<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">humanitieslaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гуманитарные и юридические исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Humanities and law research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-1030</issn><publisher><publisher-name>North-Caucasus Federal University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37493/2409-1030.2023.3.4</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">humanitieslaw-1305</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Проблема сокращения стратегических вооружений в контексте современных российско-американских отношений</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The problem of strategic arms reduction in the context of modern Russian-American relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4361-7778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каширина</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashirina</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Владиславовна Каширина, доктор исторических наук, профессор,</p><p>стр. 1, д. 38, ул. Остоженка, Москва, 119034</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana Vl. Kashirina, Dr. Sc. (History), Professor,</p><p>Building 1, 38, Ostozhenka St., Moscow, 119034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Kashirina73@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный лингвистический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Linguistic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>390</fpage><lpage>397</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каширина Т.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каширина Т.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kashirina T.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1305">https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1305</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В статье представлен анализ процесса сокращения стратегических вооружений России и США. Дана авторская оценка советско-американской разрядке и советско-американским договорам в сфере разоружения, как заложившим политическую нормативно-правовую основы для развития процесса разоружения после окончания холодной войны. Представлен анализ российско-американского Договора СНВ-3, заключенного президентами Б. Обамой и Дм. Медведевым в 2010. Особое внимание уделено проблеме проведения взаимных инспекций Россией и Соединенными Штатами в ходе реализации ДСНВ-3.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование построено на анализе советско-американских и российско-американских договоров в сфере разоружения, материалов МИД России, американской администрации Дж. Байдена, публикаций американской прессы. Был использован системный комплексный подход, конкретно-исторический и сравнительно-исторические методы.</p></sec><sec><title>Анализ</title><p>Анализ. Согласно официальным данным, МИД России, американская сторона шла на определенные «уловки» – не только реально сокращала вооружения, но достигала финальных результатов и за счет переоборудования части вооружений в неядерные либо учебные. Российское ведомство не могло подтвердить приведение этих стратегических вооружений в непригодное состояние, предусмотренное договором. В контексте российско-украинского кризиса и начало российской СВО особо сложными в процессе взаимной верификации разоружения стали вопросы: прекращения нормального авиасообщения, удлинения времени перелетов, что могло способствовать «утечке» конфиденциальной информации; сложности визового режима для российских специалистов, особенно в транзитных странах; трудности осуществления российских платежей за верификационные услуги; отсутствие однозначных гарантий предоставления возможности пролета самолетов Минобороны России с инспекторами на борту через закрытое для России воздушное пространство западных стран.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Сделан вывод о важности подписания договора СНВ-3, ставшего серьезной вехой в развитии отношений Москвы и Вашингтона в военно-политической сфере. Нарушение взаимной инспекционной деятельности в контексте введенных Западом против России санкций нарушило принципы равного доступа к механизмам верификации Договора, создало однозначные преимущества для американской стороны и привело к приостановлению участия России в ДСНВ-3.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The article presents an analysis of the process of reducing strategic arms of Russia and the United States. The author gives an assessment of the Soviet-American détente and the Soviet-American disarmament treaties as laying the political normative and legal foundation for the development of the disarmament process after the end of the Cold War. The study analyzes the Russian-American New START Treaty concluded by Presidents B. Obama and Dmitry Medvedev in 2010. Particular attention is paid to the problem of mutual inspections by Russia and the United States during the implementation of START-3.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of Soviet-American and Russian-American treaties in the field of disarmament, materials from the Russian Foreign Ministry, the American administration of J. Biden, and publications in the American press. A systematic integrated approach, specific historical and comparative historical methods were used.</p></sec><sec><title>Analysis</title><p>Analysis. According to official data from the Russian Foreign Ministry, the American side resorted to certain “tricks” - not only actually reducing weapons, but achieving final results by converting some weapons into non-nuclear or training ones. The Russian department could not confirm that these strategic weapons were rendered unusable as provided for by the treaty. In the context of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis and the beginning of the Russian SVO the following issues became particularly difficult in the process of mutual verification of disarmament: the cessation of regular air traffic, the extension of flight times, which could contribute to the “leakage” of confidential information; the complexity of the visa regime for Russian specialists, especially in transit countries; difficulties in making Russian payments for verification services; the lack of unambiguous guarantees of providing the opportunity for aircraft of the Russian Ministry of Defense with inspectors on board to fly through the airspace of Western countries closed to Russia.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A conclusion is drawn about the importance of signing New START treaty, which became a major milestone in the development of relations between Moscow and Washington in the military-political sphere. Violation of mutual inspection activities in the context of sanctions imposed by the West against Russia violated the principles of equal access to the Treaty verification mechanisms, created clear advantages for the American side and led to the suspension of Russia participation in New START.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>международные отношения</kwd><kwd>советско-американская разрядка</kwd><kwd>российско-американские отношения</kwd><kwd>сокращение стратегических вооружений</kwd><kwd>нераспространение ядерного оружия</kwd><kwd>верификация</kwd><kwd>взаимные инспекции</kwd><kwd>Договор СНВ-3</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>international relations</kwd><kwd>Soviet-American détente</kwd><kwd>Russian-American relations</kwd><kwd>strategic arms reduction</kwd><kwd>non-proliferation of nuclear weapons</kwd><kwd>verification</kwd><kwd>mutual inspections</kwd><kwd>New START Treaty</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заявление МИД России в связи с приостановлением Российской Федерацией действия Договора о мерах по дальнейшему сокращению и ограничению стратегических наступательных вооружений (ДСНВ) URL: https://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/official_statement/1855184/ (дата обращения: 15.05.