<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">humanitieslaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гуманитарные и юридические исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Humanities and law research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-1030</issn><publisher><publisher-name>North-Caucasus Federal University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37493/2409-1030.2026.1.11</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">humanitieslaw-1667</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Либаний, βουλευταί и πολιτευόμενοι в социальной сети позднеантичного города</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Libanius, βουλευταί and πολιτευόμενοι in the social network of a late antique city</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7535-7438</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Радченко</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Radchenko</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маргарита Леонидовна Радченко, Кандидат исторических наук, преподаватель </p><p>д. 71, ул. Горького, Белгород, 308024 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Margarita L. Radchenko, Cand. Sc. (History), lecturer </p><p>71, Gorky St., Belgorod, 308024 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mirra.1991@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белгородский юридический институт МВД РФ имени И.Д. Путилина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belgorod Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after I.D. Putilin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Радченко М.Л., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Радченко М.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Radchenko M.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1667">https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1667</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. С IV в. начинается процесс византинизации позднеантичных городов Восточного Средиземноморья, продолжавшийся до конца VI в. В центре внимания социальных изменений находится положение куриалов. Куриалы по-гречески могут быть переданы двумя терминами – βουλευταί и πολιτευόμενοι. Большинство ученых ныне отождествляет эти два термина после некоторого периода поиска различий между ними в историографии. Вопрос о состоянии антиохийской курии в эпоху Либания (2-я половина IV в.) и о взаимоотношениях ритора с куриалами дает возможности широкого исследовательского поиска.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Основным источником выступает наследие антиохийского ритора второй половины IV в. Либания. Также используются некоторые другие синхронные источники. Методами исследования выступают метод контент анализа (как анализ содержания источников), сравнительно-исторический и общенаучный метод анализа и синтеза.</p></sec><sec><title>Анализ</title><p>Анализ. Эпоха Либания и кейс Антиохии представляют особый интерес, так как Либаний – один из наиболее плодовитых авторов своей эпохи, от которого сохранилось колоссальное письменное наследство; Антиохия – один из трех крупнейших городов империи, «метрополия Востока»; наконец, рассматриваемая эпоха имеет решающее значение в плане византинизации позднеантичного города в Восточном Средиземноморье, когда традиционный муниципальный строй приходит в упадок, горожане-куриалы теперь не столько стремятся к должностям в городской общине, сколько тяготятся повинностями, а в город проникает новая внешняя знать, связанная с государством и административной системой. В письмах и речах этого ритора выделено 133 куриала, из которых 57 были связаны только с Антиохией, а прочие – с другими городами. Однако интерес Либания к муниципальной жизни, а также масштабы его деятельности, исключительны даже для его времени и не имеют аналогов в последующие века. Переписка Либания позволяет нам узнать в целом о 196 учениках этого ритора, студентах его школы в Антиохии. Помимо обучения, известны 22 куриала, которые обращаются к Либанию с просьбой о рекомендательном письме с целью получения иммунитета от муниципальных обязанностей. Это отражает состояние дел в курии Антиохии.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Жизнь и сочинения Либания позволяют уточнить положение куриалов в Антиохии и на всем Востоке империи в заключительный, кризисный, но еще живой период их существования. Круг корреспондентов Либания из куриалов связан с двумя основными темами – это учебный процесс в его школе и проблема освобождения куриалов от их обременительных обязанностей в городе в пользу административной карьеры в империи. Либаний в целом считает куриалов основой традиционной полисной жизни, но прекрасно видит их кризисное состояние и усиление административного сегмента жизни общества и в целом усиление этатизма.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The process of Byzantinization of the late antique cities of the Eastern Mediterranean begins in the 4th century and lasts until the end of the 6th century. The focus of social changes is on the position of the curials. In Greek, curials can be rendered by two terms – βουλευταί and πολιτευόμενοι. Most scholars now identify these two terms after some period of searching for differences between them in historiography. The question of the state of the Antiochene curia in the era of Libanius (the second half of the 4th century) and the relationship of the rhetorician with the curials provides opportunities for a wide research search.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The main source is the legacy of the Antiochene rhetorician of the second half of the 4th century Libanius. Some other synchronous sources are also used. The research methods are the method of content analysis (as an analysis of the content of sources), comparative historical and general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis.