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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">humanitieslaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гуманитарные и юридические исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Humanities and law research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-1030</issn><publisher><publisher-name>North-Caucasus Federal University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37493/2409-1030.2023.2.11</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">humanitieslaw-1279</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Американская оккупация Ирака и проблема шиитского активизма</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The American occupation of Iraq and the problem of Shiite activism</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5363-0909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хамид</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hamid</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мариам Салман Хамид, аспирант</p><p>410012</p><p>д. 83, ул. Астраханская,</p><p>Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mariam S. Hamid, Postgraduate student</p><p>410012</p><p>83 Astrakhanskaya St.</p><p>Saratov</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mariyam22sm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Саратовский национальный исследовательский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Saratov State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>265</fpage><lpage>271</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хамид М.С., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хамид М.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hamid M.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1279">https://humanitieslaw.ncfu.ru/jour/article/view/1279</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>   Введение</title><p>   Введение. В статье автор обращается к анализу причин и предпосылок политической активизации борьбы шиитов Ирака за свои права в условиях американской оккупации в период правления Временной коалиционной администрации Пола Бремера. Анализируется основные мероприятия американских оккупационных властей 2003-2004 года по «демократизации» постсаддамовского Ирака в политической, экономической и военной сферах и их результаты, приведшие к росту антиамериканских настроений среди шиитского населения.</p></sec><sec><title>   Материалы и методы</title><p>   Материалы и методы. Исследование построено на основе анализа источников, состоящих из воспоминаний американского чиновника П. Бремера и иракского политика А. Аллауи, которые позволяют провести сравнительный анализ целей и задач американской оккупационной админитрации и их реализацию, с точки зрения шиитской общины Ирака.</p></sec><sec><title>   Анализ</title><p>   Анализ. Важную часть составляет анализ состояния шиитской общины и борьба за влияние между ведущими политическими лидерами шиитов религиозного толка, отстаивавших разные пути развития постсаддамовского Ирака на примерах деятельности аятолл Мохаммада Бакира аль-Хакима, Абдул Маджида аль-Хои и муллы Муктады аль-Садра.</p></sec><sec><title>   Результаты</title><p>   Результаты. Делается вывод о том, что события весной 2004 года с эпицентром в Неджефе стали высшим проявлением активизации шиитской борьбы за свои права в постсаддамовском Ираке. Достигнутый компромисс с Муктадой аль-Садром не только выводил его в первые ряды влиятельных иракских политиков, но и означал фактический провал первоначальных планов США по демократизации Ирака по западным лекалам. Муктада аль-Садр своими решительными действиями продемонстрировал настрой шиитов на отстаивание места, соответствующего их положению в будущем устройстве Ирака, что неизбежно вело к обострению этно-конфессионального противостояния с другими общинами в лице суннитов и курдов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>   Introduction</title><p>   Introduction. The article analyzes the reasons and prerequisites for the political activation of the struggle of the Shiites of Iraq for their rights under the American occupation during the reign of the Provisional Coalition Administration of Paul Bremer. The article studies the main activities of the American occupation authorities in 2003 and 2004 to «democratize» post-Saddam Iraq in the political, economic and military spheres and their results, which led to an increase in anti-American sentiments among the Shiite population.</p></sec><sec><title>   Materials and Methods</title><p>   Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of sources consisting of the memoirs of the American official P. Bremer and the Iraqi politician A. Allawi, which allow a comparative analysis of the goals and objectives of the American occupation administration and their implementation, from the point of view of the Shiite community in Iraq. Analysis. An important part is the analysis of the state of the Shiite community and the struggle for influence between the leading political leaders of religious Shiites who defended different ways of development of post-Saddam Iraq on the examples of the activities of Ayatollahs Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim, Abdul Majid al-Khoi and Mullah Muqtada al-Sadr.</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. It is concluded that the events in the spring of 2004 with the epicenter in Nejef became the highest manifestation of the intensification of the Shiite struggle for their rights in post-Saddam Iraq. The compromise reached with Muqtada al-Sadr not only brought him to the forefront of influential Iraqi politicians, but also meant the actual failure of the initial US plans to democratize Iraq according to Western patterns. With his decisive actions, Muqtada al-Sadr demonstrated the attitude of the Shiites to defend a place corresponding to their position in the future structure of Iraq, which inevitably led to an aggravation of ethno-confessional confrontation with other communities such as Sunnis and Kurds.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Ирак</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>антиамериканизм</kwd><kwd>шииты</kwd><kwd>Пол Бремер</kwd><kwd>Мохаммад Бакир аль-Хаким</kwd><kwd>Абдул Маджид аль-Хои</kwd><kwd>Муктада аль-Садр</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Iraq</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>anti-Americanism</kwd><kwd>Shiites</kwd><kwd>Paul Bremer</kwd><kwd>Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim</kwd><kwd>Abdul Majid al-Khoi</kwd><kwd>Muqtada al-Sadr</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гусейнов В., Денисов А., Савкин Н., Демиденко С. 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