<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">humanitieslaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гуманитарные и юридические исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Humanities and law research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-1030</issn><publisher><publisher-name>North-Caucasus Federal University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37494/2409-1030-2019-2-90-97</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">humanitieslaw-51</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПАУПЕРИЗМ В СТАНОВЛЕНИИ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PAUPERISM IN THE RISE OF SOCIAL POLICY OF GREAT BRITAIN</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Склярова</surname><given-names>Е. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sklyarova</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">afina18@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ростовский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Rostov State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Склярова Е.К., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Склярова Е.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sklyarova E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/51">https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/51</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается проблема пауперизма, как фактор становления социальной политики Великобритании в первой половине XIX века. Проблема нищеты, являясь частью социальной политики любого государства, имела свои исторические особенности решения этого вопроса и в Британии, зависящие от роста и миграции населения, традиций государственного и местного управления. Роль и динамика пауперизма в становлении социальной политики Британии является дискуссионной проблемой в отечественной и зарубежной историографии. В первой половине XIX века пауперизм последовательно анализировался парламентом и прессой, философами и юристами, а также статистиками и врачами. В эпоху урбанизации, после введения системы переписей населения призрение пауперов стало восприниматься в обществе, как проблема социальных расходов и налогообложения. Автор приходит к выводу, что после унии 1800 года с Ирландией, в эпоху урбанизации шло становление социальной политики на базе анализа статистических данных, изменения законов о бедных, введения системы здравоохранения городов Соединённого Королевства Великобритании и Ирландии. Согласно новому «Закону о поправках и более лучшем ведении законов о бедных в Англии и Уэльсе, 1834» работоспособное население должно было самостоятельно обеспечивать себя вне пределов прихода. Новый закон стал отправной точкой утилитаристского распределения налогов и государственных расходов, становления социальной политики, координируемой не приходами, а новыми государственными органами по закону о бедных. В дальнейшем соответствующие социальные реформы охватили Ирландию и Шотландию. Предлагалось создать государственную систему социальной помощи для малоимущих, женщин, детей, больных, вдов и сирот всего Соединённого Королевства. Деятельность Комиссии по закону о бедных контролировалась парламентом посредством отчётов, широко обсуждалась в прессе. Реформа пауперизма была направлена на кардинальное решение проблем налогообложения, здравоохранения, совершенствования системы выплат социальных пособий и обеспечения благосостояния всего британского общества. В эпоху урбанизации Соединённое Королевство Великобритании и Ирландии переходило от приходской системы поддержки пауперов к совершенствованию налогообложения, социальных расходов и здравоохранению городов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>He paper examines the problems of pauperism as the factor of the rise of social policy of Great Britain in the first half of the XIX century. The problem of misery, as a part of social policy of every state of the world, had its historical peculiarities of solution in Great Britain that depended on the growth and migration of population, traditions of the state and local government. The role and dynamics of pauperism in the rise of social policy of Great Britain is a topical problem in domestic and foreign historiography. In the first half of the XIX century, the problems of pauperism were consistently analyzed by the parliament and the press, philosophies and lawyers, statistics and doctors. During the period of urbanization after the introduction of the system of population census, the pauperism began to seen as a coercive burden of taxation. The author concludes that after the Union with Ireland in 1800, during the epoch of urbanization, the rise of social policy took place on the base of statistics analysis, changes of the poor laws, the introduction of the healthcare system in the towns of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. According to the new Poor law of 1834 in England and Wales, the capable population must provide themselves outside the parish. The new law became the starting point of utilitarian distribution of taxes and state expenses, the rise of the social policy, coordinated not by the parishes, but by the new state authorities in line with the new poor law. Then social reforms spread in Scotland and Ireland. It was supposed to create the state system of social assistance for the poor, woman, children, the sick, widows and orphans all over the kingdom. The activity of the Commission for the Poor laws was controlled by the parliament through reports; it was discussed in the press. The pauperism reform was aimed at cardinal decision of the problem of taxation, public health, modernization of the system of social allowance, and the provision of the welfare to the whole society. During the urbanization period, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland fell from the parochial system of the poor relief to the modernization of the social expenses and healthcare in the towns.