the Muslim world. In the XII – the first quarter of the XIII centuries. He was one of the most famous medieval states of the Caucasus, such as Azerbaijan, Georgia, Arran, Shirvan. The period of the 12th – first quarter of the 13th centuries, that is, the time preceding the Mongol invasion of the region, was marked by the expansion of the Seljuk empire into the Caucasus, and later the Khorezmshah state, which managed to spread its power and influence over almost the entire region. However, as the study has shown, the specifics of the emergence and development of Derbent allowed it to maintain its independence for a very long period in the 12th – first quarter of the 13th centuries, acting as one of the most significant and influential states of the Eastern and Northern Caucasus.

Materials and methods. The research was carried out on the basis of an interdisciplinary approach and generally accepted historical methods. For the first time in Russian and foreign Caucasian studies, the military and political role of Derbent in the history of the Caucasus on the eve of the Mongol invasion was investigated based on the analysis of medieval Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Persian and Derbent written sources, numerous numismatic materials and data from extensive archaeological excavations conducted by A. Kudryavtsev in Derbent for more than a quarter of a century.

Analysis. In the 12th and first quarter of the 13th centuries, the Atabeg state of Azerbaijan, Christian Georgia, Arran, Shirvan, and the Derbent Emirate actively contested their leadership in the region, which was largely reserved for Georgia and Azerbaijan. During this period, the Derbent emirate began to play a special military and political role in the Eastern and Northern Caucasus, whose rulers systematically carried out campaigns against Shirvan, often involving Alans, Khazars, Rus and North Caucasian mountaineers. The Shirvanshahs were forced to seek support and protection from Georgia, whose kings, although they helped repel the attacks of the Derbent emirs, usually remained neutral in their relations with them, and sometimes even had close marital ties with the rulers of Derbent.

Results. The special military and political role of Derbent in the region and the leadership of its rulers in the Eastern and Northern Caucasus in the 12th – early 13th centuries are shown.

Introduction. The study specifies the role and direction of activities of representatives of the Roman Catholic Church and the Order of Jesus, in particular, in the Caucasus region, having isolated it from the context of their presence in the area of the Russian Empire. The authors emphasize that despite the relatively short period of official favor towards the Jesuits in Russia, they managed to prepare and educate a sufficient number of their adherents and conductors of sentiments favorable to Catholic Europe and at the same time sow the spirit of unstable loyalty to the Russian throne and the interests of the state among some part of the Russian aristocratic elite, which could contribute to many negative consequences.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of texts of a number of archival sources and official documents of different focus and functional purpose published in thematic collections. Of considerable importance for clarifying the essence of the problem under study and solving the set scientific task were also the materials of scientific works of domestic and foreign historians, one way or another touching upon and covering the stated topic. The appeal to the works of specific scientists was determined by the perspective of their approaches and the conclusions obtained, which contributed to the heuristic productivity of the interpretation.

Analysis. The works of a number of researchers of different times, in particular, Alexander Andreev, Eduard Winter, Johann Huber, Marek Inglot, priest Mikhail Moroshkin, examine the teaching, organization and practical activities of Jesuits in various spheres of public life and politics, their numerous connections with the Catholic and political elites of Europe and Russia, emphasizing their selfish focus aimed at ensuring access and influencing the minds of those in power.

Results. Based on the results of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that the initial favor towards the Jesuits on the part of the Russian monarchs of the second half of the 18th – early 19th centuries was preconditioned by a number of interdependent reasons related to both the pan-European socio-political situation that developed from the consequences of the French Revolution of 1789-1793, both external and internal threats to the Russian throne, and the desire to take advantage of the temporary dislike of the European political elite for the Order of Jesus, its sociopolitical experience in order to gain new opportunities for secret or public influence of Russia in Europe, to consolidate its geopolitical status. At the same time, having identified and realized the selfish ambitions of the Jesuits in relation to the Russian throne and the aristocratic elite, their desire to turn Russian politics and social structures into instruments for satisfying the interests of the order’s congregation and the Roman papacy led to a decisive break with the Order of Jesus and its official expulsion from the borders of the Russian Empire.

Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the important role of the social security system in the life of Russian society, including in providing employment opportunities for pensioners and the disabled. The novelty of the research is associated with the study of an insufficiently covered topic in the historical literature, which actually did not receive coverage on the materials of the Krasnodar Krai. The purpose of the study is to analyze the organization of employment of pensioners and disabled people in the Krasnodar Krai in the mid-1950s – mid1980s.

Materials and methods. In preparing the study, the principles of objectivity, historicism and a systematic approach were used, as well as special historical methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative and statistical.

Analysis. The employment of pensioners and the disabled was one of the important areas in the social security system of the USSR population. The leadership of the CPSU and the Soviet state sought to maximize the involvement of pensioners and the disabled in the production process, seeking appropriate measures from local authorities. The process of employment of disabled people included the stages of medical rehabilitation, decisions made by VTEC on employment opportunities, vocational training and the direct process of employment. Pensioners could stay to work in their previous specialty or retrain. During the period of the mid-1950s – mid-1980s. Positive changes in the employment of pensioners and disabled people took place in the Krasnodar Krai, which was associated with the improvement of the work of medical and labor expert commissions and social security bodies, the creation of appropriate working conditions at enterprises and organizations. Meanwhile, a certain category of pensioners and disabled people of group III did not seek work at state-owned enterprises and collective farms, which was reflected in the low dynamics of the main employment indicators.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that in the mid-1950s – mid1980s, a fairly well-coordinated organization of employment for pensioners and the disabled operated in the Krasnodar Krai. Despite the existing shortcomings, this organization made it possible to involve a significant part of pensioners and disabled people in the public sphere of the economy, which contributed to solving the problem of labor shortage.

Introduction. The nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are considered in the study as a turning point that had a significant impact on the formation of the YaltaPotsdam system of international relations and predetermined the beginning of the Cold War. The relevance of studying the influence of the nuclear factor on Soviet-American relations in 1945 is due to the fact that the establishment of the causes of the cold War and bipolar confrontation serves as the basis for understanding the origins of the modern world order.

Materials and methods. Based on declassified materials from the US National Security Archive, Soviet documents, diaries of American political and military figures, periodicals, the author examines such an aspect of the development and use of nuclear weapons at the final stage of World War II as their use as an instrument of pressure on the USSR.

Analysis. The article examines how the American leadership, despite the allied relations, formed the idea of the need to switch to a forceful policy towards the USSR. The influence of the first nuclear weapons est and the disclosure of information about it on the formation of the post-war world order and Soviet-American relations is analyzed. Attention is drawn to the fact that the decision to resume the Soviet nuclear program took place in 1942, during one of the critical periods of the Great Patriotic War, which demonstrates the understanding of the strategic importance of the atomic project for ensuring the security of the country in the future. The study shows that despite the propaganda accompanying the nuclear bombings of Japanese cities there were concerns in the world about their consequences and prospects for the development of international relations.

Results. The US transition to a strategy of power diplomacy towards the USSR began even before the Potsdam Conference. The United States considered the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan as a significant factor in achieving victory and sought to use new nuclear weapons technology to stimulate Soviet military intervention. The US nuclear monopoly undermined trust in allied relations and led to an escalation of tension between the two powers, predetermining their further confrontation.