</p></sec><sec><title>Analysis</title><p>Analysis. The era of Libanius and the case of Antioch are of particular interest, since Libanius is one of the most prolific authors of his era, from whom a colossal written legacy has been preserved. Antioch is one of the three largest cities of the empire, the metropolis of the East; finally, the era under consideration is of decisive importance in terms of the Byzantinization of the late antique city in the Eastern Mediterranean, when the traditional municipal system is in decline. The curial citizens are no longer so much striving for positions in the city community as they are burdened by duties, and a new external nobility, connected with the state and the administrative system, penetrates the city. In the letters and speeches of this rhetorician, 133 curials are distinguished, of which 57 were connected only with Antioch, and the rest – with other cities. However, Libanius’ interest in municipal life, as well as the scale of his activity, are exceptional even for his time and have no analogues in the following centuries. The correspondence of Libanius allows us to learn about 196 students of this rhetorician, students of his school in Antioch. In addition to their studies, 22 curials are known to have turned to Libanius for a letter of recommendation in order to obtain immunity from municipal duties. This reflects the state of affairs in the curia of Antioch.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The life and writings of Libanius allow us to clarify the position of the curials in Antioch and throughout the East of the empire in the final, critical, but still living period of their existence. The circle of Libanius’ correspondents from the curials is associated with two main topics - this is the educational process in his school and the problem of freeing the curials from their onerous duties in the city in favor of an administrative career in the empire. Libanius generally considers the curials to be the basis of traditional city-state life, but clearly sees their crisis state and the strengthening of the administrative segment of society and, in general, the strengthening of statism.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Либаний</kwd><kwd>поздняя античность</kwd><kwd>город</kwd><kwd>византинизация</kwd><kwd>куриалы</kwd><kwd>Антиохия</kwd><kwd>ритор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Libanius</kwd><kwd>late antiquity</kwd><kwd>city</kwd><kwd>Byzantinization</kwd><kwd>curials</kwd><kwd>Antioch</kwd><kwd>rhetor</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Болгов Н. Н. Византинизация позднеантичного города в Восточном Средиземноморье: к постановке проблемы // Byzantinotaurica. Журнал византийских и средиземноморских исследований. Т. 1. СПб.: Алетейя, 2023. С. 196–216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolgov NN. Byzantinization of a Late Antique City in the Eastern Mediterranean: Towards a Problem Statement in Byzantinotaurica. Journal of Byzantine and Mediterranean Studies. Vol. 1. St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2023. p.196 – 216. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макаров Д. А. Правовые и идеологические основы византийской государственности // Ленинградский юридический журнал. № 3. 2011. С. 163-175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov DA. Legal and ideological foundations of the Byzantine statehood. Leningradskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2011;3:163- 175. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burr E.G. Libanius of Antioch in relation to Christians and Christianity: the evidence of selected letters. Topoi. Orient-Occident. Supplément 7, 2006. Mélanges A.F. Norman. p. 63-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burr EG. Libanius of Antioch in relation to Christians and Christianity: the evidence of selected letters. Topoi. Orient-Occident. Supplément 7, 2006. Mélanges A.F. Norman. p. 63-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dagron J. Constantinople imaginaire. Études sur le recueil des Patria. Paris: Bibliothèque byzantine, 1984. 358 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dagron J. Constantinople imaginaire. Études sur le recueil des Patria. Paris: Bibliothèque byzantine, 1984. 358 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delmaire R. Cités et fiscalité au Bas-empire. À propos du rôle des curiales dans la levée des impost // C. Lepelley (ed.). La fin de la cité antique et le début de la cité médiévale. Bari, 1996. p. 59-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delmaire R. Cités et fiscalité au Bas-empire. À propos du rôle des curiales dans la levée des impost in C. Lepelley (ed.). La fin de la cité antique et le début de la cité médiévale. Bari, 1996. p. 59-70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gascou J. Les grands domaines, la cité et l’Etat en Egypte byzantine. Travaux et mémoires, 9. 1985. p. 1-90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gascou J. Les grands domaines, la cité et l’Etat en Egypte byzantine. Travaux et mémoires, 9. 1985. p. 1-90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geremek H. Les πολιτευόμενοι egyptiens sont-ils identiques aux bουλευταί? Anagennesis 1. 1981. p.231-247.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geremek H. Les πολιτευόμενοι egyptiens sont-ils identiques aux bουλευταί? Anagennesis 1. 1981. p. 231-247.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haarer F. Developments in the governance of late antique cities // Governare e riformare l’impero al momento della sua divisione: Oriente, Occidente, Illirico. Paris; Rome: École française de Rome, 2016. 386 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haarer F. Developments in the governance of late antique cities in Governare e riformare l’impero al momento della sua divisione: Oriente, Occidente, Illirico. Paris; Rome: École française de Rome, 2016. 