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>социальная политика</kwd><kwd>пауперизм</kwd><kwd>урбанизация</kwd><kwd>Эдвин Чедвик</kwd><kwd>Великобритания</kwd><kwd>Шотландия</kwd><kwd>Ирландия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>social policy</kwd><kwd>pauperism</kwd><kwd>urbanization</kwd><kwd>Edwin Chadwick</kwd><kwd>Great Britain</kwd><kwd>Scotland</kwd><kwd>Ireland</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Апрыщенко В. Ю. Уния и модернизация: становление шотландской идентичности в XVIII - первой половине XIX вв. Ростов н/Д: Изд-во ЮФУ, 2008. 288 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Апрыщенко В. Ю. Уния и модернизация: становление шотландской идентичности в XVIII - первой половине XIX вв. Ростов н/Д: Изд-во ЮФУ, 2008. 288 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барлова Ю. Е. Английское законодательство о бедных в XVIII - первой половине XIX в. // Ярославский педагогический вестник. 2010. Т.1. № 3. С. 27-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Барлова Ю. Е. Английское законодательство о бедных в XVIII - первой половине XIX в. // Ярославский педагогический вестник. 2010. Т.1. № 3. С. 27-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильчиков А. И. О самоуправлении. Сравнительный обзор русских и иностранных земских и общественных учреждений. СПб.: тип. Э. Пратца, 1872. Т. 1. 352 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Васильчиков А. И. О самоуправлении. Сравнительный обзор русских и иностранных земских и общественных учреждений. СПб.: тип. Э. Пратца, 1872. Т. 1. 352 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ерофеев Н. А. Народная эмиграция и классовая борьба в Англии в 1825-1850 гг. М.: АН СССР, 1962. 536 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ерофеев Н. А. Народная эмиграция и классовая борьба в Англии в 1825-1850 гг. М.: АН СССР, 1962. 536 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кертман Л. E. География, история и культура Англии. 2-е изд. М.: Высшая школа, 1979. 384 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кертман Л. E. География, история и культура Англии. 2-е изд. М.: Высшая школа, 1979. 384 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мортон А. Л. История Англии. М.: ИЛ,1950. 462 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мортон А. Л. История Англии. М.: ИЛ,1950. 462 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поланьи К. Великая трансформация: политические и экономические истоки нашего времени. СПб.: Алетейя, 2002. 320 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Поланьи К. Великая трансформация: политические и экономические истоки нашего времени. СПб.: Алетейя, 2002. 320 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Редлих И. Английское местное управление. СПб.: Тип. Альтшулера, 1907. 443 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Редлих И. Английское местное управление. СПб.: Тип. Альтшулера, 1907. 443 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидоренко Ю. А., Склярова Е. К., Бутова Е. Н. Формирование социогигиенических идей в эпоху урбанизации Великобритании / Ю. А Сидоренко, Е. К., Склярова, Е. Н. Бутова // Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки. 2018. № 2 (99). С. 109-114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сидоренко Ю. А., Склярова Е. К., Бутова Е. Н. Формирование социогигиенических идей в эпоху урбанизации Великобритании / Ю. А Сидоренко, Е. К., Склярова, Е. Н. Бутова // Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки. 2018. № 2 (99). С. 109-114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидорина Т. Ю. Два века социальной политики. М.: РГГУ, 2005. 442 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сидорина Т. Ю. Два века социальной политики. М.: РГГУ, 2005. 442 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An Act for the Amendment and Better Administration of the Laws Relating to the Poor in England and Wales, 1834 // 4 &amp; 5 Will. IV. c. 76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An Act for the Amendment and Better Administration of the Laws Relating to the Poor in England and Wales, 1834 // 4 &amp; 5 Will. IV. c. 76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An Act for the More Effectual Relief of the Destitute Poor in Ireland, 1838 // 1 &amp; 2 Vict. c.56@@ An Act for the Amendment and Better Administration of the Laws Relating to the Relief of the Poor in Scotland, 1845 // Vict. 8 &amp; 9 c. 83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An Act for the More Effectual Relief of the Destitute Poor in Ireland, 1838 // 1 &amp; 2 Vict. c.56@@ An Act for the Amendment and Better Administration of the Laws Relating to the Relief of the Poor in Scotland, 1845 // Vict. 8 &amp; 9 c. 83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An Act to amend an Act made in the Present Session of Parliament, for authorizing the Issue of Exchequer Bills, and the Advance of Money for carrying on Public Works and Fisheries, and Employment of the Poor, 1817 // 57 Geo. III c. 34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An Act to amend an Act made in the Present Session of Parliament, for authorizing the Issue of Exchequer Bills, and the Advance of Money for carrying on Public Works and Fisheries, and Employment of the Poor, 1817 // 57 Geo. III c. 34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bentham J. Writings on the Poor Laws. Vol. I. / Ed. by M. Quinn. Oxford: OUP, 2001. 359 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bentham J. Writings on the Poor Laws. Vol. I. / Ed. by M. Quinn. Oxford: OUP, 2001. 359 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brundage A. The English Poor Laws, 1700-1930. N.Y.: Palgrave, 2002. 185 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brundage A. The English Poor Laws, 1700-1930. N.Y.: Palgrave, 2002. 