Introduction. The availability of uranium, at a time when a number of countries around the world were seeking to acquire nuclear weapons or needed raw materials to support their nuclear projects, quickly made the Republic of South Africa a valuable partner that could sell enough uranium ore to meet the needs of buyer countries. In return, the Republic of South Africa asked for help in developing nuclear energy, which, despite domestic political problems, it received at its disposal. However, this assistance launched a series of events that allowed the Republic of South Africa to make significant progress in studying the entire nuclear cycle, which allowed the country to take a prominent place among states with nuclear programs.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the historical and chronological method to understand the basic mechanisms of the South African nuclear program in the current context of time. The principle of interdisciplinarity is also important, due to which it is possible to consider a number of technical details necessary to explain what was happening in the political and technical sphere within the country's nuclear program. The analysis of the texts was carried out within the framework of the historical approach. The main body of sources consisted of discussion documents and documents prepared within the framework of the UN and IAEA, as well as bilateral agreements between the Republic of South Africa and its partners. At the same time, periodicals were also analyzed. Among the researchers, it is worth highlighting the works of David Albright, who dealt with the problems of creating nuclear weapons and was an IAEA inspector in the 90s.

Analysis. The nuclear program of Union of South Africa / Republic of South Africa became possible thanks to assistance from the United States and Great Britain, which needed cheap uranium ore, which the Republic of South Africa agreed to sell for the provided technologies in mining and a fixed payment. After Eisenhower’s historic speech and the creation of the IAEA, research on peaceful atoms became available to the Republic of South Africa, in particular the construction of a reactor with the help of the United States, the operation of which was also provided with enriched uranium according to the agreement. At the same time, the isolation policy around the country and the power of the Apartheid regime inside pushed the Republic of South Africa to gain independence in providing its nuclear program, without refusing assistance, it continued training its own personnel and experiments on independent uranium enrichment, which bore fruit, but increased suspicion from the rest of the world.

Results. We can conclude that the nuclear program of the Republic of South Africa, supported by the USA and UK, very soon developed into independent research, the country did not want to remain just a raw material base for other people's programs and began its own research in every possible way. This led to an increase in suspicion from the rest of the world regarding the country, and the refusal to sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and the inaccessibility of nuclear facilities for the IAEA commission nullified many initiatives of the South African government to prove the peaceful intentions of its nuclear program.

Introduction. The article analyzes the formation and development of modern migration policy of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the periodization of the process and the assessment of the migration policy that took shape after the collapse of the USSR. The assessment of the factors of the formation of migration policy and migration flows heading to Russia is given, the historical, socio-cultural and economic attractiveness of Russia for migrants is emphasized, and the demographic significance of the migration process is substantiated. The analysis of statistical data on the number of migrants coming and leaving Russia is presented. The study provides the assessment of Eurasian migration and the constructive role of the EAEU in this process.

Materials and methods. The research is based on the analysis of Russian historiography on the problem of Russian migration policy, Russian and foreign statistical data, documents of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Russian government agencies. A systematic integrated approach, historical and comparative historical methods were used.

Analysis. The combination of objective and subjective circumstances has led to an extremely complicated migration situation in the Russian Federation. It was from this moment that the formation of the modern Russian migration system began. Immigration to Russia has a demographic context. At the present stage, the EAEU is a key context of Russian migration policy. The Eurasian integration, and especially the EAEU, is the central platform for its implementation.

Results. It is concluded that Russia’s modern migration policy is characterized by selectivity (attracting the right categories of migrants – from the EAEU, compatriots, and qualified specialists) and regional orientation (the post-Soviet space as a priority). The EAEU acts as a key institutional framework for the implementation of this policy. There are two stages in the development of Russia’s migration policy. The first stage was post-Soviet (1990s – early 2000s). After the collapse of the USSR, Russia began actively accepting immigrants from the former Soviet republics, mostly Russians. The second stage is modern (since the mid-2000s). A more systematic approach has been formed; key conceptual documents have been adopted (the 2012 Concept of State Migration Policy, the updated 2019 Concept, and the National Security Strategy).

Introduction. The history of the daily life of the urban population of the Terek region in the early twentieth century is of scientific interest as it allows tracing the formation of the urban environment, the cultural needs of residents, etc. Cities were the focus of modernization processes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They set the tone for the spread of new cultural and everyday practices.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of commercial newspaper advertising, which is an extremely important and informative source of daily life for the citizens of the Terek region. The 20th century reflects the changes that took place in the urban environment. The article highlights the relationship between the population's everyday needs and the services offered, which largely shaped the purchasing demand of the region's residents. The study employs micro- and macro-historical approaches, critical source interpretation principles, and the historicalcomparative method to analyze and systematize the advertising material.

