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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">humanitieslaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гуманитарные и юридические исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Humanities and law research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-1030</issn><publisher><publisher-name>North-Caucasus Federal University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37493/2409-1030.2025.2.1</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">humanitieslaw-1557</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Битва при Рафии (217 г. до н.э.): историки против биологов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Battle of Raphia (217 BCE): Historians vs. Biologists</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0917-7198</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абакумов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abakumov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аркадий Алексеевич Абакумов - Кандидат исторических наук, доцент </p><p>д. 108/1, ул. Республиканская, Ярославль, 150000 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arkady A. Abakumov - Cand. Sc. (History), Associate Professor </p><p>108/1, Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arc79@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ярославский государственный педагогический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>193</fpage><lpage>198</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Абакумов А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Абакумов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abakumov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1557">https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1557</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Генеральное сражение 4-й Сирийской войны между армиями Антиоха III и Птолемея IV стало одним из крупнейших в античной истории. Его ход в целом известен благодаря подробному описанию Полибия (V.82– 86). Особое внимание исследователей привлекает участие в нём боевых слонов – оно было достаточно массовым для сражений эпохи эллинизма, весьма успешным, и именно бой слонов стал самым ярким эпизодом битвы. В тактическом отношении действия слоновых корпусов в связке с иными войсками представляют несомненный интерес как пример combined arms warfare. Наконец, битва при Рафии является единственным известным сражением древности, где друг другу противостояли слоны разного происхождения. Именно этот момент, как ни странно, привлекает учёных более всего; оживлённая дискуссия в историографии о том, что это могли быть за виды, зародилась давно и продолжается до сих пор.Материалы и методы. Основным источником выступает глава V «Всеобщей истории» Полибия с привлечением иных нарративных источников (сочинения Диодора, Страбона, Плутарха и др.). Анализ. Дискуссия о видовой принадлежности боевых слонов из Африки ведётся с начала XX в. и вызвана тем, что в регионах, доступных древним охотникам, слоны сейчас не водятся. Смысл дискуссии – определить, к какому ныне живущему виду африканского слона (саванновому или лесному) они могли относиться, опираясь как на сообщение Полибия о превосходстве индийских слонов над ливийскими (V.84.5), так и данные зоологии. В дискуссии можно выделить несколько этапов: начало XX в. (Г. Дельбрюк и др.; саванновый слон), конец 1940-х гг. (У. Гоуэрс; лесной слон; П. Дераниягала, ныне вымерший вид), начало XXI в. (выводы экспедиции в Гаш-Барка (2014), публикации П. Шнайдера). В настоящее время она продолжается, поскольку закрыть её может только генетическое исследование древних костей. Результаты. На основании проведённых в XX в. успешных экспериментов по приручению африканского слона можно согласиться с П. Шнайдером в том, что как для Полибия, так и для организаторов этих экспериментов точная классификация слонов не имела значения, и географическая принадлежность была важнее точной видовой. Дополнительно делается вывод о том, что участие африканских слонов в битве при Рафии можно оценивать не так однозначно, как это делал Полибий; птолемеевский военачальник Эхекрат мог использовать их в качестве «живого щита» при подготовке решающего удара по селевкидскому флангу (Polyb. V.85.1–3), тем самым используя их вполне привычным для эллинистической тактики способом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The batlle of Raphia, the general battle of the 4th Syrian War between the armies of Antiochus III and Ptolemy IV, became one of the largest in ancient history. Its course is generally known thanks to the comprehensive description by Polybius (V.82–86). The participation of war elephants attracts special attention of researchers because it was quite massive and successful. It was the elephant fight that became the most striking episode of the battle. In tactical terms, the actions of elephantry in conjunction with other troops are of undoubted interest in the context of combined arms warfare. Finally, the Battle of Raphia is the only known battle of Antiquity,</p><p>where African and Indian elephants battled against each other. Oddly enough, it is this picturesque detail that attracts scientists and remains the reason for a lively discussion in historiography to this day.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The main source is Chapter V of Polybius’s General History, as well as other narrative sources (the works of Diodorus, Strabo, Plutarch, etc.).</p></sec><sec><title>Analysis</title><p>Analysis. The debate about the exact species of ancient African war elephants has been going on since the beginning of the 20th century and is caused by the fact that elephants are no longer found in the regions that were accessible to ancient hunters. The point of the debate is to determine which living species of African elephant (savanna elephant or forest elephant) they could belong to, based on both Polybius’s report on the superiority of Indian elephants over Libyan ones (V.84.5) and zoological data. Several stages can be distinguished in the debate: the beginning of the 20th century (G. Delbrück et al., savanna elephant), the end of the 1940s (W. Gowers, forest elephant; P. Deraniyagala, species that is now extinct), the beginning of the 21st century (scientific results of the Gash-Barka expedition (2014), P. Schneider’s publications). It is currently ongoing, since only a genetic study of ancient skeleton remains can close it.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The successful experiments in taming both the living species of African elephant conducted in the 20th century allow one to agree with P. Schneider’s conclusions that for both Polybius and the organizers of these experiments, the exact classification of elephants was of no importance. In addition, it is concluded that the participation of African elephants in the Battle of Raphia can be assessed not as unequivocally as Polybius did; the Ptolemaic commander Echecrates could have used them as a “mobile shield” – in a way – in preparation for a decisive blow to the Seleucid flank (Polyb. V.85.1–3), thereby using them in a manner quite conventional to Hellenistic tactics.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Полибий</kwd><kwd>Рафия</kwd><kwd>боевые слоны</kwd><kwd>Эхекрат</kwd><kwd>Гаш-Барка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Polybius</kwd><kwd>Battle of Raphia</kwd><kwd>war elephants</kwd><kwd>Echecrates</kwd><kwd>Gash-Barka</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дельбрюк Г. История военного искусства в рамках политической истории. Т. 1. СПб.: Наука, 1999. 414 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delbruck H. History of the Art of War. Vol. 1. Saint Petersburg: Nauka, 1999. 414 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bar-Kochva B. The Seleucid Army: Organization and Tactics in the Great Campaigns. 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