386 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haarer F.K. Urban transition in late antiquity: the decline of the curiales and the rise of the municipal notables. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 17. 2004. p. 735-740.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haarer F.K. Urban transition in late antiquity: the decline of the curiales and the rise of the municipal notables. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 17. 2004. p. 735-740.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heather Р. New Men for New Constantines? Creating an Imperial Elite in the Eastern Mediterranean. New Constantines: The Rhythm of Imperial Renewal in Byzantium 4th - 13th Centuries. St. Andrews, 1992. P. 11-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heather Р. New Men for New Constantines? Creating an Imperial Elite in the Eastern Mediterranean. New Constantines: The Rhythm of Imperial Renewal in Byzantium 4th - 13th Centuries. St. Andrews, 1992. P. 11-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laniado A. Bουλευταί et πολιτευόμενοι. Chronique d’Egypte. 72(143). 1997. p. 130-144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laniado A. Bουλευταί et πολιτευόμενοι. Chronique d’Egypte. 72(143). 1997. p. 130-144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liebeschuetz J.W. Antioch: City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. XIV+302 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liebeschuetz JW. Antioch: City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. XIV+302 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Misson J. Recherches sur le paganisme de Libanios. Louvain: Bureaux du Recueil, 1914. 160 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Misson J. Recherches sur le paganisme de Libanios. Louvain: Bureaux du Recueil, 1914. 160 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pack R. Curiales in the Correspondence of Libanius. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 82. 1951. p. 176-192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pack R. Curiales in the Correspondence of Libanius. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 82. 1951. p. 176-192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pack R.A. ‘The Medical History' and Mental Health of Libanius. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association Vol. 64. 1933. [148 р.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pack RA. ‘The Medical History' and Mental Health of Libanius. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association Vol. 64. 1933. [148 р.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pack R.A. Ammianus Marcellinus and the Curia of Antioch. Classical Philology. 48. 1953. Р. 80-85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pack RA. Ammianus Marcellinus and the Curia of Antioch. Classical Philology. 48. 1953. p. 80-85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pack R.A. An Interpretation of Libanius, Epistle 915. Classical Weekly. 45. 1951. Р. 38-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pack RA. An Interpretation of Libanius, Epistle 915. Classical Weekly. 45. 1951. p. 38-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pack R.A. Studies in Libanius and Antiochene Society under Theodosius. Dissertation of the University of Michigan, 1935. 126 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pack RA. Studies in Libanius and Antiochene Society under Theodosius. Dissertation of the University of Michigan, 1935. 126 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pack R.A. Φυσιογνωμικα in Libanius' Antiochicus”. The American Journal of Philology. 56. 1935. p. 347-350.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pack RA. Φυσιογνωμικα in Libanius' Antiochicus”. The American Journal of Philology. 56. 1935. p. 347-350.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petit Р. Les fonctionnaires dans l'œuvre de Libanius: analyse prosopographique. Préface de André Chastagnol et de Jean Martin / Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 541. Besançon: Université de Franche-Comté, 1994. 286 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petit Р. Les fonctionnaires dans l'œuvre de Libanius: analyse prosopographique. Préface de André Chastagnol et de Jean Martin / Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 541. Besançon: Université de Franche-Comté, 1994. 286 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petit Р. Libanius et la vie municipale à Antioche au IVe siècle après J.-C. Paris: Geuthner 1955. 446 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petit Р. Libanius et la vie municipale à Antioche au IVe siècle après J.-C. Paris: Geuthner 1955. 446 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petit P. Les etudiants de Libanius. Un professeur de Faculté et ses éléves au Bas Empire. Paris: CNRS, 1957. 206 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petit P. Les etudiants de Libanius. Un professeur de Faculté et ses éléves au Bas Empire. Paris: CNRS, 1957. 206 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stern M. Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism. Vol. 2. From Tacitus to Simplicius. Jérusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1980. XVII+690 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stern M. Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism. Vol. 2. From Tacitus to Simplicius. Jérusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1980. XVII+690 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whittow M. Ruling the Late Roman and Early Byzantine city: a continuous history. Past and Present. 129. 1990. p. 3-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whittow M. Ruling the Late Roman and Early Byzantine city: a continuous history. Past and Present. 129. 1990. p. 3-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