Analysis. Advertising texts have not yet become an object of scientific interest, although they reflect the everyday needs of the population and shaped the sociocultural processes of prerevolutionary urban society. Thanks to the abundance of commercial advertising, residents of the North Caucasus had an idea of modern industrial and food products, fashion, and other news. The variety of goods shaped the consumer tastes and preferences of all categories of the population in the provincial cities of the Terek region.

Results. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the emergence of advertisements in the regional press in the last quarter of the 19th century was an information revolution. Advertising became a kind of modern form of influence on readers. Commercial advertising was engaged in promoting goods. This was a clear confirmation of the relatively free development of capitalism, on the outskirts of the empire in particular.

Introduction. The problems of legal culture in modern political and legal realities have not only theoretical but also practical significance. The development of criteria for the formation of legal culture is intended to adjust legal policy to ensure the rights and freedoms of the individual, sustainable development of society.

Materials and methods. The theoretical basis of the study are the works of famous Soviet and modern Belarusian and Russian scientists – R. S. Bainiyazov, A. I. Guseynov, S. G. Drobiazko, V. P. Malakhov, L. A. Petruchak, V. P. Salnikov, A. P. Semitko, N. V. Silchenko and others. The normative basis of the study is the normative legal acts of the Republic of Belarus. General scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, as well as normative-legal and sociological methods are used.

Analysis. The criteria for assessing the legal culture of society are established in the context of the methodological approaches to its study developed in jurisprudence and are projected onto the legal life of modern Belarusian society. The cultural approach defines the criterion of legal culture as the acceptance of the spiritual value of law by Belarusian society, which is reflected in the national legal mentality and manifests itself in the formation and effective functioning of state legal institutions. Among the values-goals of the legal development of society in the context of the axiological dimension of legal culture are security, freedom, and justice, which are of a universal nature. Within the framework of the sociological approach, a distinction is made between the legal culture of society and individual social groups.

Results. The criteria for legal culture are established by a number of factors of a legal and social nature. National law should fix the system of social values, and legal ideology should consolidate the meanings of the legal functioning of society in the public legal consciousness. When assessing legal culture, the peculiarities of the national legal mentality, legal traditions, the formation of the legal consciousness of government officials and the population as a whole are subject to consideration.

Introduction. The land plot as a legal category occupies a central place in the system of modern legal relations. Its system-forming role in the land law and order is explained by the uniqueness, which lies in the fact that one concept combines economic value, environmental vulnerability and social significance.

Materials and methods. The research was facilitated by the use of formal-legal, logical and system-structural methods, as well as general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, dialectical method). The formulated conclusions are based on the study of scientific literature, where the problematic issues of the proposed topic were considered.

Analysis. The main directions of the analysis are some disadvantages of the legally fixed concept of a land plot.

Results. The identified shortcomings are primarily due to the legislator’s onesided approach to the concept of land (only the economic value of land, the value of land as a means of production, was consolidated). In this regard, it is necessary to correct the legislation regarding the definitions of the land plot presented in art. 6 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation and art. 141.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Introduction. Counteraction to customs violations is carried out both at the state and interstate levels. One of these areas is the establishment of criminal liability for smuggling. However, the approach to the definition of smuggling and its signs is ambiguous in different countries, including those that are members of the EAEU, which hinders the fight against customs crime. The existing problem in the form of common customs legislation of the EAEU member states and different approaches to the definition of smuggling, including in Russia and Armenia, requires a solution.

Materials and methods. The research is based on the study, analysis and comparative characterization of the norms of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia, which establish criminal liability for smuggling, materials of judicial practice, and the work of specialists devoted to the research topic.

