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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">humanitieslaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гуманитарные и юридические исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Humanities and law research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-1030</issn><publisher><publisher-name>North-Caucasus Federal University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37493/24091030.2023.4.1</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">humanitieslaw-1338</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ И АРХЕОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Хотоны Калмыцкого ханства XVIII в.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Khotons of the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-0647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Батмаев</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Batmaev</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Максим Манчиевич Батмаев, Доктор исторических наук, доцент</p><p>д. 8, ул. И. К. Илишкина, Элиста, 358000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maksim M. Batmaev, Dr. Sc. (History), Associate Professor </p><p>8, Ilishkin St., Elista, 358000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nel_max73@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Калмыцкий научный центр РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>561</fpage><lpage>567</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Батмаев М.М., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Батмаев М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Batmaev M.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1338">https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1338</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Статья посвящена исследованию малоизученной в историографии проблеме – хотонам (кочевым поселениям) Калмыцкого ханства XVIII в., которые одновременно являлись самыми мелкими административными единицами.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование основано на обширном комплексе архивных материалов, прежде всего, делопроизводственной переписке, в которой так или иначе отложились сведения о хотонах Калмыцкого ханства XVIII в., численности людей в них, степени родства и т.д. При анализе источникового и библиографического материала и при написании текста статьи применены историко-генетический, сравнительно-исторический, функциональный и описательный методы.</p></sec><sec><title>Анализ</title><p>Анализ. Анализ показал, что значительная часть хотонов состояла из 10–15 кибиток (семей), которые были связаны между собой родственными отношениями, в том числе находившихся на разных ступенях родственных отношений. Однако архивные документы показывают, что помимо обычных хотонов, состоявших из родственных семей, в XVIII в. в Калмыцком ханстве стали появляться кочевые поселения, состоящие из семей или отдельных людей, не связанных родственными узами и даже относящихся к разным  субэтническим группам. Иногда в силу различных причин несколько хотонов могли объединяться и составлять отдельную группу из нескольких десятков кибиток, а в ряде случаев из-за чрезвычайных обстоятельств они могли составлять группы даже из нескольких сотен кибиток, правда, на короткое время. При этом хотоны и другие кочевые группы хотонного типа кроме официальных властей имели и свое внутреннее общественное самоуправление, построенное на жизненном опыте и авторитете управленцев.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Таким образом, можно прийти к выводу о том, что в социально-стратифицированном калмыцком обществе XVIII в. родоплеменные отношения начинают деформироваться под влиянием сложившихся обстоятельств.  </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The article analyzes a little–studied problem in historiography – khotons (nomadic settlements) the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, which at the same time were the smallest administrative units.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study is based on an extensive set of archival materials, primarily clerical correspondence, which somehow deposited information about the khotons of the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, the number of people in them, the degree of kinship, etc. Historical-genetic, comparative-historical, functional and descriptive methods were used in the analysis of source and bibliographic material and in writing the text of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Analysis</title><p>Analysis. The analysis showed that a significant part of khotons consisted of 10-15 kibits (families), which were connected with each other by kinship relations, including those who were at different levels of kinship relations. However, archival documents show that in the 18th century, in addition to ordinary khotons consisting of related families, nomadic settlements began to appear in the Kalmyk Khanate, consisting of families or individuals not related by kinship and even belonging to different sub-ethnic groups. Sometimes, for various reasons, several khotons could unite and form a separate group of several dozens of kibits, and in some cases, due to extraordinary circumstances, they could form groups even of several hundred kibits, though for a short period. In addition to the official authorities, khotons and other nomadic groups of khoton type had their own internal public self-government built on the life experience and authority of their managers.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Thus, it can be concluded that in the socially stratified Kalmyk society of the XVIII century tribal relations began to deform under the influence of the prevailing circumstances.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>социальная история</kwd><kwd>кочевое общество</kwd><kwd>монгольские народы</kwd><kwd>Калмыцкое ханство</kwd><kwd>кочевые группы</kwd><kwd>зайсанги</kwd><kwd>хотоны</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>social history</kwd><kwd>nomadic society</kwd><kwd>Mongolian peoples</kwd><kwd>Kalmyk khanate</kwd><kwd>nomadic groups</kwd><kwd>zaisangs</kwd><kwd>khotons</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">публикация подготовлена в рамках реализации государственного задания КалмНЦ РАН (проект № 122022700134-6 «Юго-восточный пояс России: исследование политической и культурной истории социальных общностей и групп»).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the reported study was prepared within the framework of the state assignment of the Kalmyk Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (project No. 122022700134-6 ‘The Southeastern Belt of Russia: Exploring Political and Cultural History of Social Communities and Groups’).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бичурин Н. 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Д. 374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NARK. F. I-36. Inv. 1. D. 374. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">НАРК. Ф. И-36. Оп. 1. Д. 386.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NARK. F. I-36. Inv. 1. D. 386. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">НАРК. Ф. И-36. Оп. 1. Д. 407.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NARK. F. I-36. Inv. 1. D. 407. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">НАРК. Ф. И-36. Оп. 1. Д. 409.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NARK. F. I-36. Inv. 1. D. 409. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">НАРК. Ф. И-36. Оп. 1. 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