185 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edsall N. The Anti-Poor Law Movement 1831-1844. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971. 285 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edsall N. The Anti-Poor Law Movement 1831-1844. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971. 285 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 1-st Series. 1807. Vol. IX. c. 541.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 1-st Series. 1807. Vol. IX. c. 541.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 1-st Series. 1809. Vol. XIV c. 645.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 1-st Series. 1809. Vol. XIV c. 645.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 1-st Series. 1817. Vol. XXXVI. c. 523@@ 1818. Vol. XXXVIII. c. 573.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 1-st Series. 1817. Vol. XXXVI. c. 523@@ 1818. Vol. XXXVIII. c. 573.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 3-rd Series. 1830. Vol. XXIII. c. 26-53@@ 1837. Vol. XXXVII. с. 147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 3-rd Series. 1830. Vol. XXIII. c. 26-53@@ 1837. Vol. XXXVII. с. 147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 3-rd Series. 1844. Vol. LXXII. c. 1-5, 244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 3-rd Series. 1844. Vol. LXXII. c. 1-5, 244.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 3-rd Series. 1845. Vol. LXXVI. c. 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 3-rd Series. 1845. Vol. LXXVI. c. 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levitt I. Poor Law and Pauperism // In: Atlas of Industrializing Britain 1780-1914 / Ed. by J. Langton, R. Morris. L., N.Y.: Methuens &amp; Co, 2003. P. 160-163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levitt I. Poor Law and Pauperism // In: Atlas of Industrializing Britain 1780-1914 / Ed. by J. Langton, R. Morris. L., N.Y.: Methuens &amp; Co, 2003. P. 160-163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malthus T. R. An Essay on the Principle of Population As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. L.: J. Jonson, 1798. 2 Vols.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malthus T. R. An Essay on the Principle of Population As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. L.: J. Jonson, 1798. 2 Vols.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCulloch J. Poor Laws // The Edinburgh Review. 1828. № 47. P. 303-330.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCulloch J. Poor Laws // The Edinburgh Review. 1828. № 47. P. 303-330.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Report from Commissioners for Inquiry into the Administration and Practical Operation of the Poor Laws // P.P. 1834. Vol. XXVII. P. 63-67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Report from Commissioners for Inquiry into the Administration and Practical Operation of the Poor Laws // P.P. 1834. Vol. XXVII. P. 63-67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Report of the Poor Law Commissioners to the Secretary of State or Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain // P.P. 1842. Vol. XXVI. P. 3-370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Report of the Poor Law Commissioners to the Secretary of State or Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain // P.P. 1842. Vol. XXVI. P. 3-370.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Report on the State of the Irish Poor in Great Britain // P.P. 1836. Vol. XXXIV. P. IX-XXV.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Report on the State of the Irish Poor in Great Britain // P.P. 1836. Vol. XXXIV. P. IX-XXV.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Senior N. Proposals for Extending the Irish Poor Law // The Edinburgh Review. 1846. № 84. P. 267-314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senior N. Proposals for Extending the Irish Poor Law // The Edinburgh Review. 1846. № 84. P. 267-314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sklyarova E. K. Crimean War and establishing of Public Health system in Great Britain // Научный альманах стран Причерноморья. 2017. № 1 (9). С. 24-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sklyarova E. K. Crimean War and establishing of Public Health system in Great Britain // Научный альманах стран Причерноморья. 2017. № 1 (9). С. 24-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Speeches of Henry Lord Brougham upon Questions Relating to Public Rights, Duties and Interests with Historical Introductions. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1841. 2 Vols.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Speeches of Henry Lord Brougham upon Questions Relating to Public Rights, Duties and Interests with Historical Introductions. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1841. 2 Vols.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Builder. 1844. Vol. 2. Apr. P.187-199.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Builder. 1844. Vol. 2. Apr. P.187-199.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Select Committee on the Poor Laws // P. P. 1819. Vol. II. P. 37-308.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Select Committee on the Poor Laws // P. P. 1819. Vol. II. P. 37-308.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Quarterly Review. 1816. Vol.15. № 29. P. 187-235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Quarterly Review. 1816. Vol.15. № 29. P. 187-235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Townsend J. An Essay on the Poor Laws / Ed. by A. Montagu. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. 531 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Townsend J. An Essay on the Poor Laws / Ed. by A. Montagu. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. 531 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