Analysis. In the criminal legislation of Armenia and Russia, approaches to establishing criminal liability for smuggling are periodically changed, both in defining the types of smuggling (including the attitude to economic smuggling) and its signs, which does not contribute to the proper counteraction of the customs offense in question.

Results. The author concludes that despite the existence of common customs legislation the criminal law norms of the two EAEU member states (Russia and Armenia), providing for responsibility for smuggling, have significant differences related to the definition of the contraband item, which requires further measures aimed at their unification.

Introduction. The article examines the problems of legal regulation and law enforcement practice in the field of waste management in the territory of the specially protected ecological and resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters. In addition to the basic Federal Law of 24.06.1998 N 89-FZ (as amended on 08.08.2024) On Production and Consumption Waste, which regulates only the handling of several types of waste, there are a number of other regulatory legal acts establishing the legal regime for other types of waste. Each of the groups of regulatory legal acts suffers from certain shortcomings. Law enforcement practice is also contradictory.

Materials and methods. In preparing the article, along with general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, etc.), special legal methods (formal legal, comparative legal, and other relevant research methods) were used.

Analysis. The resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters are a unique natural complex, sensitive to all negative impacts. However, their socio-economic development entails the formation of a large amount of waste, which has an extremely adverse effect on both natural healing resources and the environment of the region as a whole. The so-called accumulated damage that has formed over the past decades and has not yet been eliminated does not contribute to maintaining a favorable environmental situation.

Results. The conducted analysis of the regulatory framework, law enforcement practices, as well as the actual state of the waste management sphere in the territory of the Caucasian Mineral Waters resortsallowed us to identify problems that hinder the harmonization of the environmental situation and formulate proposals for improving legislation and law enforcement practices.

Introduction. The interaction of national and international law is a complex and multifaceted problem of contemporary legal science. In the context of geopolitical tension, © Cуюнова З. М., Габрилян Р. Р., 2025 the relations between these legal systems are becoming increasingly contradictory, which requires a comprehensive analysis of existing approaches and concepts. The paper discusses the main theoretical approaches to the relationship between international and national law, ways of implementing international legal norms into national legal systems, as well as modern trends in the Russian legal system regarding the priority of norms in the context of the relationship between international and domestic law.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of the normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, including the Constitution of the Russian Federation as amended in 2020, the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, as well as the provisions of the constitutional acts of foreign states. The author applies the comparative legal, formal legal and historical legal methods in this research. The theoretical base is formed by the works of eminent domestic and foreign scientists in the field of international and constitutional law, including the works of G. I. Tunkin, V. Kaufmann, G. Tripel, and contemporary Russian researchers.

Analysis. The article analyzes the monistic and dualistic concepts of the relationship between international and national law, considers various ways of implementing international legal norms. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of the Russian Federation's approach to the issue of the priority of international law, including amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 2020 and the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of the approaches of various states to the implementation of international law in national legal systems is carried out.

Results. The study reveals a trend towards strengthening the protection of national sovereignty in the interaction of international and national law, which is due to the politicization of international legal mechanisms and the selective application of international law by individual states. It is noted that the constitutional amendments of 2020 in Russia do not mean a refusal to fulfill international obligations, but are aimed at protecting constitutional values. The need to find a balance between national sovereignty and international legal obligations is emphasized, as well as the importance of strengthening trust in international law as a mandatory basis for interstate relations. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to create effective mechanisms for the implementation of international legal norms in domestic law while maintaining the political will to comply with the principle of good faith fulfillment of international obligations.

Introduction. The purpose of the research was to study the abilities of the neural networks Alice YandexGPT 5 Pro, GPT-4o DUM-E, DeepSeek Rico, GigaChat to adequately interpret literary texts. The following possibilities of these linguistic neural networks were studied: identification of a stylistic device in the text; application of the language of meta-description; recognition and characterization of precedent phenomena – historical characters, events, phenomena; recognition and interpretation of metaphor and hyperbole; interpretation of semantically complex expressions in context.

