European direction of AustriaHungarian emigration at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries

The article analyzes one of the most important and little-studied problems related to the history of migrations in Europe in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The most important participant in these processes was the AustroHungarian monarchy. The system of Austro-Hungarian external migrations has not yet been sufficiently studied, which is expressed in the absence of comprehensive generalizing works. It was considered only fragmentarily - in the context of individual national diasporas or individual countries. At the same time, the main attention of researchers was glued to the overseas movements of Habsburg citizens. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the fact that its theme is the European direction of the Austro-Hungarian emigration, which for a long time remained on the periphery of the attention of historians.

The Habsburg Monarchy was, to one degree or another, connected by a system of cross-border migrations with almost all countries of what was then Europe. At the same time, it acted in two roles - both a donor and a recipient, but the first of them significantly prevailed. At the beginning of the 20th century, the number of nationals of Franz Joseph living in other European countries was twice the number of foreigners in the territory of the Habsburg lands.

Based on the analysis of census materials, the total number of Austro-Hungarian immigrants in European countries was determined. By the beginning of the twentieth century, it has reached 600 thousand people, and by the beginning of the First World War it has approached 900 thousand people. The main directions of external migration of the Habsburg nationals were: Western European with the dominant role of Germany (the main recipient country, which accepted more than two thirds of the settlers), Russian, South European (Italy) and Balkan (Romania and Bulgaria).

Austro-Hungarian emigration to European countries was of an economic and labor nature. Industrial and agricultural workers predominated among the settlers, and people from other social strata were widely represented. The immigrants belonged to various peoples of the dualistic monarchy: Germans, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Hungarians, Romanians, etc. Most of them came from Austrian lands, Hungarian natives dominated only in the Balkan direction.

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