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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">humanitieslaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гуманитарные и юридические исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Humanities and law research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-1030</issn><publisher><publisher-name>North-Caucasus Federal University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37493/2409-1030.2025.1.9</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">humanitieslaw-1534</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экономические взаимоотношения России и Финляндии в конце XIX – начале XX вв.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic relations between Russia and Finland in the late XIX – beginning of XX centuries</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2288-3111</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермаков</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermakov</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Олег Владимирович Ермаков –  соискатель</p><p>д. 1, ул. Пушкина, Ставрополь, 355017</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg V. Ermakov - PhD Applicant</p><p>1, Pushkin St., Stavropol, 355017</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Ermakov1982@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Кавказский федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North-Caucasus Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>80</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ермаков О.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ермаков О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ermakov O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1534">https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1534</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В данной статье рассматривается экономическое развитие Финляндии в конце XIX – начале ХХ вв. и влияние на данный процесс нарастающего кризиса в отношениях между Российской империей и Великим княжеством Финляндским после прихода к власти императораНиколая II.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Данная статья выполнена в рамках междисциплинарного подхода с использованием научных походов исторической науки и экономики.</p></sec><sec><title>Анализ</title><p>Анализ. В последней трети XIX в. народное хозяйство Финляндии достигло значительных результатов в своем развитии. В статье подчеркивается, что важную роль в данном процессе игралроссийский капитал, особенно в создании предприятий тяжелой промышленности. К началу ХХ в. в виду изменения экономической конъюнктуры роль российского капитала в индустриальном развитии княжества снижается, что отчасти было связано с политикой ограничения получения гражданства Финляндии россиянами. В материале подчеркивается особое значение внутреннего рынка России для промышленности княжества, особенно целлюлозно-бумажной. В тоже, время автор подчеркивает нарастание роли во внешней торговле Финляндии Германии и Великобритании, что вызывало беспокойство среди правящих кругов России. Стремление к ограничению автономии Финляндии в представлениях российских консерваторов и части представителей правящего класса, непременно должно было затронуть экономическую сферу. В первую очередь, данная политика затрагивала железные дороги, соединяющие России и Финляндию, средства связи, лоцманскую службу. В материале отмечается особая роль в экономическом развитии княжества ее таможенной автономии, в том числе вводившей протекционистские пошлины и другие ограничения на торговлю России и Финляндии. В Санкт-Петербурге не было полного единства мнений по поводу ликвидации таможенной автономии княжества, так как многие представители торгово-промышленных кругов страны и представителей государственного аппарата опасались, что наплыв товаров из Финляндии мог негативно сказаться на развитии ряда секторов народного хозяйства России.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. К 1914 г. Великое княжество Финляндское достигло значительных результатов в развитии промышленности, транспортной инфраструктуры и средств связи. Россия вносила свой вклад в достижения финляндской экономики. Первоначально российский капитал занимал важные позиции в экономике страны, но затем егороль значительно снижается. При доминировании России вовнешней торговле Финляндии, ее удельный вес начинает постепенно снижаться, в пользу Германии, Великобритании и других европейских стран.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. This article examines the economic development of Finland in the late 19th – early 20th centuries and the impact on this process of the growing crisis in relations between the Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Finland after Emperor Nicholas II came to power.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. This article is written within the framework of an interdisciplinary approach using scientific approaches of historical science and economics.</p></sec><sec><title>Analysis</title><p>Analysis. In the last third of the 19th century, the national economy of Finland achieved significant results in its development. The article emphasizes that Russian capital played an important role in this process, especially in the creation of heavy industry enterprises. By the beginning of the 20th century, due to changes in the economic situation, the role of Russian capital in the industrial development of the principality was declining, which was partly due to the policy of limiting the acquisition of Finnish citizenship by Russians. The material emphasizes the importance of the Russian domestic market for the industry of the principality, especially pulp and paper. At the same time, the author emphasizes the growing role of Germany and Great Britain in Finland's foreign trade, which caused concern among the ruling circles of Russia. The desire to limit Finland's autonomy, in the opinion of Russian conservatives and some representatives of the ruling class, was bound to affect the economic sphere. First of all, this policy affected the railways connecting Russia and Finland, means of communication, and the pilot service. The material notes the special role of the customs autonomy of the principality in its economic development, including the introduction of protectionist duties and other restrictions on trade between Russia and Finland. In St. Petersburg, there was no complete unity of opinion regarding the liquidation of the customs autonomy of the principality, since many representatives of the country's trade and industrial circles and representatives of the state apparatus feared that the influx of goods from Finland could negatively affect the development of a number of sectors of the Russian national economy.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. By 1914, the Grand Duchy of Finland had achieved significant results in the development of industry, transport infrastructure, and means of communication. Russia contributed to the achievements of the Finnish economy. Initially, Russian capital occupied important positions in the country's economy, but then its role significantly decreased. With Russia's dominance in Finland's foreign trade, its share gradually began to decline, in favor of Germany, Great Britain and other European countries.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Российская империя</kwd><kwd>Великое княжество Финляндское</kwd><kwd>таможенное законодательство</kwd><kwd>внешняя торговля</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Russian Empire</kwd><kwd>Grand Principality of Finland</kwd><kwd>customs legislation</kwd><kwd>foreign trade</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anisimov DV. Opening of branches of Russian banks in the Grand Duchy of Finland at the beginning of the 20th century. Istoricheskij zhurnal: nauchnye issledovanija. 2016;4:461-469. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ananyich BV. 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