Materials and methods. A fragment of the first chapter of the novel The Golden Calf by I. Ilf and E. Petrov was chosen as the research material. The method of macrostructural analysis, the method of interpretative analysis, and procedural-semantic analysis were used as the main ones.

Analysis. In the course of the study, rhematic elements were identified in the responses-interpretations of neural networks, summarized in a single table and subjected to semantic and comparative analysis, which revealed both successful interpretations and negative results.

Results. It is shown that the studied language neural networks als and methods. A fragment of the first chapter of the novel The Golden Calf by I. Ilf and E. Petrov was chosen as the research material. The method of macrostructural analysis, the method of interpretative analysis, and procedural-semantic analysis were used as the main ones. Analysis. In the course of the study, rhematic elements were identified in the responses-interpretations of neural networks, summarized in a single table and subjected to semantic and comparative analysis, which revealed both successful interpretations and negative results. Results. It is shown that the studied language neural networks.

Introduction. Modern forms of media content, in particular, interactive films, are a synthesis of traditional cinematography and video game mechanisms. One of the significant examples of this genre is the interactive film Detroit: Become Human, which allows the recipient not only observe the narrative, but also take an active part in its formation through moral choice. The relevance of this study is due to the insufficient elaboration on the issues of the influence of verbal and non-verbal linguistic means of speech influence on the recipients’ decision-making process in the context of nonlinear storytelling. It is also deemed important to study the ways of creating moral dilemmas that promote the recipient’s emotional involvement and encourage decision-making in polycode text comprehension.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the interactive film Detroit: Become Human. The selected microcontexts demonstrate the communicative mechanisms determining the recipient’s behavioral reactions in the context of nonlinear narrative in the interactive film.

Analysis. The conducted study demonstrates the interaction of verbal and non-verbal elements in the decision-making process in the non-linear narrative of the interactive film polycode text. The analysis of dialogues and cues revealed that the screenwriters of interactive films use certain language means to promote an emotional response and active involvement of the user in the situation.

Results. The study demonstrates that interactive film is a form of storytelling in which user behavior is modeled through a complex system of verbal and non-verbal means of speech influence. It is argued that the perception of the characters and the script directly depends on a combination of speech acts, non-verbal signals, and contextual conditions, which confirms the integral nature of impact in interactive films.

Introduction. Modern social reality and the aspectualization of socially significant interactions not only create new conditions for goal-setting and goal-realization, but also provide them with new communicative forms. Since the need sphere, including utilitarian and identitarian elements of goal-setting, is currently the leading one, then the discursive practices that ensure the leveling of voluntary gaps – the satisfaction of needs – form a special relevant discursive formation, namely, motivational discourse. Since one of the most significant areas of personal identification is the professional and institutional component, the specific discourse of trade union work, which unites both of these plans, is the most representative phenomenon of creating motivation in both the subjective and collective aspects. The aim of the research is the analysis of pragma-axiological features of verbalization of basic components of value-orientation space of trade union organization as an activity form of goal-setting transmission.

Materials and methods. The material of the research is public motivational speeches of trade union movement leaders. Complex discursive-communicative methodology of analysis allows defining illocutionary goals, speech-act specificity and stratagemtactical variations of verbalized axiological dominants.

Analysis. Formation of special areas of intersection of goals of “subjective and collective good” is the basis for institutionalization of motivational communicative influence. Incentive to actions within the framework of professionally determined social interactions occurs on the basis of value orientations of individual members of the community in their relevant refraction. Consideration of the specifics of increasing the pragma-axiological potential in the speech-act aspect seems to be one of the innovative solutions that contribute to understanding the deep cognitive-discursive mechanisms of creating illocutionaryperlocutionary correspondence.