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Statement by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in connection with the suspension by the Russian Federation of the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START). URL: https://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/official_statement/1855184/ (accessed: 15.09.2023) (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каширина Т. В. Проблема ограничения и сокращения и стратегических вооружений в американо-советских/российских отношениях в 1969 – 2010 годах: монография. Воронеж: Научная книга, 2013. 590 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashirina T. V. The problem of limitation and reduction of strategic weapons in American-Soviet/Russian relations in 1969–2010: monograph. Voronezh: Scientific book, 2013. 590 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Концепция внешней политики Российской Федерации (утверждена Президентом Российской Федерации В. В. Путиным 31 марта 2023 г.) URL: https://www.mid.ru/ru/detail-material-page/1860586/ (дата обращения: 15.09.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation (approved by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin on March 31, 2023). URL: https://www.mid.ru/ru/detail-material-page/1860586/ (accessed: 15.09.2023) (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крейдин А. Противоракетная угроза преувеличена. // Независимое военное обозрение. 26 мая 2000. № 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kreidin A. The missile defense threat is exaggerated. Nezavisimoe voennoe obozrenie = Independent Military Review. No. 18. May 26, 2000. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О российско-американском Договоре о СНВ и ситуации, приведшей к решению о приостановлении его действия. URL: https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/disarmament/voenno_strategicheskie_problemy/1413415/ (дата обращения: 15.09.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On the Russian-American START Treaty and the situation that led to the decision to suspend its action. URL: https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/disarmament/voenno_strategicheskie_problemy/1413415/. (accessed: 15.09.2023) (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О суммарных количествах стратегических наступательных вооружений России и США в соответствии с Договором о СНВ. URL: https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/disarmament/voenno_strategicheskie_problemy/1833766/ (дата обращения: 30.09.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On the total quantities of strategic offensive weapons of Russia and the United States in accordance with the START Treaty. URL: https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/disarmament/voenno_strategicheskie_problemy/1833766/ (accessed: 30.09.2023) (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию. 21 февраля 2023 г. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/statements/70565</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Address of the President to the Federal Assembly. February 21, 2023. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/statements/70565 (accessed: 30.09.2023) (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Российско-американские отношения в области сокращения ядерных вооружений: современное состояние и перспективы. /Под ред. А.С. Дьякова, издание Центра по изучению проблем разоружения, энергетики и экологии при МФТИ. Долгопрудный. 2001. 52 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russian-American relations in the field of nuclear arms reduction: current state and prospects / ed. A.S. Dyakova, publication of the Center for the Study of Disarmament, Energy and Ecology at MIPT. Dolgoprudny. 2001. 52 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexis Jonas E. Screwed: The US is not ready for a new nuclear arms race (with Russia). America cannot produce nuclear warheads. URL: https://www.vtforeignpolicy.com/2023/02/screwed-the-us-is-not-ready-for-a-new-nuclear-armsrace-with-russia/ (accessed: 04.10.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexis Jonas E. Screwed: The US is not ready for a new nuclear arms race (with Russia). America cannot produce nuclear warheads. URL: https://www.vtforeignpolicy.com/2023/02/screwed-the-us-is-not-ready-for-a-new-nuclear-armsrace-with-russia/ (accessed: 15.09.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Security Strategy. 2023. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/8-November-CombinedPDF-for-Upload.pdf (accessed: 04.10.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Security Strategy. 2023. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/8-November-CombinedPDF-for-Upload.pdf (accessed: 4.10.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parker Claire. What is New START and why is Russia ‘suspending’ its role in the treaty? URL:https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/21/what-is-new-start-treaty/ (accessed: 04.10.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parker Claire. What is New START and why is Russia ‘suspending’ its role in the treaty? URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/21/what-is-new-start-treaty/ (accessed: 4.10.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">President Biden Statement Ahead of the 10th Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/01/president-biden-statementahead-of-the-10th-review-conference-of-the-treaty-on-the-non-proliferation-of-nuclear-weapons/ (accessed: 04.10.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">President Biden Statement Ahead of the 10th Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/01/president-biden-statementahead-of-the-10th-review-conference-of-the-treaty-on-the-non-proliferation-of-nuclear-weapons/ (accessed: 4.10.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rofer Cheryl. Plutonium Pits Are a Critical Obstacle in U.S. Nuclear Plans Modernization programs need to be realistic– and may be unnecessary. URL: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/08/09/plutonium-pits-nuclear-plans-policy/ (accessed: 04.10.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rofer Cheryl. Plutonium Pits Are a Critical Obstacle in the U.S. Nuclear Plans Modernization programs need to be realistic– and may be unnecessary. URL: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/08/09/plutonium-pits-nuclear-plans-policy/ (accessed: 4.10.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suspension of START-3 Treaty Is Russia’s ‘Annoying And Irresponsible’ Decision. URL: https://www.easternherald.com/2023/02/23/suspension-of-start-3-treaty-is-russias-annoying-and-irresponsible-decision/ (accessed: 04.10.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suspension of START-3 Treaty Is Russia’s ‘Annoying And Irresponsible’ Decision. URL: https://www.easternherald.com/2023/02/23/suspension-of-start-3-treaty-is-russias-annoying-and-irresponsible-decision/ (accessed: 4.10.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">US President Biden announced his readiness to discuss with Russia the replacement of the START-3 treaty. URL:https://pledgetimes.com/us-president-biden-announced-his-readiness-to-discuss-with-russia-the-replacement-of-the-start-3- treaty/ (accessed: 04.10.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">US President Biden announced his readiness to discuss with Russia the replacement of the START-3 treaty. URL: https://pledgetimes.com/us-president-biden-announced-his-readiness-to-discuss-with-russia-the-replacement-of-the-start-3- treaty/ (accessed: 4.10.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United States nuclear forces, 2020. URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2019.1701286 (accessed: 04.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United States nuclear forces, 2020. URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2019.1701286 (accessed: 4.10.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