Results. The results of the study demonstrate that the pragma-axiological analysis of various goalcentric forms of actualization of values for the implementation of the “collective good” is the most effective method for studying motivational discourse; the basic axiological dominants of trade union motivational discourse are “association”, “activity”, “collective”, “power”, “method”, “future”. The most frequent and effective tactics are recognized as narrativization, positivization of personal experience, “communicative fixation”, which are implemented in the following ways: 1) retrotopic-protopic allusion to precedents, 2) declarations and statements of a slogan nature, 3) variable lexical repetitions. Each of these methods is subject to additional emphatization and emotivization by prosodic means.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the description of the lexical composition of the Khmer language. The basis of the research is the works in the field of lexicology of Russian and foreign linguists such as Yu. Apresyan, D. Elovkov, L. Krysin, N. Yudina.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of 500 words extracted by sampling from 25 000 contexts (sentences) from the Khmer-language newspaper Phnom Penh Post.

Analysis. The article examines and describes in detail the vocabulary of the Khmer language from the point of view of etymology (native and borrowed vocabulary), analyzes the main sources of borrowings, provides classifications of the vocabulary of the Khmer language from the point of view of the scope of distribution and age of existence. Borrowings are classified by donor language, topics and method of adaptation. By donor language, lexical units borrowed from Sanskrit and Pali, French, English, Thai, Lao, Vietnamese and Chinese are identified. Borrowings in the Khmer language are divided by topics into 11 semantic fields: information technology, economics, gastronomy, social and political vocabulary, medicine, chemistry, transport, sports, religion, culture and environment. According to the method of adaptation, borrowings are classified into phonetic, morphological-phonetic and semantic. Results. Based on the results of the study, the author proposed the following classification of the vocabulary of the Khmer language according to universal criteria: in terms of origin – native Khmer and borrowed, in terms of the sphere of distribution – commonly used and of limited use (dialects and terminology), in terms of the length of existence – modern, obsolete (archaisms and historicisms) and new. The analysis showed that the main ways of the appearance of neologisms in the Khmer language include the formation of new words according to word-formation models known to the language, borrowing and semantic derivation.

Introduction. The article discusses the criteria for the intensification and reduction of citations of publications for the Dr. habil. in Philology. The intensification of citations may be influenced by the choice of a peer-reviewed journal for publishing the results of their research, the choice of the type of publication, the choice of a coauthor and the relevance of the topic. The frequency of publications, low visibility of publications in the scientific community, the quality of publications and the type of access to them (open or not open) affect the decrease in the citation of works. In general, the intensification and decrease in publication citations of the Dr. habil. in Philology demonstrate the importance of the research to the scientific community.

Materials and methods. The study is based on data from the Scientific Electronic Library on the publication activity of 15 scientists who defended their doctoral dissertations in philological sciences (10.02.04 – Germanic languages) in 2014-2015. The methods of the search of dissertations, analysis, synthesis, data synthesis, comparison, ranking and interpretation were used to explain the influence of the selected criteria on the change in the citation level of publications.

Analysis. Several criteria have been proposed for the study. The first criterion is the availability of scientific articles written by Dr. habil. in Philology solo and with co-authors in journals included in the List of the Higher Attestation Commission and publications in other journals to determine which type of publications is actively cited by others. The second criterion is acting as a scientific advisor for the students including preparation of their scientific articles and PhD theses. The third criterion is the availability of intellectual property results (data bases, computer programmes) registered by Rospatent.

Results. Each of the criteria considered had a different impact on the publication activity of the Dr. habil. in Philology. The criteria for a long-term intensification of citations turned out to be publications in journals from the List of the Higher Attestation Commission and other scientific, educational and reference editions prepared both with co-authors and solo. The criterion of «acting as a scientific advisor» has a weaker effect on the intensification of citations, but it does not affect the decrease in citations. This is due to the peculiarity of taking into account citations of students’ works in the scientific electronic library in the author’s profile of the Dr. habil. in Philology. Finally, the type of publications «results of intellectual activity» (registration of data bases and computer programmes) has virtually no effect on the intensification of citations, in other words, it is a criterion for reducing citations, since this type of publication is less popular among philologists considering citations.